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THE

JUDGES OF EJ)^GLAFD.

VOL. I.

London :

Spottiswoode and ShaWj

Ne w- stree t- Square.

THE

JUDGES OF ENGLAND:

SKETCHES or THEIR LIVES,

AND

MISCELLANEOUS NOTICES

CONNECTED WITH

THE COURTS AT WESTMINSTER,

FROM THE TIME OF THE CONQUEST.

BY EDWARD FOSS, F.S.A,

OF THE INNER TEMPLE.

VOL. I.

CONTAINING THE UEIGNS OP

T^^LLIAM I., WILLIAM II., HENRY I., STEPHEN, HENRY II., AND RICHARD I.

1066—1199.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR

LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS,

PATERNOSTER-ROW.
1848.

TO
THE RIGHT HONOURABLE

HENRY, LORD LANGDALE,

MASTER OF THE ROLLS.

My Lord,
It would be as distasteful to your Lordship, as it
would be repugnant to my own feelings, were I to
take advantage of your consent to receive this Dedi-
cation by using the language of flattery. I applied
for your permission, not so much on account of the
respect which I entertain towards your Lordship, in
common with those who share with you in the ad-
ministration of justice, as from the gratitude which I
and all who are interested in the preservation of the
Public Records must feel for the zeal, the learning,
and the assiduity which you have devoted to that
national and important object ; — for the exertions
you have made for their security ; for tlie perse-
verance and judgment by which you have reduced
their confusion into order and system ; and for the
arrangements by which reference to them has been

A 3

VI

DEDICATION.

facilitated, and their inspection rendered easy and
simple.

That the investigations which form the subject of
my work are " labours you delight in," would be
a sufficient reason for inscribing it to your Lord-
ship:— not to acknowledge those indefatigable re-
searches which have so materially diminished my own,
would be an act of injustice ; — and the fear even
of wounding your Lordship's feelings would not jus-
tify my silence, were I to omit the expression of
my respectful gratitude for the ready access, the
kind and flattering encouragement, and the cordial
assistance, with which your Lordship has furthered
my humble endeavours.

I have the honour to be,
My Lord,
Your Lordship's sincerely obliged
and most obedient servant,

EDWARD FOSS.

Street-End House, near Canterbury,
October, 1848.

CONTENTS

THE FIRST V O L U M E

Introduction

William L, 1066—1087.

Survey of the Reign -
Biographical Notices -

William II., 1087—1100.

Survey of the Reign -
Biographical Notices -

Henry I., 1100—1135.

Survey of the Reign -
Biographical Notices -

Stephen, 1135—1154.

Survey of the Reign -
Biographical Notices -

Henry II., 1154—1189.

Survey of the Reign -
Biographical Notices -

Richard L, 1189—1199.

Survey of the Reign -
Biographical Notices -

Page
ix — xxiv

1— 26
27— 50

51— 57

58— 72

73— 95
96—141

142—146
147—159

160—183
184-323

324—336
337—426

Index, in which the names of the Judges are given - 427 — 432

A 4

mTRODUGTION.

It is somewhat surprising, amidst the numerous biographical
works with which the Hterature of England has teemed,
though many of them have been confined to distinct classes of
men, as Bishops, Poets, Dramatists, Painters, Admirals, &c.,
that no separate publication, in a comprehensive form, of the
Lives of the Judges has ever yet appeared. Various
reasons may be adduced for the omission ; but the strongest
will be found in the fact, that those who have been most com-
petent to the task have seldom had leisure for its accom-
plishment. Even the most superficial attempt could not be
undertaken without some knowledge of the law, and a con-
siderable intimacy with the constitution of the courts; and
to ensure a successful result, a perseverance and assiduity in
laborious investigation must be added, which none but those
who have a real devotion to tlie subject would be inclined to
bestow. Lawyers of any eminence, while in the pursuit of
their profession, have little time to spare from their forensic
avocations ; and when they retire, either for their occasional
vacation, or at the termination of their busy career, they
are either too glad, if any season of activity remains, to
throw aside their books entirely, and to enter into the re-
laxations of society ; or too anxious to pursue their political
promptings to enter upon a new field of inquiry, the tilling
of which nmst be attended with much toil, and the fruit of
which they may despair of seeing harvested.

It is not improbable, also, that the absence of sucli a work

X INTRODUCTION.

may in some measure have arisen from the supposition that
the subject would not be one of sufficient interest to arrest
public attention ; that it would be without attraction to the
general reader, and that lawyers are too much immersed in
their professional duties, and too much oppressed with the
books absolutely necessary for their studies, to afford either
money for the purchase or time for the perusal. That this
objection is without a substantial foundation, the avidity with
which recent publications of individual lives have been re-
ceived, affords ample testimony : an avidity not at all to
be wondered at, considering the ability displayed in their
composition, and the proofs they give that the apparently
dreary purlieus of Westminster Hall are as rife with anec-
dote and wit as the gayest drawing-rooms, or the most popular
clubs in London.

The surprise, however, is that such an objection should
ever have had any weight. When it is recollected that the
Judges of the land are, by the nature of their office, in some
respect the representatives of majesty, presiding in the judg-
ment-seat, and traversing the country in all the " pomp and
circumstance " of their position, interpreting the laws and
administering justice in the presence of multitudes; that the
highest constitutional questions, as well as the minutest civil
rights, are subject to their decision ; that many of them
have, from the most humble origin, been raised to their
high station by their own industry, abilities, and character,
selected from the elite of a most arduous and honourable pro-
fession ; that every judicial act they perform, every opinion
they offer, and every word they utter, is subject to the
observation of their contemporaries, equally educated, and
many of them equally competent to form a judgment; and
that their intercourse on the circuits is not confined to their
legal brethren, but extends over the highest and most intel-
ligent branches of the community ; it seems only a natural

INTRODUCTION. XI

consequence that tlie rise and progress, the conduct and the
character, the lineage and descendants of those who have
pursued such a career, should abound with interest to all
classes of society, as well those who are partakers in the
benefits and are conversant with the history of their country's
institutions, as those who are prosecuting the same studies
and aspiring to similar honours.

Let it not be supposed that such an interest would be
limited to the eminent names which dwell within the memory
of the living, or which are known to them by the traditionary
accounts of their fathers. Experience contradicts such an
assumption, and proves that nothing is looked for more
eagerly, or enjoyed with greater zest, than those relations
which illustrate the proceedings of the courts in former times,
which exhibit the character and habits of those who presided
in them, and which supply the link of connection between
ancient and modern practices, explaining customs still pre-
served, although their origin may have been forgotten.

I am much mistaken, then, if there are not many classes
of readers who will be desirous of encouraging such a work ;
while the want of a progressive account of our legal insti-
tutions has been ever felt by historians and jurists. No
inconsiderable step towards supplying this deficiency would
be made by arranging the catalogue and sketching the
memoirs of those who have occupied the judicial bench;
and students will not be sorry to diminish the difficulty,
which Dugdale describes as common in his time, and which
must still be encountered, of distinguishing in the old reports
the judges from the advocates, and even of ascertaining and
establishing their actual names.

The quaint Fuller, in his notices of the WouTiiiES of the
law, remarks, that " though Judges leave more land than
Bishops, they leave lesse vicmorialh behind them, of the timey
place, and manner, when and tcliere horn and dyed, and how

Xll INTKODUCTION.

they demeaned themselves; " and he has limited his notices
to a few of what he denominates the " capital judges," or
heads of the different courts of law. Had he extended his
inquiries a little further, we should not now have had to
complain of the great deficiency which exists in this branch
of biography. If he, or any such pleasant historian, had
in that age industriously sought after such memorials as
then existed, a collection might have been formed, which, by
the gradual additions of subsequent writers, would by this
time have swelled to a respectable dictionary of legal bio-
graphy. The commencement of such an undertaking might
well terrify many to whom the inquiry would be interesting ;
but the adding to one already formed would be an agreeable
occupation for those fleeting leisure moments which a la-
borious life can aiford. Nor w^ould the result have been so
barren as Fuller seems to suspect ; for the records of West-
minster Hall, both printed and oral, in addition to the
reminiscences of the neighbourhoods in which even our
puisne judges were always deservedly looked up to as emi-
nent in their day, would have enabled an active and judicious
investigator to have compiled not only tolerably correct
accounts of " when and w^here " they were " born and dyed,"
but also an interesting representation of the manner in
which " they demeaned themselves " both in public and pri-
vate life.

Surrounded with difficulties as a work of this nature must
now evidently be, it may be fairly asked upon what induce-
ments, or rather, perhaps, on what presumption, I have
ventured to attempt it. I can only say that very early in
my professional career I felt anxious to know something
about the history of the courts in which I practised ; and
having been brought up to look with reverence on those
who ruled in them, I inquired in vain for some account of
their predecessors. Finding no regular memorials, it was

INTRODUCTIOX. XlU

my amusement to collect all tlie incidents relative to each
which any of the various books I read could furnish ; and,
making allowance for the few opportunities to be found in
an active and laborious professional career, a large body of
materials was eventually formed, arranged under the names
to which they applied in . alphabetical order. The time of
my retirement arrived ; and not having been delayed, as is
too frequently the case, till the sense of enjoyment is blunted
and the powers of the mind are decayed and gone, I found
that full employment was necessary to my existence and my
happiness; and, after devoting a few more years to public
duties, which I owed to my professional brethren, I natu-
rally reverted to my biographical collections, with the double
view of occupying my leisure, and of supplying the deficiency
of which others, besides myself, had complained.

I must confess, however, that on contemplating the plan
which it would be necessary to adopt, I was startled by
the magnitude of the undertaking. I was soon satisfied that,
to make the work I projected really useful, it would be
requisite to commence at a distant period ; and that, as com-
paratively few of my collected notes referred to the earlier
judges, it would require laborious research before I could
supply materials to justify such a publication. But though
somewhat intimidated, I did not abandon my labours, and
encouraged to proceed by those best qualified to advise,
I overcame my reluctance, and finally arranged the plan,
which I now submit to the judgment of the public.

In the choice of a period for the commencement of the
work, I could find none more peculiarly fitting than the
Norman Conquest. The invasion of England by William
the Conqueror forms so important an epoch in its history,
and occasioned so considerable an alteration in the habits
and customs which had previously prevailed, that it seemed
to offer, even without any other reason, the most natural

XIV INTRODUCTION.

starting-point ; but the introduction, if not of a new system
of laws, at least of a new mode of judicature, which has
subsisted, with slight variation, to the present time, rendered
the selection of that period one almost of necessity in preference
to any subsequent date. Had it been possible to ascertain
with any preciseness the period when the division of the courts
took place, or rather the substitution of them for the general
jurisdiction of the Curia Regis, I should no doubt have
preferred avoiding the labour of the previous reigns : but the
change was so gradual, and the time of its completion so
uncertain, that at the very outset I must have involved
myself in a disputable question.

The arrangement to be adopted in giving the several lives
was a subject of considerable perplexity. If they were to be
placed altogether alphabetically in the form of a dictionary,
a period must have been fixed at which the series was to
terminate; and that could not well have been earlier than
the end of the reign of George III. Independently of the
perpetually increasing incompleteness as years rolled on, and
the continual jumble of generations which it involves, the
number of the judges between the two points is so large,
that I could have had no expectation of bringing the work
to a conclusion. If, on the other hand, the classification
were to be strictly chronological with reference to persons
and not to reigns, it would be a question whether they were
to be introduced at the beginning or at the end of their
career ; in the one case anticipating events of a future
reign, and in the other repeating details applicable to a
former one.

It seemed to me to be possible to avoid the disadvantages
and to unite the conveniences attendant on both schemes ;
and I trust I have done so in the plan I have adopted, by
keeping each reign separate and distinct. Preserving thus
the chronological order, I have further secured the utmost

INTRODUCTION. XV

simplicity of reference to the judges who flourished under
each sovereign, by arranging their lives alphabetically : so
that all the judges of each reign appear in one list, and each
individual is classed amidst his contemporaries. A separate
alphabetical index is given to each volume, for facility of
reference ; and a general one will close the work, showing in
what reigns each individual held office.

Where judges have sat on the bench in more than one
reign, their names, with the office they held and the year of
their appointment, will appear in due order in each reign of
their career, and their lives will be given in the last.

In addition to these sketches I have at the commencement
of each reign distributed the several judges who flourished in
it among the different courts in chronological order; and I
have added, under the title of " survey of the reign," some
description of the nature and progress of each court, and of
the officers of the various departments, with short accounts
of the inns of court and Chancery, and their origin ; of the
Serjeants and other advocates ; and of the reporters and legal
writers ; adding whatever appeared interesting in the history
of the time as connected with the judicature of the country ;
and collecting such illustrative anecdotes of Westminster
Hall as seemed to demand a place. Thus each reign, as far
as I can make it, will be complete in itself: and thus every
inconvenience that might result from any sudden termination
of my labours will be avoided; inasmuch as the plan, if
approved, may be continued by others, and carried on for
successive generations.

Let me specially remind my readers, however, that it is
altogether foreign from my purpose to introduce any legal
discussions, or to attempt to trace the history of the law itself.
Besides being conscious of my total incapacity for such a
task, I feel that it has already been accomplished in works
of learned writers which have justly acquired a solid repu-

XVI INTRODUCTION.

tation. The preliminary surveys which I offer are simply
intended as necessary introductions to the principal object of
my undertaking. They aim at no higher purpose than to
give correct lists, as far as they can be correct, of the judges
in their several courts ; to preserve some of the traditions of
the seat of justice ; to trace to their origin some of the cus-
toms which still are found there ; and to bring together such
materials as may throw some light on the forensic practices
of the time.

The lists of the judges which have been hitherto published
are extremely deficient and frequently inaccurate : indeed,
very few attempts have been made to form a systematic
series, and very little labour has been expended in former
enquiries.

The principal list is that of Dugdale at the end of his
Origines Juridiciales ; which, considering that he was not
a lawyer by profession, is an extraordinary performance, the
general excellence of which, notwithstanding the errors it
contains, has no doubt prevented others from labouring in
the same field. But even if it were more perfect than it is,
the time that has elapsed since its publication, — not far from
two centuries, — and the lights which subsequent enquiries
have thrown on the subject, at once suggest the necessity for
new explorers, both to correct the old series, and to continue
it till the present time.

The " Chronica Juridicialia " is an abridgment of Dug-
dale's work, arranged in a manner far less comprehensive and
useful, but carried down to a later date.

Beatson professes to give lists of the chancellors and
judges; but a very slight inspection will show how little
reliance is to be placed on them. It is enough to mention as
an example, that Kalph de Diceto, the historian, is introduced
as a chancellor in the reign of Henry III.

The only other general catalogue with which I am ac-

INTRODUCTION. XVll

quahited is ii little volume produced in America, called " The
Judicial Chronicle, being a List of the Judges in the Courts
of Common Law and Chancery in England and America,
1834." It contains a chronological list from the earliest
period of the reports ; and the latter are mentioned contem-
poraneously with the judges in a corresponding column. It
is a neat and compact work, very creditable to its author,
George Gibbs, of Dane Law College.

There are several other lists more limited in extent, or
confined to specific classes or courts.

Woolrych's Series of the Law Officers does not commence
till the reign of Elizabeth ; but it is rendered peculiarly
valuable by the reference he gives to his authorities.

The lists in Spelman's Glossarium Archaeologicum are
confined to the chancellors and the chiefs of the three other
courts ; omitting the puisne judges and barons.

Some of the books of reports also have lists ; and in par-
ticular. Sir Harbottle Grimstone has furnished one at the end
of Croke Charles.

The chancellors of England, however, from the place they
hold in the political history of the country, have naturally
demanded a more peculiar attention, and have consequently
been the subject of several separate works, besides those general
lists already mentioned in which their names are included.
The majority of these, and, I am sorry to say, even the most
modern, appear to have followed too closely the first that was
compiled, incomplete as it was.

This first essay was by Francis Thynne, afterwards Lancas-
ter herald, who, in his continuation of Holinshed's Chronicle,
published in 1587, gives a catalogue of the "Chancellors of
England collected out of sundrie ancient histories."' Although
valuable and curious as the earliest attempt at forming a col-

' Holinshed's Chronicles, ed. 1808, iv. 346.
VOL. I. a

XVlll

INTRODUCTION.

lection, it is in truth a very meagre work, and seems to have
been so considered by its author ; since he calls it the " first
rough hewing"; and intimates his intention (which he did not
execute) of producing an "ample discourse," "purposely written,
of the lives of the chancellors." He expresses his willingness
to amend the imperfections, " in mistaking or misplacing of
name, person, or time," of which he appears to have been
somewhat conscious; and we cannot help wishing that he
had lived to correct the errors with which it abounds, and to
produce better authority for some of the names than " an
anonymal pamphlet in written hand," to which he is fond of
referring. He died about 1608.

The " Series Cancellariorum Anglias" in Spelman's Glossary,
first published in 1626, is mainly extracted, as he acknowleges,
from Thynne's list, and gives nothing more than the names.

But in 1636, John Philipot, Somerset herald, published a
" Catalogue of the Chancellors of England, &c.," which for
the most part was a servile copy of Thynne's collections in
extenso, even to the errors which they contain. This, from
being a separate publication, almost entirely superseded
Thynne's, which formed part only of a voluminous w^ork : so
that the latter is scarcely known and never quoted ; while
Philipot's Catalogue, piracy as it is, is almost universally cited
as the authority.

The " Chronica Series " appended to the Origines Juridi-
ciales of Sir William Dugdale appeared in 1666, and varies
considerably from Thynne's list : but it contains some names
which have no claim to be inserted, and omits others which
ought to be there.

The last work devoted to the chancellors, previous to the
present century, was that compiled by Mr. Oldmixon in 1708,
entitled " The Lives of all the Lord Chancellors, &c., by an
impartial hand." It was an addition made to an original
design of giving only the lives of Lord Clarendon and

INTRODUCTION. XIX

Bulstrode Whitlock, which, as the title say.^, are written
''more at large"; and in general follows Dugdale's list,
giving a " succinct account" of the chancellors therein named.
By taking credit for his being the "first [attempt] of the
kind that he knows in the world," he exposes his ignorance of
both Thynne's and Philipot's w^orks.

More than a century then elapsed without any production
on this subject, except new editions of former lists, carrying
the series a little later ; but within the last five years the
interest in it seems to have revived, and two works have ac-
cordingly issued from the press especially devoted to the
holders of the great seal. The first of these is a " Catalogue
of Lord Chancellors, Keepers of the Great Seal, &c.," by
Mr. Thomas DufFus Hardy, 1843, in a tabular form; and
the other, in seven large volumes, bearing the same title as
Mr. Oldmixon's work, is from the pen of Lord Cami)bell,
1845-7. However the learning and industry of the former
must be acknowledged from the evidence afforded by tlie
publications of the Record Commission, and with whatever
zest the interesting and entertaining pages of the latter must
be read, it is impossible not to feel a deep regret that in the
earlier reigns both have adopted the names and followed the
arrangement of their predecessors without inquiry ; and that
the latter especially, by the popularity of his work, has, to a
certain extent, perpetuated errors which a little examination
and care might have corrected.

This expressionof regret applies principally, but not entirely,
to the first five reigns after the Conquest : — viz. those of
William I., William II., Henry I., Stephen, and Henry II. ;
in I'cference to which Mr. Hardy says, that " it has been
thought advisable merely to give the names of the various
chancellors, because the precise dates of the deliveries of the
seals cannot be ascertained " ; and Lord Campbell adopts the
spirit of this excuse. Passing over that the same reason

a 2

XX

INTRODUCTION.

would be equally forcible for omitting the dates of several
chancellors in subsequent reigns, the reader is left to under-
stand that, though no dates are appended, the names are
correct ; that there is sufficient authority for every one which
is inserted ; that none who held the office are omitted ; and
that the order in which they stand represents with accuracy
the line of their succession. As, however, I fear that it
would be unsafe to rely on any of these presumptions, I am
bound to state the grounds of my apprehension ; and I shall
do so only in a cursory manner in this place, reserving the
fuller exhibition of my proofs for the several reigns in which
the instances occur.

The five re'gns in question give no less than thirteen
examples of chancellors incorrectly, or, at all events, in-
considerately introduced. In the reign of AVilliam J., two
chancellors are named, for one of whom no authority what-
ever is cited by the compiler of any previous list ; and
the other (misnamed by Dugdale and Lord Campbell) did
not hold the seal till the following reign.' In William II.'s
short reign, one chancellor is brought forward, of whom there
is no proof, and scarcely any presumption, that he held
the office.^ In the reign of Henry I. there are four who
ought to be omitted : one for whom the authority given
is only " an anonymal pamphlett ; " another was clearly only
chancellor to the queen ; the third is inserted upon no other
ground than a loose exj)ression (a sort of obiter dictum) of
Leland ; and the fourth from the erroneous appropriation
of a charter of the next reign. ^ Under Stephen there are
two who have no claim to be there ; one being mistaken for
his cousin, and the other having only the anonymous au-

1 Herman, Bishop of Sherborne; Baldric. Hardy, 1 ; Lord Campbell, \.A?>.
^ Ralph Flambard, Bishop of Durham. Hardy, 1 ; J^ord Campbell, i. 47.
^ I. Herbert; 2. Godfrey, Bishop of Bath ; f3. Reginald, Prior of Montague ;
4. Thomas (omitted by Lord Campbell). Hardy, 2, 3. ; Lord Campbell, i. 5\.

INTRODUCTION. XXI

thorlty before alluded to.^ Lastly, in the reign of the
second Henry, four chancellors are named : for the first
of whom Mr. Thynne, the original compiler, from whom all
the rest have copied, gives not the slightest authority ;
another was only vice-chancellor ; the third, introduced for
the first time in Mr. Hardy's Catalogue, followed by Lord
Campbell, was dead long before the appointment of the
chancellor who is named as his predecessor in office, and has
no other foundation for his name being inserted in any place
than the evident miscopying of a charter ; and though the
fourth certainly held the office of chancellor, it was to the
Scottish, and not to the English king.^

There is an omission also of one chancellor in the reign
of William I. ^ besides the other in that of William II. *,
who was incorrectly inserted, as already mentioned, under
his predecessor; and there are various amendments in the
order of the succession under the Conqueror and Henry I.,
which it will be more convenient to particularise in the
pages which treat of those reigns.

I bring forward these instances in the first five reigns, not
in the presumptuous confidence that I am correct in all of
them, but as proving the necessity of investigation, and to
justify the regret I have expressed. No compiler of a new
catalogue can maintain the propriety of preserving every
name to be found in former lists, without satisfying himself
that the previous writers were correct in adopting them, and
using the necessary means of verification. The question
is not whether Thynne, or Philipot, or Dugdale, or Spelman
introduced a particular individual as chancellor, but whether

' Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln ; Re;finald, Abbot of Walden. Hardy, 3. ;
Lord Campbell, i 56. 58.

"^ 1. John; 2. Walter de Constantiis ; D. Nigel, IJishop of Ely; 1. Walter
de IVidun (omitted by Mr. Hardy). Hardy, 4. ; Lord Cami)bill, i. 1(X).

' Osbcrt. * Galdric, called l)y Lord Caini»bell, Baldric.

XXll INTRODUCTION.

those authors were right in introducing him, and whether
the authorities they cite are sufficient warranty for his
introduction. Unless such a course is pursued, the new
catalogue is not merely unnecessary, but, as far as it gives
further authenticity to errors in the old lists, is an evil,
instead of a benefit, to literature and to history.

Ample means exist of making some approach to correct-
ness ; for though, with regard to most of the ^\e reigns
to which these observations refer, very few records remain
for the guidance of the historian, it is to be noted that
during the period over which they extend, the Monasticon
alone contains very nearly one hundred and fifty charters to
which the names of chancellors are attached. Some of these
are dated ; and the dates of the others may be discovered
with sufficient nearness from the witnesses who attest them ;
so that a diligent enquirer, even without other aid, may
make a considerable advance in ascertaining the order of
their succession, and, in connection with other known facts,
almost the dates of their appointments. If my attempt
to effect this has not been entirely successful, I hope that
at least it will have produced a nearer approximation to
the truth than has yet been offered.

In the subsequent reigns the rolls, for the most part,
contain memoranda of the appointment of the several chan-
cellors ; and Lord Langdale has greatly lightened the labour
of the antiquary by collecting together all the entries to
be found in them, not only relative to the great seal, but
also to the office of Master of the Rolls, which he so
honourably fills. For the use of this valuable manuscript,
as well as for many other kindnesses, and for that en-
couragement to persist in my work which has stimulated
my exertions, I cannot refrain from offering my most
grateful acknowledgments.

In bespeaking the indulgence of the reader for the two

INTRODUCTION. XXlll

volumes which I now offer, I must remind him that neither
the subjects introduced into them, nor the biographical
sketches they contain, should be considered as affording
an adequate specimen of those which are to follow. The
reigns they comprise are so distant, that, though considerable
interest must no doubt be felt in tracino* and discussino; the
origin of our legal institutions, little minute information
or forensic anecdote can be expected ; and the lives of those
who flourished during the period can be distinguished by
few incidents of individual character, nor can the parties
themselves be always ascertained with sufficient marks of
personal identity. The frequent absence of surnames; the
constant combination of Christian names by the word
" filius," or " Fitz," with slight means to distinguish the
families to which they belong ; the common designation
of men from the place of their birth, education, or pre-
ferment, and sometimes from their office, occupation, or
profession ; and the occasional adoption of two appellations
by the same individual ; are difficulties which those Avho
are conversant with the records of the time will know how
to appreciate; and it will perhaps excite some wonder, that
out of the FIVE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY judgcs, regular and
itinerant, comprehended in these two volumes, there are
so few of whom I have not been able to collect something
beyond the mere fact that they held the one or the other
position.

However great were the obstacles that impeded me, or
however small were the results that rewarded some of my
researches, the plan of my work compelled me to make
the most of the one, and to endeavour to surmount the
other. If I have tolerably succeeded in doing this; if I
have shown that though the land was untilled it was not
wholly barren ; if I have proved that even the unpromising
soil on which I have hitherto ventured is capable of pro-

XXIV

INTRODUCTION.

ducing some fruit, it is not perhaps too mucli to hope that,
in advancino; into a district more cultivated and better
known, there is a reasonable prospect of obtaining a richer
and more abundant harvest.

My ambition, however, does not extend to the com-
position of a "parlour-window book," nor, by making a
romance of history, to obtain for it a temporary popularity.
Its aspirations may perhaps be deemed less humble when I
confess that their aim is to produce a work which will supply
a vacuum long acknowledged ; that it is my hope to interest
the general reader by the lives which it sketches, — the
historian by the information he may glean from it, — and the
lawyer by the means of reference which it affords, and by the
notices of individuals who flourished, and of incidents wliich
occurred in that arena in which he is now contending.

To the descendants, the connections, and the friends
of any judge, who would kindly supply me with an account
of his life and family, and any incidents of his public or
private career, I should feel under great obligations ; and
it would materially assist me if my legal friends would
furnish me with details relative to the courts and their
officers, to illustrate and enliven my future volumes.

Street-End House, neai- Canterbury.
October, 1848.

THE

JUDGES OF ENGLAND

WILLIAM I.

Reigned 20 years, 8 months, and 15 days ; from December 25, 1066,
to September 9, 1087.

SURVEY OF THE REIGN.

The various branches of judicial business which are now dis-
tributed among the four Courts of Westminster, denominated
— 1. The Court of Chancery; 2. The Court of King's, or
Queen's, Bench ; 3. The Court of Common Pleas ; and
4. The Court of Exchequer ; were in the reign of William the
Conqueror all administered in one. This supreme court was
called the Aula, or Curia, Eegis, from being held in the hall
or court of the king's palace.

It is generally considered to have been one of the insti-
tutions which William introduced into this country ; as there
is no notice of any Court in England so designated previous
to the Conquest, and as it certainly existed at that time in
Normandy. Its primitive foundation is the simple principle
that the King is the fountain of justice, to whom alone his
subjects can look for the removal of their grievances and the
redress of their wrongs. The discussion of lecjislative and
other important measures necessary for the government of
the state, formed accordingly a principal part of its delibe-
rations ; but to the administration of justice between man and

VOL. I. B

CURIA REGIS.

Will. I.

man, as there conducted, the following pages are exclusively
confined.

The Curia Regis necessarily, from its nature, followed the
King's own movements; and in the palace in which he happened
to be resident, this supreme court was held; in the judicial
department of which, as well in this as in several of the
subsequent reigns, the King himself frequently presided. In
fact, judicature was inseparable from his person; he adminis-
tered justice uhicunque fuerat in Anglid.

There were, however, three special periods of the year in
which King William usually held his court, or, as it was
called, " wore his crown," with peculiar solemnity. These
were at Christmas, at Easter, and at Whitsuntide ; and Lon-
don and Westminster, Windsor, Winchester, Gloucester, and
Salisbury, are the places recorded as the scenes of these
auo^ust assemblino's.

o o

Regal magnificence and hospitality, the arrangement of
the revenue, and the consideration of national affairs, would
necessarily occupy several of the earlier days of these festivals ;
and the conclusion of them would fall on the commencement
of those particular periods, which, according to the law then
existing, were specially devoted to the transaction of legal
business, and which, in modern phraseology, would be called
the " Law Terras."

Some old and most modern historians have attributed the
introduction of the " Terms " into our system of law to Wil-
liam the Conqueror ; but Sir Henry Spelman ^, in a very
learned paper on the subject, has ably exposed the error. He
traces the foundation of the institution to the Romans, who
appropriated certain days to judicial proceedings, and shows
that its introduction into our judicature is to be ascribed, not
to William, but to our Saxon king, Edward the Elder ; that

' The Original of the four Terms of the Year, by Sir Henry Spelman.
Reliquiae Spelmannianje, 1698, p. 67.

1066—1087. ORIGIN OF THE TERMS. 3

it was adopted by Canute the Dane ; and that it was fully
established by Edward the Confessor in a separate chapter of
his laws, entitled, " De temporibus et diebus pacis Regis."
All that William the Conqueror did here was to confirm the
law of Edward the Confessor, from whose example he had
previously introduced it into Normandy, before his invasion
of England.

But while Spelman thus refutes the claim made by the
historians on the part of King William to the credit of the
invention, he at the same time adopts their assertion, that the
number of the Terms thus introduced was four ; an assertion
the truth of which may be doubtful, and, at all events, is
worthy of examination.

If, as Spelman states, Polydore Vergil was the first his-
torian who gave circulation to the fable that King William
instituted the four Terms, his authority as to the original
number of these legal divisions will amount to little. His
history having been written at the beginning of the sixteenth
century, he would, in alluding to the Terms, naturally speak
of them as they existed at that period, and would presume,
without inquiry, that they had continued in the same form
from the time of their institution ; so that the question at
issue remains untouched.

Before analysing the law which introduced the division, by
which alone the point can be determined, it may be as well
to give a slight notice of the practice among the Romans and
others.

By the Romans certain days only were used for the legal
decision of controversies. These were called Fasti, because
their Praetor, or Judge, on those days might fari^ or speak
freely. The days of vacation or intermission were called
Ne fasti, because the Praetor might nefari, not speak in them
judicially: thus dividing their year between their gods and
the commonwealth.

B 2

TERMS AND VACATIONS.

Will. I.

By the Civilians and Canonists, in like manner, the year
was divided into Dies juridicos, law days, and Dies feriales,
festival days, or days of intermission, as sequestered from
worldly business, and devoted to the service of God ; answer-
ing to our Terms and Vacations.

Among our Saxon and Norman ancestors, the days appro-
priated to God were denominated Dies pacis EcclesicB ; and
those devoted to law were called Dies, or Tempus pacis Regis.

The early Christians used all days alike for hearing causes,
not excepting Sundays. By a canon, however, in A. D. 517,
it was ordained " that no bishop or inferior person should
presume to judge or try causes on the Lord's Day : " thus
leaving all other days in the year to be dies juridici. Several
festivals were afterwards taken from the Courts of Justice,
among which were the days in Easter Week, commonly
called the Octaves. Afterwards, the octaves of Pentecost,
St. Michael, the Epiphany, and other principal feasts, were
gradually exempted from legal proceedings ; intervals which
were subsequently enlarged by the addition of other periods,
which it is not necessary to notice here.

The words of Edward the Confessor's law, confirmed, as
before stated, by William the Conqueror, were as follow :

" Ab adventu Domini usque ad Octabas Epiphaniae pax Dei
et Sanctae Ecclesiae per omne Begnum : similiter a Septua-
gesima usque ad Octabas Paschse : Item ab Ascensione Domini
usque ad Octabas Pentecostes : Item omnibus diebus quatuor
Temporum ^ : Item omnibus Sabbatis ab hora nona ^, et tota
die sequenti usque ad diem Lunae : Item vigiliis Sanctae
Mariae, Sancti Michaelis, Sancti Johannis Baptistse, Apos-
tolorum omnium et Sanctorum quorum solemnitates a sacer-
dotibus Dominicis annunciantur diebus; et omnium Sanc-

' The Ember Weeks.

* Namelj', three o'clock in the afternoon, according to the Judaical compu-
tation.

4

1066—1087. TERMS A^'D VACATIONS. 5

torum in Kalendris Novembris, semper ab hora noiia Vigi-
liarum, et subsequent! solemnitate."

Now, looking at the language of this law, the question
arises, where do we find in it the division of four Terms,
which that law is stated to have instituted ? On the con-
trary, it seems apparent on its face, that, deducting the three
longer intervals appropriated to God and the Holy Church,
only three periods will be left for the transaction of judicial
business, which can fall under the denomination of Tempora
€t dies pads Regis : and that during neither of these three
judicial periods are there a sufficient number of fasts or
festivals to divide it into two, — to makeup the alleged four.

In adjusting these divisions according to their order, it
will simplify the inquiry, some of them being dependent on
moveable feasts, if the years 1846-7 are taken for the purpose
of illustration.

The first period devoted by Edward the Confessor's law
to the church, (that is, in modern language, the first vacation,)
was " from the Advent of our Lord till the octaves of the
Epiphany;" viz., from November 29 to January 13: and
the second vacation began on Septuagesima.

The^r5^ Law Term, therefore, (using the word Term ac-
cording to its modern acceptation), began on January 13,
and received the name of Hilary Term, from that day being-
dedicated to the saint of that name. It would finish, in the
year specified, on January 31 : but its length would of
course vary in other years according to the falling of Easter,
from which festival Septuagesima is calculated.

The second vacation, or period devoted to the church,
commenced at Septuagesima, and lasted till the octaves of
Easter; that is to say, in the year 1847, from January 31
to April 1 1 : and the third sacred period, or vacation,
began on Ascension-day.

So that the second Law Term, or Easier JVnii, would

B 3

6 TERMS AND VACATIONS. Will. I.

begin on April 12 (April 11 being Sunday), and continue
till May 13, Ascension-day.

The third and last period devoted to the church by
Edward the Confessor's law, commenced on Ascension-day,
and terminated on the octave of Pentecost ; that is, from
May 13 to May 30 inclusive.

Consequently, the third Law Term would commence on
May 31, the day after the dies pacis Ecclesice concluded;
and its continuance, according to the language of Edward
the Confessor's law, would manifestly be until the recurrence
of another period made sacred by that law. It follows,
therefore, as there are no other periods of any duration
mentioned in it except those already described, that this
third Law Term, as then regulated, commencing on May 31,
would last till the Advent of our Lord, that is to say, till
November 28.

By this arrangement it appears that what we now call
Michaelmas Term was altogether excluded as a separate and
distinct division ; the whole of the time now appropriated to
it being comprehended in the third legal division, which, from
the period of its commencement, would be called Trinity
Term. Nor is the diflSculty removed by any of the festivals
or fasts mentioned in the law occurring so closely together
as to form a sufficient partition in this long Term to break it
into two.

Of the separate fasts and festivals which are directed to
be kept holy, three of the Ember weeks do not occur within
the period required ; and the other, which comprehends the
Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday after September 14, Holy-
rood day, would be palpably not enough of itself to form a
sufficient division between two Law Terms. None of the
other festivals designated in the law, which come within
the same period, are so near to these Ember days as to unite
with them ; nor can the unnamed festivals during the same

1066—1087. TERMS AND VACATIONS. 7

interval, by their number or contiguity, assist in forming a
period from which to commence what is now called Michael-
mas Term.

It is difficult, therefore, to come to any other conclusion,
than that, under the law of Edward the Confessor, as adopted
and confirmed by William the Conqueror, there were only
three periods of the year devoted to judicial business, and that
there is nothing in that law to show that the longest of those
periods had any authorised division.

That there were only three legal Terms in the time of King
William is strongly corroborated by the fact, upon which all
historians are agreed, that he (and indeed several of his suc-
cessors) always "wore his crown" three times in every year
when he was in England ; and that none of those times are
stated to be at or about Michaelmas ; but that they are in-
variably at Christmas, Easter, and Whitsuntide. And it is
to be recollected that on these occasions he sat not only for
the consideration of affairs of state, but also for the adminis-
tration of justice.

Although Spelman evades all explanation of the point, he
was evidently aware of the difficulty; for, in speaking of
Trinity and Michaelmas Terms, he adverts to the un-
certainty of the end of the former, and of the beginning of
the latter.

No means exist of determining the precise period when the
change took place ; but it is not difficult to understand how
the third period, arranged by Edward the Confessor's law
for the transaction of legal business, came at first to be
divided, and gradually to assume the appearance of two
Terms instead of one ; till at length the latter half was
permanently established in the form it afterwards assumed.

The fourth vacation, though not directed by Edward's
law, was, as Brady says, " made by necessity." At some
period between May 31 and November 28, it would be

n 4

8 TERMS AND VACATIONS. Will. I.

requisite to relieve the people from attendance, for the pur-
pose of their collecting the hay and corn harvests and the
other autumnal products ; and there can be little doubt that
there was a regular adjournment of the Court while they
were thus employed in getting in the fruits of the earth.
Such an adjournment would be attended with little incon-
venience to the suitors, as it is not likely that there was, in
those times, sufficient business to occupy so long a period as
that which had been thus appropriated to legal affairs.

This adjournment would be naturally extended to the
termination of these important occupations, which would be
a short time after Michaelmas; — a period for re-assembling,
which there was still another reason for fixing.

The sheriffs of the several counties, who were in fact the
collectors of the royal rents, and the other debtors of the
crown, were called upon to account for their receipts and
expenditure half-yearly ; and the two periods that were
appointed for this purpose, which were called the ^' Duo Scac-
carii" were at Easter and Michaelmas. These reckonings
were made in a branch of the Curia Regis, called the Ex-
chequer, where the whole business of the revenue was
conducted. There the same judges and officers sat as in the
principal court; and as they must necessarily be present
on these occasions of accounting, the audit at Michaelmas
would be the natural and most convenient period for re-
suming the ordinary legal business which had been inter-
rupted for the reason mentioned.

Thus, it may be presumed, arose the partition of Edward's
long legal period, extending from the octave of Pentecost to
the Advent of our Lord ; and thus, being an annual practice,
did the latter portion of that period gradually assume a
distinct form, until it eventually became a separate and es-
tablished division, under the designation of Michaelmas Term.

It is worthy of observation, that the word " Term " does

1066—1087. JURISDICTION OF CURIA REGIS. 9

not occur with its modern signification for several reigns
after the Conquest. Spelman, in his Treatise, refrains from
all attempt to trace the period of its introduction. In
Ranulph de Glanville's book, written at the end of Henry II. *s
reign, it is never used in this legal sense, but only as a day
or time for payment or appearance : and in the Dialogus de
Scaccario, written by Richard Fitz-Neale, afterwards Bishop
of London in the reign of Richard I., although the word is
introduced, the author evidently refers to the two Exchequer
Terms of payment and account.

The jurisdiction of the Curia Regis was unlimited in its
extent. Its ordinary inquiries were confined to such pleas
as immediately concerned the king and his realm, whether
of a civil or criminal nature ; and also to such other matters
as from their superior importance required solemn investi-
gation. Appeals also from all the inferior Courts of Anglo-
Saxon origin lay to this Court ; and in some cases private
individuals obtained from the king the privilege not to be
impleaded before any other tribunal. For this privilege, and
also for the removal of their suits from the inferior tribunals,
fines, varying in amount ^ were paid to the king ; where-
upon writs under the royal seal were issued, authorising the
justices to hear and determine the particular controversy.
Final concords, feoffments, releases, and conventions of divers
kinds were also made in this Court ^ ; and the affairs of the
revenue were likewise administered in that branch of it called
tlie Exchequer (^Scaccarium), to which allusion has been
already made.

Some of the best historians assert that the pleadings in
the Court were, by the direction of the Conqueror, carried
on in the French language; and that he also commanded
that it sliould be universally taught in the schools : but Mr.

' Miiclux ^ Kxuli. 1. ;>b. - ibid. l\6.

10 MEMBERS AND OFFICERS OF CURIA REGIS. Will. I.

Luders, in his excellent " Essay on the Use of the French
Language in our ancient Laws and Acts of State," with
great force of reasoning maintains a contrary opinion. He
disputes the promulgation of any such ordinance ; and shows
not only the total absence of any pleas in that language, but
that the Exchequer forms, the judicial writs, the reports of
trials in William's reign, and the records of the Curia Regis
even under Richard I., were all in Latin.

The members of the Curia Regis consisted of various
officers of the palace, and the prelates and barons of the
realm. Of the latter, some from their avocations would be
unable to attend, and others from their ignorance would be
incompetent to assist in the judicial duties of the Court.
These functions were gradually left to the management of a
few of the barons who were expressly selected on account of
their superior judgment or attainments, until, by the advance
of legal science and the increase of technical intricacies, it
became necessary at first to associate with them, and even-
tually to substitute for them, persons whose lives had been
devoted to juridical studies. These were called Justicige, or
Justiciarii ; but no record of, nor reference to, any such ap-
pointment in this reign has yet been discovered.

The officers who formed a part of the court w^ere the Chief
Justiciary, the Constable, the Marshall, the Seneschal, or
Dapifer, the Chamberlain, the Chancellor, and the Treasurer.
At present it will be necessary to speak only of the Chief
Justiciary and the Chancellor.

The Chief Justiciary, or Justiciarius Anglise, was the chief
officer next the king in the Curia Regis. In the sovereign's
absence he presided there in all criminal and civil causes, and
also in the Exchequer, having by virtue of his office the
principal management of the royal revenue : and, in addition
to this, the entire government of the state was entrusted to
him as regent when the king was absent from the realm.

4

1066—1087. CHIEF JUSTICIARY. 11

After a period of two hundred years, this officer was dis-
continued in the reign of Henry III., when his principal
judicial duties were transferred to the chief justice of the
King's Bench.

It seems doubtful, however, whether this office of Jus-
ticiarius Anglise was fully established under William the
Conqueror ; for though in subsequent reigns it was regularly
filled, whether the king were absent or present, yet in this reign
no such appointment is recorded, except on those occasions
when the king quitted his English dominions. It is also to
be remarked, that even then he was careful never to delegate
his authority to one individual ; two being generally joined
in the commission, and at one time three. The want of
records, however, renders any statement of their succession
a matter of great uncertainty : and the only approach that
can be made to a correct list, either of them or the chan-
cellors, must be by recording the years in which they were
known to have held their respective appointments.

In March, 1067, when King William returned to Nor-
mandy, he left his uterine brother, Odo, Bishop of Bayeux
and Earl of Kent, and William Fitz-Osberne, Earl of Here-
ford, as regents of the kingdom and chief justiciaries.^ The
king's absence continued till December 7, during which
they exercised sovereign power. No instance, however, is
mentioned of their acting after the king's return.

Again, in 1073, the king, on quitting England, left Bishop
Odo regent, and appointed Wilham de Warenne and Richard
de Benefacta his chief justiciaries-; in which office it is not
stated how long they continued.

Dugdale ^ states that he has seen precepts addressed to
Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey, Bishop of
Coutance, and Robert, Earl of Moreton, which seem to

' Dugdale's Chron. Sen ; Madox's Exch. i. 3i. » Ibid.

^ Dugdale's Orig. Jurid. 20.

12

CHIEF JUSTICIARY.

Will. 1.

imply that they held this appointment jointly. The au-
thority from which he quotes gives no date : but it was
probably while in the administration of the duties of the
office that Geoffrey, Bishop of Coutance, " qui in loco
regis fuit, et justiciam habuit," presided at Penenden Heath
on the trial of the plea between Archbishop Lanfranc,
and Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, relating to certain lands and
privileges belonging to the church of Canterbury, which had
been seized by Odo as Earl of Kent. This trial appears to
have been conducted with great solemnity, in the presence
of many prelates and barons, and of all the great men of that
and other counties. It lasted three days, and resulted in a
decision against Odo, and a restoration of the whole to the
Archbishop.^ Although no precise date is mentioned, this
must have occurred, if not before 1080, the supposed com-
mencement of the great survey, at least before 1086, its
completion, as it is alluded to in Domesday Book under the
manor of Estoches or Stokes.^

Brady says that the precept under which this investigation
took place was not confined to the matters in dispute be-
tween Lanfranc and Odo; but that it was a general one, by
which the king commanded the restitution of all lands and
liberties taken away from bishopricks and abbeys: and he
refers to similar inquiries with respect to the church of Ely,
heard before the Bishop of Coutance and certain of the
king's barons, and with respect to the church of Worcester,
heard before Queen Matilda by the testimony of the county
of Warwick.^

In these judicial proceedings at a distance from the court
Dugdale sees the origin of the Itinera, which were after-
wards established on a permanent footing in the reign of
Henry 11/

' Madox's Exch. i. 32. quoting Einulf, Hist, apud Angl. Sac. i. 334, 335.
' Brady's England, i. 140. ^ jjjij. 141.

^ Dugdale's Orig. Jurid. 52.

1066—1087. OFFICE OP CHANCELLOR. 13

The King's Chancellor, Cancellarius Regis,- was another
officer of the Curia Regis ; holding at this period a rank
greatly inferior to that which he afterwards attained. The
origin of the name has been much disputed, and its meaning
variously defined ; but there is no question that the office
existed long before this reign, its antiquity having been
traced as far back as the time of Ethelbert, the first king
among the Saxons who embraced Christianity. This officer
was usually an ecclesiastical person ; and " in truth," says
Madox, " was the king's chief chaplain, and had the superior
care of his chapel : " supporting his assertion by one record in
the reign of Henry III., by which he is allowed certain ex-
penses on that account, and another in the reign of Edward I.,
in which he is expressly so denominated.^

His precise duty in the reign of William it is impossible to
ascertain ; but the nature of it evidently placed him in per-
sonal connection with the king, to whom he probably acted
as a secretary. There is no doubt that by him were prepared
and issued the various writs and precepts in reference to the
proceedings of the Curia Regis. It was his province also to
supervise the royal charters and grants, and all other in-
struments to which the king's seal was to be attached ; and
the seal itself was kept in his custody, or at least under his
direction. Dugdale quotes, in evidence of this, the words
" Mauritius, Regis Cancellarius, relegit et sigillavit," which arc
attached to King William's charter of confirmation to the
Abbey of Westminster ^ ; but, on inspection of this charter
in the British Museum, it is declared to be a forgery.

As in the performance of these services the chancellor would
necessarily be brought into intimate and almost daily com-
munication with the sovereign, it is natural to suppose that
his advice would be frequently required, and that much

' Madox's Kxcli. i. 60. » Dugdale's Orig. Jurid. 34.

14

OFFICE OF CHANCELLOR.

Will. I.

reliance would by degrees be placed on his opinion and
experience. Thus no doubt did he gradually become a
regular counsellor in affairs of state, and thus did his office
in time advance from a rank of comparatively minor signifi-
cation to one of great dignity and pre-eminence ; until, when
the power of the chief justiciary was finally abolished under
Henry III., he was considered the king's chief legal adviser,
and in fact prime minister of the realm.

From the account of the allowance made to the chancellor,
which is recorded in a very ancient memorial concerning the
constitution of the king's house, and copied into the Red
Book of the Exchequer, it would appear that this officer was
resident in the palace. His allowance was "Five shillings
a day, a simnel (described Dominic?) and two seasoned
simnels; one sextary of clear wine, and one sextary of
household wine; one large wax candle, and forty pieces of
candle." 1

The place where the business pertaining to his office was
performed was called the Chancery ( Cancellaria) ; and,
though he had then no jurisdiction to hear and determine
causes, it seems not unlikely that questions might arise and
be discussed before him as to the form of the writs he was
called upon to issue, and the grants and commissions he was
required to prepare ; in order to prevent in the one case the
establishment of evil precedents, and in the other to check
impositions on the royal bounty. That this was so in the
time of Henry II. may be presumed from the prologue to
" The Life of Saint Thomas, Archbishop and Martyr," by
William Fitz- Stephen, who says he was one of Becket's
" clerks, and an inmate in his family ; and as by express
invitation I was called to his service, I became a remem-
brancer in his Chancery ; a sub-deacon in his chapel, whenever

Madox's Exch. i. 195.

\

1066—1087. OFFICE OF CHANCELLOR. 15

he officiated ; and, when lie sat to hear and determine causes,
a reader of the bills and petitions ; and sometimes, when
he was pleased to order it, I even performed the office of an
advocate,''^ ^

To perform the duties of his department there were neces-
sarily a variety of clerks ; among whom are named the
Clericus, or Magister Scriptorii, who was the chief; the
Scriptor rotuli de Cancellaria ; and the Spigurnell, or sealer of
the writs. The perquisites added to the pecuniary salaries
of these officers tend to show that the whole establishment
were inmates of the royal palace. The allowance, for instance,
of the Clericus Scriptorii was " Tenpence a day, and one
seasoned simnel, and half a sextary of the household wine,
and one large candle, and twelve pieces of candle." This
allowance was considerably increased by Henry II. He
took rank next to the chancellor, and his duty was constantly
to attend in the Exchequer (where the royal seal was de-
posited), and to provide fit persons to transcribe the rolls of
the court and the documents issuing from it.^

Seven chancellors have been assigned to William's reign,
with different and sometimes conflicting dates, and some of
them occupying the office more than once. No satisfactory
attempt has yet been made to place them in regular
order, and it nmst be acknowledged that the want of tlie
public records of the reign renders any endeavour to do so
extremely difficult. It is to be regretted, however, that
recent writers, who have published works expressly devoted
to the subject, should have been satisfied with the lists as
they found them, without an effort for either their verifi-
cation or their correction. It cannot be alleged that no
means of investigation exist, since charters of the period are

' Fitz- Stephen's Description of London, translated by an antiquary, Dr. Pcgge,
1772, p. 19.

» Madox's Exch. i. 19.5.

16 CHANCELLORS. Will. T.

accessible as well in print as in public and private reposi-
tories; the dates of which, even where not actually given,
may be traced through the attestation of the witnesses.

The Monasticon contains the largest collection of printed
charters of the earlier reigns ; and it is not too much to say
that, from an examination of them alone, a far more correct
arrangement may be formed than any that has hitherto ap-
peared.

In framing the following list, with the charters for my
guide, I have stated my reasons for every variation from the
former catalogue ; and without the presumption of believing
that I have discovered the exact truths I hope I have made
some advance towards its attainment.

Arfastus is the first individual under the Conqueror,
to whose name the title of Chancellor is added in the charters
contained in the Monasticon. He is a witness to the charter
granted to the dean and canons of St. Martin's, London ^
which is dated at Pentecost, in 1068 ; that is to say, when
King William had been on the throne less than a year and
a half. There is nothing to show that he had been then
newly appointed ; and the fact that he was one of William's
chaplains previously to the invasion of England, renders it
probable that he was appointed chancellor immediately after
the Conquest. A charter to the church of Exeter, dated in

1069, has also his name as chancellor^; and about Easter,

1070, he became Bishop of Helmham^: which see, a few
years afterwards, he removed to Thetford.

OsBERT is not mentioned in any preceding list ; but that
there was a chancellor of this name appears by his attestation

' Dugdale's Monast. (1846), vi. 1325. ^ Ibid. ii. 531.

^ Lord Campbell has followed the extraordinary blunder in Oldmixon's
" Lives of the Lord Chancellors," 1708, in calling Arfastus Bishop of Helmstadt,
in Germany ; although Spelman, the only authority his lordship cites, expressly
describes him as Bishop of Thetford.

1066—1087. CHANCELLORS. 17

to the charter of King William to the monastery of St.
Augustine at Canterbury.^ It has no date, but it must have
been granted between 1070 and 1075, as William, Bishop of
London, who died in the latter year, and Scotlandus the
Abbot, who was raised to that dignity in the former year,
are two of its witnesses. .Thus it is probable that he suc-
ceeded Arfastus when he was elected Bishop of Helmham in
1070, and continued in office till he himself was elevated to
the bishoprick of Exeter in 1074. He was sometimes called
Osbern.

Osmund is the next chancellor whose date may be approxi-
mated. He attested two undated charters, one to St. Paul's,
London^, and the other to the abbey of Fescamp in Nor-
mandy.^ To the former Archbishop Lanfranc was a witness,
so that it must have been granted after 1070, the year of
his consecration ; and both of them must have been before
1078, when Osmund was elected Bishop of Salisbury.

Maurice usually stands at the head of the list of chan-
cellors, as well as in this place. But the charter to AYest-
minster Abbey attested by him in 1067, which Dugdale
quotes '*, being found on reference to it in the British Museum
to be altogether a forgery, I have discovered no other that
will justify me in continuing his name under that date.
That he was chancellor about this period is proved by King
William's confirmation of the grant by William de Warenne
and Gundreda his wife of the church of St. Pancras at
Lewes to the monks of Cluny^ which, looking at the
foundation, was probably dated about 1078. In 1081 also
we find him witnessing the charter confirming the decision
of the contest between Arfastus, Bishop of Thetford and
Baldwin, Abbot of Bury^; and in 1082 he attested King

' Dugdale's Monast. i. 144. • Dugdale's St. Paul's (1716), 51.

•* Monasticon, vi. 1082. * Dugdale's Orig. Jurid. 34,

* Archaeologia, xxxil. 12:5. " Monabt. iii. 141.

VOL. I. C

18

CHANCELLORS.

Will. I.

William's charter granting the priory of Covenham to the
abbey of Karilephus, in the diocese of Maine. ^ When he
retired from the office does not appear ; but he was elected
Bishop of London either in 1183 or 1185.

William Welson follows in the succession. The attes-
tation of " William the Chancellor " is appended to the
Conqueror's charter confirming the grant of Yvo Tailboys
to St. Nicholas of Angiers^; the first witness to which is
William, Bishop of Durham, who was not elected to that see
till November, 1080. Its date, therefore, must have been
between that time and (if this was William Welson, as
seems most probable,) the year 1085, when this chancellor
also was made Bishop of Thetford.

If both Maurice and William Welson were raised to the
episcopal bench in the same year, the last-recited charter
would show that Maurice resigned the Seal before he became
a bishop; but if he was elected in 1083, that probably was
the period when William obtained possession of the office,
which he no doubt retained till his own election to the pre-
lacy.

Some little confusion arises from the next and last chan-
cellor of this reign, William Giffard, having the same
Christian name as his predecessor. There is no positive
evidence, for instance, to which of the two the attestation of
the last charter is to be ascribed. It is now placed accord-
ing to the best judgment I could form. In general, however,
where the name of William the Chancellor appears, there is
some internal or collateral evidence to decide the question.
The Monasticon contains no other charter of William I.
besides this, that bears the name of William the Chancellor ;
but as there must have been some chancellor after William
Welson's accession to the bishoprick : and as William Giffard

Dugdale's Monast. vi. 993.

* Ibid. iii. 'J 16.

1066—1087. CHANCELLORS. 19

is always mentioned as holding the office at the death of that
king, and there is sufficient evidence that he retained it for
some time on the accession of William II., it may be reason-
ably concluded that he succeeded William Welson on liis
removal to the prelacy.

Looking, then, at the list thus suggested, and presuming
that during the first eighteen months of the reign Arfastus
occupied the same position as he did at their termination, it will
be found that there is as near a succession as can be expected ;
each new appointment, except perhaps in the case of Maurice,
appearing to be consequent on the elevation of his prede-
cessor to the prelacy ; and leaving few intervals that can raise
a question.

Besides one new chancellor, not previously introduced,
^ve of the seven contained in former catalogues have found
their place, though not in the same order. It now remains
to notice the two who have been omitted, and to state the
reasons for their exclusion.

1. The first of these is Baldric, introduced by Dugdale, on
the authority of a charter which he attributes to William I.,
granting the church of Andover to the monks of St. Floren-
tius.^ On consideration of its language, however, it will be
manifest that it was granted, not by the Conqueror, but by
William II. After the usual introduction it proceeds to re-
cite " that king William, ivho suhjv gated the land of England
to himself by arms, gave (dedit) the church of Andover," &c.
Now, even if the Conqueror could be supposed to speak of
his conquest in this manner (which is not very probable),
he would have related the fact in the first person, as "I the
king, who " &c. ** have given." His son, however, was not at
all unlikely to use this language. But what decides the
question is, that the first witness to this charter, immediately

' Dugdale's Monast. vi. 992.
c 2

20

CHANCELLORS.

Will. L

preceding the chancellor, is " Rotbertus Episcopus de Nicola/'
(Lincoln) ; of which see there was no bishop of that name in
the reign of William I., while under that of William II.,
Rohej't Bloet was elected, in the year 1093.

To the next reign, therefore, this chancellor must be re-
moved ; but it may be as well to notice here that his name,
as recorded in the charter, is not Baldric, but Galdric.

2. Herman, Bishop of Sherborne. Thynne says of him,
"he is that Hirmanus which, / suppose, was chancellor to
William the Conqueror : " and upon this sole authority have
Philipot and all his copyists, down to the present time,
thought proper to continue his name. It is needless to say
that I have discovered no charter bearing his name as chan-
cellor.

Table of Chancellors and Chief Justiciaries.

A.R.

A.D.

I.

1067

1168

IV.

1070

VIL

1073

VIIL

1074

XIL

1078

XVIL

1083

XX.

1086

Chancellors.

Arfastus, afterwards Bishop of

Helmham (1070)
Osbert, afterwards Bishop of

Exeter (1074)

Osmund, afterwards Bishop of

Salisbury (1078)
Maurice, afterwards Bishop of

London (1083-5)

"William Welson, afterwards
Bishop of Thetford (1085)

William Giffard, afterwards
Bishop of Winchester (1100)

Chief Justiciaries.

Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, and

Earl of Kent, and
William Fitz-Osbern, Earl of

Hereford.

William de Warenne, and
Richard de Benefacta.

Lanfranc, Archbishop of Can-
terbury,

Geoffrey, Bishop of Constance,
and

Robert, Earl of Moreton.

A long controversy has been carried on among antiquaries
as to the period when Seals were first appended to instru-
ments for the purpose of attestation : and the argument, that,
in the Saxon times, the words signum and sigillum, appearing

1066—1087. SEALS. 21

on many ancient charters, were synonymous, has been relied
on by the advocates both of their earlier and their later intro-
duction. It is universally allowed, however, that a royal seal
was used in this country by Edward the Confessor, who is
said to have adopted the practice from Normandy, where he
received his education ^ ; and the evidence of its existence in
the time of William the Conqueror is unquestionable.

The ordinary place of depositing the king's seal about this
time, was in the treasury of the Exchequer : and the writs of
Chancery were frequently sealed there. ^

In one part of the Dialogus de Scaccario, the Exchequer
is described as being said to have been erected at the Con-
quest^; but in another chapter it appears that the sittings
which in the author's time, the reign of Henry II., were
called ad Scaccarium, had formerly been designated ad
Taleas.^ Mr. Stapleton, in his Observations on the Norman
Rolls, ascribes the introduction of the Exchequer to the
reign of Henry I. ; and Alexander de Swereford, an officer
of that court under King John, states in the Red Book that
no yearly rolls of the Conqueror had been seen by any one
in his days."^ At whatever date it was established, it formed
a part of Curia Regis, and had the same judges. Its pleas,
however, were kept separate from those of the principal
court, but it cannot now be determined in what manner the
chief justiciary, who presided in both, distributed the pro-
ceedings between the two.

It was sometimes called Curia Regis ad Scaccarium ; and
its name was derived from the table at which it sat, which
was "a four-cornered board, about ten feet long and five
feet broad, fitted in manner of a table to sit about ; on
every side whereof is a standing ledge or border, four fingers

• Archaeologia, xviii. 12. 40. • Mudox's Exch. i. 194.
» Madox's Exch. ii. ;359. * Ibid. ii. 353.

• Rot. Scaccarii Normannia;, Observations, i. xlx — xxii,

c 3

22

THE EXCHEQUER.

Will. I.

broad. Upon this board is laid a cloth bought in Easter
Term, which is of black colour, rowed with strekes, distant
about a foot or span ; " like a chess-board. On the spaces
of this Scaccarium, or chequered cloth, counters were ranged,
with denoting marks, for checking the computations.

The peculiar jurisdiction of this court was to adjust the
king's revenue, which, in this and some following reigns,
was paid partly in kind and partly in money ; the different
farms supplying necessaries for the daily use of the king's
household, and the cities and towns furnishing money for
the soldiers and other purposes of the state. ^ Pleas between
private individuals were afterwards heard in this branch of
the court, and fines levied and recorded in it ; but no in-
stances occur previous to the reign of Henry II.

The king himself sometimes presided ; but the chief jus-
ticiary was usually styled, and sat as president. He was
assisted by the chancellor, treasurer, and barons, both eccle-
siastical and secular ; and the persons who acted as justices
in the King's Court were usually employed as justiciers or
barons in the Exchequer ; the two designations, Baro and
Justiciarius, being frequently used without any perceivable
difference. They were all, however, commonly called Barones
Scaccarii. In William's reign, there do not appear to have
been any barons distinct from those who acted in the King's
Court.

From the earliest times there were two notable Terms or
periods of the year in the Exchequer, called the Duo Scac-
carii ; one the Scaccarium Paschce, and the other the Scac-
carium S. Micliaelis ; being the times at which the writs for
levying the king's debts were made returnable.

The natural consequence of the proceedings in the Curia
Regis being carried on in a foreign tongue, whether

• Dialogus de Scaccario, Madox's Exch. ii, 380.

066—1087. CONTEURS — SERJEANTS. 23

French or Latin, was that the parties who were engaged
in the causes before it were incompetent to conduct them,
and were therefore obliged to employ persons who were
not only conversant with the law as administered, but
familiar with the language of the court. These persons
were designated " Conteurs^'' or, in Latin, " Narratores.''^
They were at first principally imported from the Norman
courts; and none others were allowed to be heard. The
only trace of this prohibition now remaining is to be found
in the refusal of the courts in Westminster Hall to receive
special pleas, &c. without the signature of counsel.

The monopoly which these Conteurs or Countors enjoyed
in the fees for their services is stated by Mr. Sergeant
Manning ^ to have induced the Conqueror, or his more
immediate successors, to treat their office as a ^' Serjeanty
in gross ; " and to assume, if they did not possess it before,
the right of appointing to this serjeanty. The mode in
which this was effected was by a royal mandate or writ,
issued in the most solemn form, under the great seal, and
addressed to the Serjeants practising in the Curia Regis.
The same course was afterwards adopted when the Court
of Common Pleas was established, and has ever since been
continued.

The following is the form that is found in the most ancient
registers : —

"Rex, &c. N. N. salutem. Quia de advisamento consilii
nostri ordinavimus vos ad statum et gradum servientis ad
legem ... die mensis . . . proximo futuro, suscepturos:
Vobis mandamus, firmiter injungentes, quod vos ad statum et
gradum praedictum, ad diem et locum, in forma prajdicta susci-
piendum, ordinetis et pra^paretis : et hoc sub poena mille li-
brarum nullatenus omittatis. Teste, &c."^

' Manning's Servient ad Legem, Preface, ix. ' Dugdale's Orig. Jurid, IHf).

c 4

24

SERJEANTS.

Will. I.

The modern form is precisely the same : —

" To our trusty and well-beloved greeting.

For-

asmuch as, by the advice of our council, we have ordained you
to take upon you the state and degree of a serjeant-at-law, on "
&c., " We, strictly enjoining, command you to put in order
and prepare yourself, to take upon you the state and degree
aforesaid in form aforesaid, and this you may in nowise omit
under the pain of one thousand pounds." ^

Lord Coke notices four several marks of dignity attaching
to a Serjeant in the mode of his appointment : — 1. That he
is called by the king by advice of his council; 2. That he
is called by the king's writ ; 3. That the writ is directed to
him in the plural number, vobis, a special mark of dignity ;
4. That he is called ad statum et ^radum servientis ad legemJ^

It is needless to say that no writ of this early period is
extant. The first that occurs is in the reign of Kichard II. ;
and Dugdale's list of Serjeants commences only in that of
Edward I.

The oath administered to a Serjeant on his creation was
in the following form : —

'' You shall swear well and truly to serve the king's people
as one of the serjeants-at-law ; and you shall truly counsel
them that you be retained with, after your cunning ; and
you shall not defer or delay their causes willingly for covetise
of money or other thing that may turn you to profit, and
you shall give due attendance accordingly: So help you
God."

In the earlier times all serjeants-at-law appear to have
been called " Servientes Regis ad Legem ; " and no distinction
seems to have existed between that title and the simple one
of serviens ad legem, while the Curia Regis constituted one
entire court. But afterwards the former title was applied to

Manning's Serviens ad Legem, 33.

Preface to Coke's 10 Report.

1066—1087. SERJEANTS. 25

those only who, having been previously called by writ to the
degree of serjeant-at-law, were specially appointed by letters
patent to transact the king's business.^

Sir Henry Chauncey ^, however, who was a serjeant-at-hiw
in 1700, says that they were originally distinct ; the servientes
regis ad legem sitting with the sheriff in the county court, and
the servientes ad legem sitting with the great lords in the
courts held for their manors. That Serjeants did attend at
these courts is proved by Bracton ^ ; but the question must
remain undetermined whether there was any difference in
their degree.

Few men in those ages were learned in the laws except the
clergy, who were bound by their order to shave their heads.
The serjeant-countors, being originally part of this body,
were of course obliged to follow the rule ; but for " decency
and comeliness," or rather perhaps for warmth, were by
degrees allowed to cover their baldness with a coif. This
was at first a thin linen cover gathered together in the form
of a skull or helmet ; the material being afterwards changed
into white silk, and the form eventually into the black patch
at the top of the forensic wig, which is now the distinguishing
mark of the degree. Thus they were frequently called
Serjeants of the coif.

The remainder of the dress was a long priest-like robe,
with a cape about the shoulders furred with lambskin, and
a hood with two labels upon it. They had also party-
coloured robes, " that the people," as Chauncey says, " should
show the greater respect as well to their persons as their
profession." It seems, however, probable that these party-
coloured robes were not introduced till about the time of
Chaucer, who inveighs against them as a new fashion.

' Manning's Serviens ad I^cgem, Preface, ix,
* Hist. Antiq. of Herts, 75.
' Wynne's Serjeant-at-law, 1 5.

26

LAW CASES.

Will. I.

There is no record of the names of any of the countors or
Serjeants who flourished in this reign and practised in the
Curia Regis : but several of the clergy are noted for their
legal learning. In the great cause between Lanfranc and
Odo, Agelric, the venerable Bishop of Chichester, was by the
king's command brought to Penenden Heath in a chariot, to
instruct the judges in the ancient laws and customs of the
land, as the most skilful person in the knowledge of them ;
and Alfwin, rector of Sutton, and Sacolus and Godric, monks
of Abingdon, are all mentioned as persons so expert in those
laws, that others in divers parts did easily submit to their
judgment.^

History reports but few other cases tried in this reign
besides those already mentioned as to the restitution of the
church's lands and liberties. The great cause between Lan-
franc, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Thomas, Archbishop of
York, relative to the primacy, was opened in Easter, 1072, at
the king's court at Winchester, and was determined at the
following Whitsuntide, when the king held his court at
Windsor.

In a contest relative to the land of Fracenham, which
Gundolf, Bishop of Rochester, claimed as belonging to his
church, and Pichot, Sheriif of Cambridgeshire, alleged to be
the king's, the question was referred by the king to be tried
by the men of the county. Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, presided
on the occasion, and after a double hearing decided in favour
of Gundolf ; fining twelve w^ho had sworn untruly in favour
of the sheriff, in the then enormous sum of 300/. The con-
troversy between Arfastus, Bishop of Helmham, and the
Abbot of Bury, in 1081, has already been referred to.

Dugdale's Grig, Jurid. 21.

27

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES

THE JUDGES UlSIDER THE REIGN OF WILLIAM L

ARFASTUS, or HERFASTUS, Bishop op Helmhaji and
Thetford.

Chancellor, 1068.

Arfastus, or Herfastus, was by birth a Norman, and was
one of the chaplains of William the Conqueror before his
invasion of England. He had previously been a monk in the
Abbey of Bee in Normandy, where, from the greater igno-
rance of his brethren, his slender pretensions to learning
made some show. It seems, however, that he was merely
luscus inter strahones, a blinkard among the blind : and it is
related that after Lanfranc had raised the character of the
abbey, Arfastus, as one of the duke's chaplains, visited it in
great pomp; when Lanfranc, soon discovering his defi-
ciencies, somewhat rudely ridiculed and exposed them ; an
indignity which Arfastus revenged by procuring his tempo-
rary disgrace and banishment.^

After the Conquest, Arfastus continued in great favour
with King William, and became his chancellor. The date
of his appointment does not appear ; but as it is certain that
he held the office at Whitsuntide, 1068, his name with that
addition being attached to the charter which William then
granted to the church of St. Martin's-le-Grand, in London 2,
it is not unlikely that he was William's first chancellor.

' Godwin de Praesulibus, 1743, p. 60. • Monast. Anglic, vi. 1324.

28

ARFASTUS.

Will. I.

Dugdale, in his " Chronica Series," and Oldmixon and Lord
Campbell, in their " Lives of the Lord Chancellors," give
the date of 1073, referring to the same charter; an inspec-
tion of which will prove their error. Thynne, Philipot, and
Spelman state it correctly.

He was chancellor in the following year, 1069, being an
attesting witness to King William's charter to the church
at Exeter.^ He probably retired about the middle of the
year 1070, when he received the bishoprick of Helmham in
Norfolk ; not Helmstadt in Germany, as Oldmixon and Lord
Campbell erroneously assert.

In 1075, in consequence of the mandate of the council of
London, that the episcopal sees should be transferred from
villages to the most eminent towns in their dioceses, this see
was removed to Thetford ; and the bishop made a subsequent
attempt to fix it at Bury. Alleging that a great part of
the revenues then belonging to the monastery there had been
alienated from the see by his predecessor, he took active
measures against the Abbot Aylwin ; but that dignitary,
claiming to be exempt from the episcopal jurisdiction, strenu-
ously defended the rights of his house; and the contest,
notwithstanding the bishop's interest with the king, was
decided against him in 1081.

One author places Arfastus as chancellor again in
1077 ^ and another mentions Maurice in the same year^;
but as they neither cite any authority, and as there is proof
that Maurice was chancellor probably in 1078, and certainly
in 1081, when the above decision was pronounced between
the bishop and the abbot, no sufficient ground is oiFered for
reliance on this statement.

' Monast. Anglic, ii. 531.

* Francis Thynne's Catalogue, in Holinshed's Chron, 1808. iv. 348.
merely copies him.

^ Philipot's Catalogue, 1636, p. 4.

Spelman

1066—1087. RICHARD DE FITZ-GILBERT. 29

That he was not de2)rived, however, of the royal favour is
evidenced by the grant which he received of all the churches
and various other possessions in Thetford ; where, assisted by
Roger Bigod, he rebuilt the church of St. Mary, and spared
neither pains nor cost in augmenting and improving his see.

His death occurred in 1084, and he was buried in the ca-
thedral at Thetford. Weever has preserved his epitaph.
He bequeathed his possessions among Richard and his other
sons, who, no doubt, were born long before the promulgation
of the decree of the synod of Winchester in 1076, enforcing
the celibacy of the clergy.'

His successor in the bishoprick was William Welson, or
Bellofago, another chancellor of the Conqueror.

BAYEUX, Bishop of. See Odo.

BEAUFO, 1

BELFAGUS, \ See William Welson.

BELLOFAGO. J

BENEFACTA, RICHARD DE. See Richard de Fitz-Gil-

BERT.

CANTERBURY, Archbishop of. See Lanfranc
CLARE, RICHARD DE. See Richard Fitz-Gh^bert.
CORNWALL, Earl of. See Robert.
COUTANCE, Bishop of. See Geoffrey.
DORSET, Earl of. See Osmund.
EXETER Bishop of. See Osbert.

FITZ-GILBERT, RICHARD DE, or, De Benefacta ; or,
De Tun bridge ; or, De Clare.

Just. Angl. 1073.

This great man is mentioned under all these names. He was
first called Richard Fitz-Gilbert, from his father ; and after-
wards de Benefacta, from his estate of Benefield in North-
amptonshire ; de Tunbridge, from that castle in Kent ; and

' Weever's Funeral Monuments, 785. 827. ; Bloomlicld's Norfolk, i. 404.
and Norwich, i. 463.

30

RICHARD DE FITZ-GILBERT.

Will. I.

de Clare, from the honour or earldom of that name in Suffolk ;
all of which were included in his possessions.

He was the son of Gilbert Crispin, Earl of Brion and Ou,
whose father Geoffrey was a natural son of Richard I. Duke
of Normandy : so that he was second cousin to the Conqueror
on his father's side ; and if his mother was, as one pedigree
asserts ^ Arlotta, who was also mother of the Conqueror, he
was, on her side, that monarch's half-brother : but this re-
lationship is very doubtful.

Thus closely allied to the duke, he naturally joined him in
his enterprise against England, and was a participator in the
dangers of the field of Hastings. His share in the lands
distributed among the Norman adventurers, it may be pre-
sumed, was not a niggardly one. At the general survey he
was found to be possessed (among others) of thirty- eight
lordships in Surrey, thirty-five in Essex, three in Cambridge-
shire, and ninety-five in Suffolk, of which Clare was the
chief, the name of which his descendants adopted. He ex-
changed the strong castle of Brion in Normandy, which he
inherited, for the town and castle of Tunbridge, with a
circuit round them, the extent of which was fixed by the
same rope by which his own domains at Brion had been
measured, comprehending three miles from every part of the
walls.

When King William went to Normandy in 1073, he was
left as joint chief justiciary of the kingdom with William de
Warenne. While exercising this power, little is recorded
of them, except that about three years afterwards they
defeated Roger Fitz-Osberne, Earl of Hereford, and Ralph
de Guader, Earl of Norfolk, who had headed a rebellion
against the royal authority. The battle was fought at
Fagadun or Bicham in Norfolk, and the leaders were corn-

Manning and Bray's Surrey, i. xix.

1066—1087. WILLIAM PITZ-OSBERNE. 31

pelled to appear at the king's court, and receive their
sentences.

After the Conqueror's death he at first took the part of
his son Eobert, but afterwards adhered to William Rufus,
and his successor Henry I. In the reign of the latter he
was slain in an ambush, while marching to his property in
Cardiganshire.

He married Rohais, the daughter of Walter GifFard, Earl
of Buckingham, who, after his death, married Eudo the
Dapifer. By her he left five sons, the eldest of whom was
Gilbert, who is generally spoken of as de Tunhridge, whose
eldest son, Richard, was created Earl of Hertford, a title
which was successively enjoyed (together with that of Clare)
by his two sons Gilbert and Roger de Clare ; the latter of
whom will be mentioned under the reign of Henry II. Gil-
bert's second son, Gilbert, Avas created Earl of Pembroke by
King Stephen, and this title devolved on the famous William
Mareschall, who will be noticed under the reign of Richard I.,
by his marriage with this earl's grand- daughter. ^

FITZ-OSBERNE, WILLIAM, Earl of Hereford.

Just. Angl. 1067.

William Fitz-Osberne was the son of Osberne de
Crepon, and grandson of Herfastus, who was the brother of
Gunnora, a forester's daughter, first concubine, and then
wife, to Richard I., the third Duke of Normandy, and great-
grandfather of William the Conqueror. He was conse-
quently connected by distant relationship with the young
prince, and was brought up with him from infancy. On his
father's death he succeeded to the office of steward or dapifer
in the ducal household, and was Count of Bretteville in

' Madox's Exch. i. 32. ; Dugdale's Barunagc, i. 206. ; Manning and Bray's
Surrey, i. xix. ; Brady's England, &c.

32 WILLIAM FITZ-OSBERNE. Will. L

Normandy. After the accession of Duke William, Fitz-
Osberne aided him in quelling every civil commotion of his
Norman subjects. To his instigation was attributed the
determination of William to undertake the invasion of
England, and when the nobles opposed the expedition, his
address and cunning induced them not only to withdraw
their objections, but to come forward with liberal supplies.
Forty of the ships to convey the invading army were
equipped at his own expense, and one of the three divisions
at the battle of Hastings was placed under his command.

Having contributed to the conquest of England, he as-
sisted greatly in the maintenance of the acquisition by his
valour and good counsels. To his vigilance was entrusted
the erection of a castle at Winchester for the purpose of
overawing the inhabitants ; and when, in the year after the
conquest, the king returned to Normandy, to him and to
Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, the government of the realm was
committed as chief justiciaries. The southern division was
appropriated to Odo, and the northern to Fitz-Osberne, on
whom the earldom of Hereford, and the office of constable or
marshal (Magister Militum), were also conferred.

Besides presiding over the Curia Regis during the king's
absence, they also managed the king's revenue ; but their
conduct was so arrogant and rapacious that the indignation
of the English was roused. The efforts of the people, how-
ever, to relieve themselves were so ill-concerted that they
were easily subdued; and the regents were rewarded, in-
stead of being punished for their oppression.

In 1069 we find Fitz-Osberne assisting his sovereign in
the suppression of various insurrections in the north and in
the west of England ; and in conjunction with Walter de
Lacy opposing the Welsh. Soon after he was employed by
the king in aiding Queen Matilda in the defence of Nor-
mandy; and in 1072 he proceeded to Flanders to assist

1066—1087. WILLIAM FITZ-OSBERNE. 33

Arnulph, the heir of Baldwin, its earl, in resisting the
invasion of the disinherited Robert de Frison. In this ex-
pedition he was surprised by the exile, and perished through
his careless security.

To his zeal, courage, and wisdom, King William was
greatly indebted for his success ; and he was rewarded
accordingly. Besides the grant of the county of Hereford,
he received the Isle of Wight and various other possessions
and advantages, the extent and number of which are uncer-
tain, as the general survey did not take place till several
years after his death. But, notwithstanding the rich gifts
which were lavished on him, his prodigality always left him
in poverty, which King William, with whom he was a great
favourite, at once chided and supplied. Quarrels, however,
would now and then occur between his sovereign and him.
On one occasion, being steward of the household, he had
set upon the royal table the flesh of a crane scarcely half-
roasted, when the king in his rage aimed a severe blow at him,
which, though it was warded off by Eudo, another favourite,
so offended Fitz-Osberne, that he resigned his office, which,
at his request, the king then conferred on Eudo, who in
history is always mentioned as Eudo Dapifer.

He introduced into Hereford many of the laws and cus-
toms of his Norman seignory of Brettevillc. In building the
castle of Gloucester he destroyed sixteen houses ; and by his
advice, the king seized all the money and valuables which
private individuals had lodged for security in the monasteries.
Though brave and generous as a soldier, he was severe and
oppressive in his government, and was looked upon as the
pride of the Normans and the scourge of the English.

He was twice married. His first wife was Adeline,
daughter of Koger de Toney, a great Norman baron',

' Dugdale's Baronage, i. 67. Yet this author afterwards says, p. 469., that
Roger de Toni married Alice, daughter of William Fitz-Osberne.

VOL. I. D

34 GEOFFREY, BISHOP OF COUTANCE. Will. T.

standard-bearer of King William; and the second was
Richild, daughter and heir of Reginald, Earl of Renault,
the mother by a former husband of Arnulph, in whose cause
he fell. By the latter he had no children ; and though by
the former he left three sons and two daughters, his title
and his family soon became extinct.

William, his eldest son, succeeded to his Norman posses-
sions, and died without issue ; Ralph, his second son, be-
came a monk ; and his third son, Roger, upon whom the
earldom of Hereford devolved, entered into a conspiracy
against the king with Ralph de Guader, Earl of Norfolk, his
sister's husband; and being defeated in 1076 by William de
Warenne and Richard de Benefacta or Fitz-Gilbert, the
justiciaries, was sentenced to imprisonment, which only
terminated with his life, accompanied with a forfeiture of
all his property.^

GEOFFREY, Bishop of Coijtance.

Just. Angl. ? 107 . .

Geoffrey was a member of the noble Norman house of
Mowbray, and was elected bishop of the see of Coutance
(Constantia), in Lower Normandy, in 1048. He was, how-
ever, more of a soldier than a divine, and, accompanying
William on his invasion of England, held a distinguished
command in the battle of Hastings. He assisted at the
coronation of the Conqueror, and harangued the Normans on
the occasion. He afterwards exerted himself in suppressing
the rebellions of the English, and in resisting the incursions
of the Danes. At the head of the men of Monmouth,
London, and Salisbury, he checked the assault of the West-
Saxons of Dorset and Somerset on Montacute, and he joined

' Will. Malmesb. Gesta Regum Angl. pp. 396. 431.; Madox's Exch. i. 31. 40.
49. 78. ; Dugdale's Baronage ; Chauncey's Hertf. 121. ; Daniel, Turner, Rapin ;
Spelman's Earl Marshals.

1066—1087. GEOFFREY, BISHOP OF COUTANCE. 35

in reducing to subjection the rebels under the Earls of
Hereford and Norfolk.

Dugdale is of opinion, that during some part of William's
reign he held the office of chief justiciary in conjunction with
Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Robert, Earl of
Moreton ; having seen several precepts directed to them by
the king which bear that interpretation. There is no doubt
that he presided in loco regis at the contest between Arch-
bishop Lanfranc and Bishop Odo, relative to certain lands
and rights of which the former alleged his church of Can-
terbury had been disseised by the latter. The trial took
place on Penenden Heath, about 1076, lasting three days,
and was decided in favour of Lanfranc.

During William's life he devoted himself faithfully to his
service, and was present when the last honours were paid to
his remains. After his death, he assisted Robert, the king's
eldest son, in his attempt on the English crown, and having
with his nephew, Robert Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland,
ravaged Bath, Berkeley, and part of Wiltshire, they fortified
themselves in Bristol. On the failure of Robert's enterprise,
the bishop was allowed to return to Normandy, where he
died on February 4, 1093 ; but his less fortunate nephew,
entering into a new conspiracy, was two years afterwards
vanquished by the king's forces, and confined in Windsor
Castle, where be languished for the remainder of his life.

The Conqueror held Geoffrey in high esteem, and rewarded
his services with no less than 280 English manors, which
were all forfeited to the crown on the revolt of his nephew
Robert, to whom he had left them. Before the earldom of
Northumberland was given to this Robert, it was for a time
under the government of Bishop Geoffrey.*

' Monast. Anglic. 1846, i. 546.; Will. Malmcsb. 487.; Madox's Exch. i.
32. ; Dugdale's Orig. Jurid. 20. ; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 56. ; Hutchins'si
Dorsetsh. i. 11.; Kapin, Turner, Lingard.

D 2

36 HERMAN, BISHOP OF SHERBORNE. Will. I.

GIFFARD, WILLIAM, afterwards Bishop of Winchester.

Chancellor, 1086.

See under the reigns of William II. and Henry I.

HELMHAM, Bishop of. See Arfastus.
HEREFORD, Earl of. See W. Fitz-Osberne.
HERFASTUS. See Arfastus.

HERMAN, Bishop of Sherborne and Salisbury.

? Chancellor, 10. .

This prelate was of Flemish origin, and had been one of
the chaplains of Edward the Confessor, by whom he was ad-
vanced in 1045 to the small bishoprick of Wilton, which in
the preceding century had been cut off from the diocese of
Sherborne, and the seat of which was sometimes at Wilton,
sometimes at Ramsbury, and sometimes at Sunning. In
1050 he visited Rome in company with Aldred, Bishop of
Worcester, and on his return he used his utmost endeavours
to remove his see to Malmsbury ; but, though the king con-
sented, he was defeated by the opposition of the monks there.
Indignant and disgusted, he retired to Bertin, in France, in
1055, and remained in that monastery for three years. On
the death, however, of Efwold, Bishop of Sherborne, in 1058,
he returned and succeeded in procuring the re-union of the
two sees of Sherborne and Wilton. In 1070 he assisted at
the consecration of Lanfranc to the archbishoprick of Can-
terbury ; and in 1075, taking advantage of the order of the
Council of London, that the bishop's sees should be removed
from obscure places to towns of greater note, he effected the
transfer of his to Old Sarum ; no doubt, however, under the
influence of favour, as that place was then little better than
a castle. He there commenced the erection of the cathedral,
but did not live to witness its completion. His death is fixed

I

1066—1087. LANFRANC, ARCHBISHOP OP CANTERBURY. 37

by different writers in the years 1076, 1077, and 1078 : he
was succeeded by Osmund, who will be presently noticed.

Thynne, in his Catalogue of Chancellors, introduces him
with these words, " He is that Hirmanus which, I suppose,
was chancellor to William the Conqueror." Upon such au-
thority as this, and I find no other, I should think myself
bold to imitate the followers of Thynne, who have unhe-
sitatingly admitted his name.

He wrote the Life and Miracles of St. Edmund, king of the
East Angles, which, it is understood, is about to be published
by the English Historical Society.'

KENT, Earl of. See Odo.
LANFRANC, Archbisuop of CANXERBURr.

Just. Angl. 107 . .

This learned divine was born at Pavia about the year lOOo,
and belonged to an illustrious family which is said to have
descended from the emperors Cams and Numerian. After
acquiring some celebrity in his native city, where he was for
several years professor of laws, his anxiety to travel took him
to Normandy, where he first opened a school at Avranches,
and eventually, about 1042, retired to the poor and lonely
abbey of Bee, then one of the most insignificant of the
Norman monasteries. Herluin, the abbot, discovering his ♦
talents, induced him to resume his office of teacher, and the
fame of his lectures became so widely extended, that students
flocked to them from all parts ; Pope Alexander II. being
one of his pupils.

He thus diffused a taste for knowledge among the clergy,

' Thynne'h Catalugut'; Ilolinsh. iv. 348; Godwin du 1'nei.ul. i330',; Hutchliiii's
Dorsetsh. ii. r57f5.

D 3

38

LANFRANC, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY.

Will. I.

and to him-, in a great degree, is to be attributed the revival
of Latin literature and the liberal arts in France. His ex-
posure of the ignorance of Arfastus has been already men-
tioned, and the enmity it occasioned. Its effect, however,
was soon removed by the good humour of Duke William, and
he became first a monk, and then prior, of the monastery.
Among the students who came to receive his instructions,
there were some who had been pupils of Berengarius, Arch-
deacon of Angers, who was master of a school at Tours.
This desertion exciting the envy of Berengarius, who had pro-
pounded some doctrines relative to the Eucharist in opposition
to those maintained by the Roman church, he in revenge
endeavoured to implicate Lanfranc in the same opinions.
Lanfranc, however, had little difficulty, not merely in satis-
fying the Pontiff of his orthodoxy, but in establishing such a
reputation at Rome, as to be called upon to refute the ob-
noxious heresy in the Council then assembled.

Duke William, who highly appreciated his talents, took
advantage of his visit to Rome, by employing him to obtain
a repeal of the sentence of excommunication to which he had
been subjected by Mauger, Archbishop of Rouen, on account
of his marriage with Matilda, alleged to be related to him
within the forbidden degrees of consanguinity. Lanfranc
was successful in obtaining the papal dispensation, accom-
panied by a condition that William and his wife should each
found an abbey at Caen. This injunction they immediately
obeyed; dedicating one of them to St. Stephen, and the
other to the Holy Trinity. Of the former, Lanfranc was
appointed the first abbot in 1063, and pursued his lectures
there with increased celebrity.

The abilities evinced by Lanfranc in this negotiation
secured to him the confidence and favour of William, who not
only entrusted to him the education of his children, but
offered him the archbishoprick of Rouen. This promotion he

1066—1087. LANFRANC, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY. 39

was allowed to refuse: but after the Conquest, on the
removal of Stigand from the archbishoprick of Canterbury,
the king, feeling the importance of supplying his place with
a man of weight and prudence, faithful to his interests, and
equal to the burden, selected Lanfranc as his successor, and
overcame the scruples with which the modest abbot resisted
his elevation. He was not only willingly accepted by the
monks, and approved by the barons and people, but gladly
confirmed by the Pope. He was accordingly consecrated in
August, 1070, and on visiting Rome in the following year to
receive the pall, was welcomed with particular respect by his
former pupil Alexander II., who rose to give him audience,
kissed him instead of presenting his slipper for that obeisance,
and not satisfied with giving him the usual pall, invested him
with that which he had himself used in celebrating mass. In
this visit he defended the rights of the church of Canterbury
against the claims of Thomas, Archbishop of York; and
eventually succeeded in establishing them before the king, to
whose decision the Pontiff referred the question.

On his return from Rome, he devoted himself strenuously
to the duties of his office, and laboured successfully in reform-
ing the irregularities and rudeness of the clergy. His severity
in depriving many occasioned considerable complaints ; but
the introduction of foreign scholars in their places contri-
buted effectually to the enlightenment of the nation. His
efforts in support of his church were unremitting, nor were
they repressed by the power of his opponents. Finding that
the king's brother, Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, and Earl of Kent,
while Stigand was in disgrace, had taken possession of many
of the manors belonging to the archbishoprick, Lanfranc
instituted a suit against him, which was tried before Geoffrey,
Bishop of Coutance, at a shiremote on Penenden Heath,
when, after three days' hearing, the restoration of twenty-five
manors was adjudged to him.

1) 4

40 LANFRANC, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY. Will. I.

Enjoying the favour of the Conqueror and of his successor,
(whom he crowned, and whose selection, in preference of the
eldest son Robert, is attributed to his recommendation,) he
employed the power he thus acquired in the advancement
of justice and the protection of the English. His private
charities were widely diffused ; and his munificence as a pre-
late is proved by his rebuilding the cathedral of Canterbury,
recently destroyed by fire, together w^ith all the buildings for
the monks, whose numbers he increased from twenty to one
hundred and forty. He founded also the two hospitals of
St. Nicholas at Harbledown, and of St. John at Canterbury,
for lepers and the infirm : he repaired many churches and
monasteries in his diocese which had suffered in the wars,
and he contributed largely to the restoration of Rochester
Cathedral.

Dugdale infers that Lanfranc, in conjunction with Geoffrey,
Bishop of Coutance, and Robert, Earl of Moreton, held the
office of chief justiciary during some part of the Conqueror's
reign, from the existence of several precepts he had seen,
directed to them by the king, which he can only thus inter-
pret. How far this inference is correctly drawn, we have
not the means of judging, but his influence with the king
was undoubted. The arrest of Odo is ascribed to his over-
coming the Conqueror's reluctance to touch an ecclesiastical
person, by suggesting that he might take him, not as Bishop
of Bayeux, but as Earl of Kent.

After a useful and active occupation of the primacy for
nineteen years, he died in May, 1089, at the age of 84 ; and
was buried in his cathedral.

Although devoted to literature during the whole of his life,
few proofs of his learning remain. His principal work was his
treatise against Berengarius. The others were chiefly upon
ecclesiastical matters, including a commentary on the Epistles

1066—1087. MAURICE, BISHOP OF LONDON. 41

of St. Paul. Several editions of his writings have been pub-
lished.^

LONDON, Bishop of. See Maurice.
MAINE, Archdeacon of. See Maurice.

MAURICE, Archdeacon of Maine ; Bishop of London.

Chancellor, 1078.

Op the early life of Maurice no details have been discovered.
At the time of the Conquest he was one of William's chap-
lains, and so continued until he was appointed Bishop of
London. This event is stated in the Annals of Waverley to
have occurred in 1083 ; but the Saxon Chronicle and other
authorities fix his elevation at Christmas, 1085.

He is generally named as the first chancellor of King
William ; and Dugdale quotes a charter of confirmation to
Westminster Abbey, dated 1067, which he witnesses as
" Regis CanceUarius." ^ That document, however, on exami-
nation, is found to be a forgery : and no other record of that
period, with his name as chancellor, having been found, his
appointment must be removed to a later date. The earliest
that occurs is William's charter confirming the deed by which
William de Warenne, and Gundreda his wife, gave the priory
of Lewes to the monastery of Cluny ^ : and this was granted
about 1078. His name is also attached to the king's decision
of the controversy between Arfastus, Bishop of Thetford,
and the Abbot of Bury, which was pronounced in the year
1081 "^ ; and to a charter granted to the abbey of Karilephus

' Biog. Britan. Literaria, ii. 1.; Godwin de Praisul. 59.; Madox's Exch. i.
8. 32. ; Dugdale's Grig. Jurid. 20. ; Will. Malmesb. 447—495. ; Roger de
Wendover, ii. 8 — 36. ; Daniel, Lingard, Rapin, &c.

* Dugdale's Orig. Jurid. 34. •"' Archajologia, xxxii. 123.

* Bloomfield's Norwich, i. 404.; Dugdale's Monast. (1846), iii. 141.

42 MAURICE, BISHOP OF LONDON. Will. I.

in 1082 ^ ; in the latter of which he is styled " Cenomanensis
Ecclesiae Archidiaconus."

His retirement from the chancellorship took place shortly
afterwards, possibly on his election to the bishoprick of
London, if it occurred in 1083 ; but certainly before 1085,
as his successor, William Welson, was himself raised to the
episcopal bench in that year.

The private character of Maurice does not seem to have
stood very high, although the grounds on which it is slight-
ingly mentioned are not named. But after his elevation to
the bishoprick of London he is universally praised for the
liberality and zeal with which he devoted himself to the re-
edification of the cathedral of St. Paul's, when it was destroyed
by the fire that consumed the greatest part of London in
1086. The bishop was not satisfied to restore it to its former
appearance, but determined to rebuild it in a magnificent
manner. He laid foundations so vast in extent, that his
contemporaries would not believe that the pile could ever be
completed ; nor was it till some time after his death, although
he applied himself diligently and energetically to the work
during the remainder of his life. The king assisted his
labours by permitting him to employ in its structure the
stones of a castle called the Palatine Tower, which then
stood at the entrance of the Fleet river, near the present site
of Bridewell ; and he granted to him and his successors the
town and castle of Bishop's Stortford, with the estates at-
tached to it.

That Maurice, on the death of the Conqueror, did not side
with his eldest son Robert, appears from his attending the
first court of William IL at Christmas, 1087 ; and crowning
Henry L in 1100.

* Dugdale's Monast. (1846), vi. 993.

1066—1087. OSBERT, BISHOP OF EXETER. 43

He died on September 26, 1107, having presided over the
see for nearly twenty-two years. ^

MORETON, OR MORTAGNE, Earl of. See Robert.
ODO, Bishop of Bayeux and Earl of Kent.
Just. Angl. 1067.
See under the reign of William 11.

OSBERT. ? Bishop of Exeter.

Chancellor, 1070.

The name of Osbert has not hitherto been introduced among
the chancellors of this reign, and is now offered on the au-
thority of a charter granted by King William to the monas-
tery of St. Augustine at Canterbury ; among the signatures
to which appears " Signum Osberti Cancellarii." Two other
signatures are those of Scotland the Abbot, and William,
Bishop of London : and as the former was appointed in 1070
and the latter died in 1075, the date of the charter must
have been between those two years, or in one of them.^

If, as is most probable, he were the Osbert who was made
Bishop of Exeter in 1074, the period within which he held the
chancellorship is reduced even to a shorter compass. The
bishop was a Norman by birth, and is described by Malmes-
bury as "frater Gulielmi pre-excellentissimi comitis," and
brought up in the court of King Edward. He ruled the see
for nearly thirty years, and died in 1103. He sometimes is
called Osbern, under which name he attested the charter to
St. Martin's in London, in 1068, as chaplain ; and he used
both names indiscriminately as bishop.^

' Stow's London, 35. 61. ; Godwin de Praesul. 175. ; Madox's Exch. 1. 7, 8, ;
Ellis's Introd, to Domesday Book.

* Monast. Anglic, i. 144.

' Ibid. iii. 141., iv. 16, 17. 20., vi. 1325. ; Lc Neve, 80. ; Godwin de Pr.TsuI.
401.

44 OSMUND, BISHOP OF SALISBURY. Will. L

OSMUND, Earl of Dorset ; Bishop of Salisbury.

Chancellor, ? 1075.

According to one of the episcopal chartularies, Osmund was
the nephew of William the Conqueror, being son of his sister
Isabella, the wife of Henry, Count of Seez, in Normandy.^
To this title he succeeded, and came over as a layman in the
retinue of his uncle, who is said to have created him Earl of
Dorset. Dugdale, however, does not include his name in his
Baronage. Be that as it may, there is no doubt that King
William selected him for his superior judgment as one of his
principal advisers, and placed him in the office of chancellor.

The date of his appointment is uncertain, but it is evidently
not so early as is usually assigned. Arfastus was chancellor
in 1068, if not before, and Osbert somewhere between 1070
and 1074. William's charter of confirmation to the cathedral
church of St. Paul ^, to which the name " Osmund the Chan-
cellor " is attached as one of the witnesses, must have been
granted after 1070, inasmuch as Lanfranc the archbishop is
another witness, and he was not consecrated till that year.
Osmund probably succeeded on Osbert's elevation to the
prelacy about 1075, one of the dates given by Thynne and
Philipot ; and there is every reason to presume that he re-
tained the seal till his own appointment as Bishop of Salisbury
in 1078, as no other chancellor occurs in the intervening
period.

There is another charter with his name as chancellor, con-
firming the land of Staning, in Sussex, to the abbey of
Fescamp, in Normandy ^; but it affords no evidence of having
been granted either at an earlier or a later date.

' Hist, of Modern Wilts, by Siv R. C. Hoare, Bart., City of Salisbury, 8.,
quoting Registrum Rubrum H.

« Dugdale's St. Paul's (1716), p. 51.
'■^ Dugdale's Monast. (1846), vi. 1082.

1066—1087. OSMUND, BISHOP OF SALISBURY. 45

On the death of Herman, Bishop of Salisbury, Osmund,
having become an ecclesiastic, was appointed his successor.
His first efforts were devoted to the completion of the ca-
thedral commenced by Herman, which he effected in the year
1092, founding a deanery and thirty-six canonries in it, and
nobly endowing it with various churches and towns. In his
charter of foundation ^, he calls himself merely Bishop of
Salisbuiy, without any reference to his Xorman or English
titles of Seez and Dorset.

He died on December 3 or 4, 1099, and was buried in the
cathedral he erected; but his remains were removed in 1457
to the new cathedral, where they now lie under a plain stone,
with no other inscription than the date of his death.

The title of Osmund the Good, which he acquired in his
life, is the best illustration of his character ; he was a prelate
of the severest manners and strictest moderation, filling his
office with dignity and reputation, the patron of learned men,
and an impartial assertor of the rights of his see. He was
canonized by Pope Calixtus in 1457, above 350 years after
his death, the day of that event being made sacred to his
memory.

To bring into some uniformity the services of the church,
he compiled the breviary, missal, and ritual, which, under the
name of " The Use of Sarum," was afterwards generally
adopted, and continued to be employed till the Reformation.
The first Salisbury missal was printed abroad in 1494, the last
in London in 1557. He is also stated to have written the
life of St. Aldhelm, first bishop of Sherborne.^

'. Monast. AngUc. vi. 1294.

* Godwin de Pr^sul. 336.; Hutchins's Dorsetsh. i. 10. &c. ; Lc Neve, 256.;
Watt's Biblioth. Brilan. ; Biog. Brit. Literaria, ii. 23.

46

ROBERT, EARL OF MORETON.

Will. I,

ROBERT, Earl of Moreton or Mortagne, and Earl of
Cornwall.

Just. Angl. 107. .

Arlotta, the mistress of Robert, Duke of Normandy, and
mother of William the Conqueror, afterwards married Her-
luin de Conteville, the founder of the abbey of Crestein,
and had by him two sons, the eldest of whom was this Robert,
and the youngest was Odo, Bishop of Bayeux. Robert re-
ceived from Duke William the Barony of Bourgh and the
Earldom of Moreton or Mortagne in Normandy.

When the invasion of England was projected, Robert
greatly promoted the expedition, and assisted in the triumph
of his brother, bearing the banner of St. Michael before him
in the battle. As a warrior, he would not have been over-
looked by the generosity of William ; but, considering even
his relationship to the Conqueror, his share in the spoil seems
enormous. He not only was created Earl of Cornwall, but
received vast possessions in various counties, amounting, it is
stated, to no less than 973 manors.

Although he is described as somewhat heavy in intellect,
yet, with these proofs of the king's affection, it is not unlikely
that he should have been appointed, in conjunction with
Archbishop Lanfranc, and Geoffrey, Bishop of Coutance, to
the office of chief justiciary during some part of this reign,
as Dugdale supposes from several precepts having been dis-
covered which appear to bear that interpretation.

It is believed that he outlived the Conqueror, and died
about 1090; his remains were buried in the church of Ber-
mondsey, where he had a mansion.

He was a great benefactor to his father's abbey of
Crestein, as well as to various other religious houses
both in Normandy and England; and he founded the

10G6— 1087. WILLIAM DE WARENNE, EARL OF SURREY. 47

monastery of St. Michael's in Cornwall, in memory of the
banner he had borne at Hastings.

By his wife Maud, the daughter of Roger de Montgomery,
Earl of Shrewsbury, he left a son William, who succeeded
to both his earldoms ; but having joined with Duke Kobert
against King Henry I., they were defeated at Tenchebral in
1105, and taken prisoners. The confinement of both lasted
till their deaths, but Earl William suffered in addition the
cruel deprivation of his eyes.

Some authors state that he died childless, but others describe
him as the ancestor of William Fitz-Aldelm and Hubert de
Burgh, who will be noticed respectively under the reigns of
Richard I. and Henry III.^

SALISBURY, Bishops of. See Herman ; Osmund.
SHERBORNE, Bishop of. See Herman.
SURREY, Earl of. See W. de Warenne.
THETFORD, Bishops of. See Arfastus ; W. Welson.
TUNBRIDGE, RICHARD DE. See R. Fitz-Gilbert.

WARENNE, WILLIAM DE, Earl Warenne, and Earl of

Surrey.

Just. Angl. 1073.

The Norman family of Warenne was ennobled long before
the conquest of England, bearing the name of St. Martin
before the earldom of Warenne was conferred upon them.
William de Warenne was distantly related to tlic Conqueror,
his aunt Gunnora having been that prince's great-grand-
mother. This connection was further cemented by his
subsequent marriage with Gundreda, one of the daughters

' Will. Malm. Gesta. 45C. ; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 24. ; Biographic Uni-
verselle (Hubert de Burgh); Burke's Extinct Peerage; Hutchins's Dorsetsh.

48 WILLIAM DE WARENNE, EARL OF SURREY. Will. L

of King William and Matilda. An attempt has lately been
made to prove that she was the daughter of Matilda by
a former marriage with Gerbodo, an avoue of St. Bertin,
at St. Omer^; but the hypothesis is fully and satisfactorily
overturned by an able paper in the Archaaologia.^

Accompanying Duke William in his enterprise against
England, he was entrusted with a command at the battle
of Hastings, and greatly contributed to its successful result.
In reward, the lavish Conqueror conferred upon him lord-
ships and lands in almost every part of the kingdom ;
his share of the spoil amounting to 298 manors. He built
castles at Keigate in Surrey, Castle Acre in Norfolk, Co-
nigsburgh in Yorkshire, and Lewes in Sussex ; at the latter
of which he fixed his residence.

When the king left England in 1073, he and Eichard
Fitz-Gilbert or De Benefacta were appointed chief jus-
ticiaries of the kingdom. Their government was principally
distinguished by overcoming the rebellion raised by the
Earls of Hereford and Norfolk; but they disgraced their
victory by cruelly ordering the right feet of their pri-
soners to be amputated; a barbarous practice, for which
they had the example of the king in some of his Norman
wars.

On the death of the Conqueror, William de Warenne
assisted his second son, William, to mount the throne ; and
was in such favour with tliat monarch, that he was created
Earl of Surrey at his coronation. He did not long survive
this honour, dying in the following June. The decease of
his wife had occurred in May, 1085 ; and the remains of both
were interred in the chapter-house of the priory of Lewes,
wliich they had founded for monks of the Cluniac order,
whom they first introduced into England. He also founded

' Archaeol. Journ. iii. 1. 26. ^ xVichcCologia, xxxii. 108.

1066—1087. WILLIAM WELSOJN, BISHOP OF THETFORD. 49

a monastery at Castle Acre, in Norfolk ; and endowed both
of them most magnificently ; besides making liberal benefac-
tions to several religious houses.

He left two sons and three daughters. The two earldoms
devolved on his eldest son William ; whose son, William,
dying in 1148 without male issue, that of Surrey passed with
his daughter Isabel to her husband, Hameline Plantagenet,
and ultimately, through sisters, first to the Fitz- Alans, and
afterwards to the Howards, Dukes of Norfolk, in which title
it is now merged.^

WELSON, WILLIAM; or Galsagus; or De Bellofago ;
Bisnop OP Thetford.

Chancellor, 1083.

William Welson is known also by the names of Galsagus
and De Bellofago, with their varieties of Beaufo and Belfagus.
According to Thynne and Philipot, he was of a noble house,
and was chaplain to William I.

The period when he held the chancellorship was probably
between 1083-1085, after Maurice. There is a charter- con-
firming the grant of Yvo Tailboys of the manor of Spalding to
St. Nicholas of Angiers, to which the attestation of " William
the Chancellor " is appended, which must have been dated
after 1080, as another of the witnesses is William, Bishop
of Durham, who was not elected till November in that
year. At Christmas, 1085, the bishojjrick of Thetford was
given to Wiliam Welson, upon the death of Arfastus.

Although it does not appear that he did anything towards
adorning the church at Thetford, he was one of the most

' Dugdale's liaronago, i. 73.; Ilorsficlil's Lewis, i. 116.; Turner, Lingan],
Ilapin.
* Monast. iii. 216.

VOL. I. E

50 WILLIAM WELSON, BISHOP OF THETFORD. Will. L

munificent benefactors of the see, by enriching it with many
of the manors and other lands which he received from the
royal bounty ; the extent of which is a plain evidence of the
esteem in which the king held him.^

He died about 1091, leaving his family very rich; and so
it continued for many years at Herling and elsewhere in
Norfolk.

Two sons of his are mentioned : one, Kichard de Bello-
fago, who was Archdeacon of Norwich in 1107; and the
other, Ralph de Bellofago, who was Sheriff of Norfolk and
Suffolk in the reign of Henry I.^

WINCHESTER, Bishop of. See William Giffard.

' A full account of these is given in Blooinfield's Norwich, ii. 531.
* Godwin de Praesul. 426. j Bloomfield's Norwich, ii. 465. 638-

1

51

WILLIAM II.

Reigned 12 years, 10 months, and 7 days; from September 26, 10S7,
to August 2, 1100,

SURVEY OF THE REIGN".

The most remarkable event in the annals of law which oc-
curred in this reign, was the erection of the Great Hall at
Westminster. This magnificent edifice has survived the
palace of which it then formed a part, and, to whatever use
it may in future be applied, must ever be especially vene-
rated as the arena of judicial contests, the cradle of our
legal worthies, and the honoured spot which has given to the
law itself " a local habitation and a name."

The associations which arise at the mention of " West-
minster Hall " are not linked so much with the parliaments
that have assembled in it, or the solemn festivals which it has
witnessed, as with the high legal purposes to which it has for
centuries been devoted; recalling to the mind the glorious
succession of venerable men who have administered justice
within its walls, and of eminent advocates who have made its
roof resound with their eloquence.

Connected as it is with every judicial reminiscence, hal-
lowed as it must be in the minds of those devoted to legal
studies, it is not surprising that the recent attempts in parlia-
ment to remove the courts to another locality, and apply the
ancient building to different objects, should have been
looked on by many as a species of sacrilege and profanation
of the rdif/io loci. These feelings of reverence, however,

£ 2

52

COURTS AND TERMS.

Will. IL

may be indulged beyond reasonable bounds ; and, while the
ties of association are not to be harshly or inconsiderately
broken, they ought not to be allowed to interrupt the pro-
gress of improvement, nor to prevent those changes which
may be called for by the necessities of the times and the
convenience of the public.

When the persons most interested in the question — the prac-
titioners and the suitors — are all but unanimous in their de-
mand for the removal, it is time to listen to their complaints,
and to consider whether the sentiment which gives a sort of
sacredness to the spot is an equivalent for the benefits which
it is believed would be derived from the change. It has been
alleged that a more central position is rendered indispen-
sable in order to meet the alteration of circumstances, the
increase of litigation, and the additional number of courts and
of judges. The question has not yet had a full discussion,
nor will it be fairly debated till other than legal members of
the legislature apply their minds to its consideration.

Easter, Whitsuntide, and Christmas, in this reign, as in
the last, were the periods at which the king held his courts.
The places named are London, Gloucester, Winchester,
Windsor, and Salisbury.

At that which he held at Christmas, 1096, an instance of
the trial by battle occurs, in which Geoffrey Bainard accused
William, Earl of Eu, a near relation of the king, of a trea-
sonable conspiracy, and vanquished him in single combat.
This being deemed sufficient proof of the earl's guilt, he was
punished with the loss of his eyes and manhood.

It is curious that this judgment was pronounced " in Octa-
bls Epiphanlas," ^ being the day on which, according to the
constitutions of Edward the Confessor, confirmed by William
the Conqueror, Hilary Term then began.

' Madox's Excb. i. 8.

I

1087—1100. CHIEF JUSTICIARIES. 06

At Whitsuntide, in 1099, the king held his court for the
first time in the new hall at Westminster ; so that nearly
seven centuries and a half have elapsed since that sacred spot
was first applied to legal uses.

It may be questioned whether the office of chief justiciary
was as yet completely established in the distinct form it
afterwards assumed. The title is never used in any of the
charters of this reign that are extant : and the manner in
which it is sometimes applied by the historians to the three
individuals who are supposed to have filled the office under
William II., connecting it as they do with other and varied
titles to the same persons, tends to raise a suspicion that it
had not yet acquired that precise character which would leave
no doubt of the designation to be given to its possessor.

An advance in the progress towards its ultimate esta-
blishment is however evident : for, while the appointment
in the reign of the Conqueror was more in the nature of a
regent, acting only in the absence of the sovereign, under
William II. it is manifest that its functions were performed
during the king's residence in England. At the same time,
it will appear probable that during some part of the reign no
person was invested with the office.

The first who is named is Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, the
uterine brother of the late king. Restored to liberty at the
death of the Conqueror, he returned to England, and at the
king's first court, held at Christmas, 1087, he is described as
" Justiciarius et princeps totius Angliaj." His administra-
tion nmst have been very short, for in the following Easter
he was in arms against the king ; and one cause of his dis-
content is stated to be that he had no longer the power he for-
merly exercised, and that tlie counsels of Lanfranc prevailed.

The next occupant of the office was William de Cari-
LEFO, Bishop of Durham, whose ascendancy, if Odo ever
hold it, must have been shorter still. It would appear, how-

B 3

54 CHIEF JUSTICIARIES. Will. II.

ever, from the language of William of Malmesbury, when
speaking of Odo's jealousy, "nam Willelmo Dunelmensi
episcopo commendata erat administratio rerum publicarum,"
that he was in the office before Odo's return. Roger de
Wendover expressly says of him, " quem rex Justitiarium
fecerat." At whatever period he entered the office, he de-
serted it by joining Odo's conspiracy in the spring of 1088,
and soon afterwards shared in his defeat and banishment.

No new name appears till after the death of Archbishop
Lan franc, which occurred in June, 1089; so that there was
clearly no occupant of the office for a year. How long be-
yond this period it remained vacant, if ever filled, is uncer-
tain.

It was not till after Lanfranc's death that Ranulph Flam-
bard, who is the third on the usual list, insinuated himself
into the confidence of King William. His progress, it may
be presumed, was gradual ; and as his name, with the simple
designation of " the Chaplain," amdi following that of " William
the Chancellor," appears as witness to a charter granted be-
tween 1093 and 1098, it is certain that at the prior date at
least he held no such prominent position : and not till after
William Giffard was re-appointed to the chancellorship. The
titles given to him by Henry of Huntingdon and Roger de
Hoveden are, " Placitator et Exactor totius Anglias ;" and by
Roger de Wendover, " Placitator et Procurator Regis."
The only author who calls him " Justiciarius " is Ordericus
Vitalis, who diminishes the significancy of the title by the
additional designation of " Summus regiarum procurator
opum." Whatever was his office, he held it to the end of the
reign, in the last year of which he received the bishoprick of
Durham.

Dugdale, in his Chronica Series, names only one chan-
cellor in this reign ; viz. Robert Bloet. Diflferent authorities,
however, mention others ; the first of whom is William

1087—1100. ^ ClIANCELLOliS. 55

Glffiird, already noticed as the last chancellor of William the
Conqueror.

Although there are no charters extant which ^x positively
who was chancellor in 1087, 1088, or 1089, it seems most
probable that William Giffard was continued in the
office during these first three years. There are several
charters bearing his name as a witness, which, without any
certain evidence of their date, may well have been granted
during that period ^ : and there is one, which must have been
dated between 1088 and 1090, showing that Robert Bloet
had not yet attained the office.^

In 3 William II., about July or August, 1090, Egbert
Bloet was certainly chancellor ^ ; and also in 1091^; and
he probably did not resign the seal until he was raised to the
bishoprick of Lincoln in 1093. After that event there is no
charter with his name as chancellor.

Galdric, not Baldric, as Dugdale calls him, was chan-
cellor after Bloet's elevation to the episcopal bench. An
undated charter, to which his name is attached as a witness,
giving the church of Andover to the abbey of St. Floren-
tius, is quoted by Dugdale as proving that he was chan-
cellor to William I. : but the simple fact, that Bloet as
Bishop of Lincoln is the first witness to it, is sufficient
evidence that it was granted by William 11.^ May not this
Galdric be the same individual who, ten years later, was

' Dugdale's Monast. (1846), ii. 65. ; iii. 15. 217. * Ibid. i. 241.

3 Ibid. vi. 1271. * Ibid. vi. 1295.

* See ante, p. 19. ; Dugdale's Monast. (1846), vi. 992. Lord Campbell, f.
p. 43., who has evidently not seen the Charter, from his calling it one '* to the
Monks of St. Florentius of Andover,'' adopts Dugdale's name of Baldric. It is
therefore with much reluctance that I feel compelled to substitute that of
Galdric; the more especially as the fanciful etymology on which his lordship
has ventured is thus annihilated, and the poetical quotations from Johnsons
Dictionary which he has introduced as proofs of it, are rendered no longer
applicable. A more probable definition of the word Baldrick will be found in
Richardson's Dictionary.

li 4

56 CHANCELLORS. Will. IL

chancellor to Henry I. under the name of Waldric, the letters
Gr and W being not uncommonly used interchangeably in
Christian names ?

The last witness to the same charter is Drogo, to whose
name are attached the words " qui custodiebat sigillum."
It is difficult to say what was his particular office, as no prior
mention occurs of any such appointment as keeper, either
independent of, or in connection with, the chancellor.

It may be presumed that Galdric followed Bloet in the
office, because, during the latter part of the reign, there is
little difficulty in showing that William Giffard was
restored to the chancellorship, and probably continued in it
without interruption. From various charters, in which he is
so described, almost a continuous holding may be traced.
There is, for instance, one which, from internal evidence,
must have been granted between 1093 and 1098 ^ ; another
between 1095 and 1100 2; a third in 1099 or 1100 3; and a
fourth at Easter, llOO.^ William II. died in August, 1100,
and William Giffiird continued chancellor under his successor,
Henry I., by whom he was made Bishop of Winchester.

The name of no other chancellor occurs in any charter of
this reign : but Ranulph Flambard, afterwards Bishop of
Durham, is introduced into Spelman's List. That author,
who generally, though not in this instance, follows Thynne
and Philipot, refers to William of Malmesbury and Bishop
Godwin, neither of whom, however, say anything that will
bear that interpretation. Lord Campbell, the last authority,
repeats the name ^ but says nothing to justify its adoption :
unless the addition of the minute detail of Flambard's amaz-
ing and terrifying his enemies by appearing at Court " ivith

' Dugdale's Monasticon (1846), i. 164. ^ Ibid. i. 241.

^ Ibid. i. 241. * Ibid. ii. 18.

* Lord Campbell's Chaiiccllovs, i. 47.

los:

1100. CHANCELLORS AND CHIEF JUSTICIARIES.

57

the great seal in his hand,'^ ^ after he had escaped from their
plot, may be so considered. If his lordship had kindly
referred to the author from whom he culled this interesting
incident, which, it must be confessed, has more the ap-
pearance of modern colouring than of antiquarian truth,
some reliance might have been placed upon his subsequent
assertion, that " at all events he appears to have held the
great seal till the end of this reign."

There is, however, no evidence that he held the great seal
at all ; and the charters that have been already cited dis-
tinctly prove that during the last years of the reign it v;as
in the possession of AYilliam Giflfard. Kanulph Flambard's
name must, therefore, be excluded from the list of chan-
cellors.

Table of Chancellors and Chief Justiciaries.

A.R.

A.D.

Chancellors.

Chief Justiciaries.

I.

1087, Sept. 26

William GifFard, afterwards

Odo, Bishop of Bayeux,

Bishop of Winchester

and Earl of Kent.

1088

William de Carilefo, Bishop
of Durham.

in.

1090, July

Robert Bloet, afterwards
Bishop of Ijincoln

VL

1093

Galdric

? Drogo, Keeper with
him

vn.

1094

William Giffard again

Ranulph Flambard, after-
wards Bishop of Durham.

The clergy still continued not only to fill the legal offices,
but for the most part to engross the practice of the courts.
William of Malmesbury describes Ranulph Flambard as
" invictus causidicus," and complains bitterly that there was
then " nuUus clericus nisi causidicus."

' Lord Campbell in telling the story, has copied the language of Lingard,
wiib the sUfjht addition of the words in italics.

58

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES

THE JUDGES UNDER THE REIGN OF WILLIAM U.

BAYEUX, Bishop of. See Odo.
BLOET, ROBERT, Bishop of Lincoln.

Chancellor, 1090.

See under the reign of Henry I.

CARILEFO, WILLIAM DE, Bishop of Durham.

Just. Angl. 1088.

William de Carilefo, a native of Bayeux, was so named
from having been a monk of St. Carilefo, from which he was
advanced to be Abbot of St. Vincentius ; both being monas-
teries in the province of Maine : the former having a cell at
Covenham in Lincolnshire, and the latter one at Abergavenny
in Montgomeryshire.

He was elected Bishop of Durham on November 10,
1080, in the place of Walcherus, who Avas slain about six
months before. It appears by his charter, to w^hich the
bishops and barons in council with William the Conqueror
set their hands and seals in 1082, that the church of Durham
had been greatly neglected, and that, by the barbarity of
sacrilegious persons, neither monks nor canons were left
there. The bishop thereupon expresses his determination to
bring the monks of Weremouth and Jarrow, and that the
liberties of the church, with the lands (a particular specifica-
tion of which is inserted), shall be preserved to it for ever ;

1087—1100. -WILLIAM DE CARILEFO. 59

and he concludes the instrument with a terrific anathema
against its violators, reserving them " to be punished with
everlasting fire, with the devil and his angels." The present
edifice was commenced by him, and affords sufficient proof of
the munificent expenditure, not only of this bishop, but of his
successor, Ranulph Flambard, in its structure.

AYilliam of Malmesbury, who describes him as a man of
a ready tongue, and very powerful in his time, says, that he
was appointed by William Rufus to administer the public
affairs in 1088 ; and Roger de Wendover distinctly mentions
that he was made " Justiciarius." His tenure of that office,
however, must have been very short ; for Odo, Bishop of
Bayeux, is described as holding it at the previous Christmas,
and Carilefo, in the spring, had joined that prelate in the
confederacy to depose King William, and raise his brother
Robert to the throne.

The insurrection being quelled by the defeat of Odo, the
king proceeded to Durham to chastise the bishop, whom he
obliged to surrender and to quit the kingdom. After a banish-
ment of two or three years he was permitted to return, when
he endeavoured to ingratiate himself with the king by taking
part against Archbishop Anselm ; not, however, without a
suspicion of being influenced by the hope to succeed to the
archbishoprick.

In this object he not only failed, but was soon after sum-
moned to the court to meet certain charges made against
himself. His plea of illness was disregarded, the king
swearing it was a mere pretence. He was therefore com-
pelled to obey, when the event proved the sincerity of his
excuse. He reached the Court of Windsor with difficulty,
and, surviving only a few days, died there on January 2,
1095. His remains were removed to Durham, where they
were deposited in his cathedral.

He is described as endowed with the highest mental gift;,

60 DROGO. Will. II.

with wit, erudition, eloquence, and subtlety, and as second to
none in tlie conduct of business ; but with unbridled ambition,
and wanting faith and integrity. To his see, however, he
was a great benefactor, increasing its riches, asserting its
liberties, and founding its church.^

DROGO.

? Keeper, 1093.

The only notice of this person is contained in a charter
of William II.^ cited in Pat. 8 Edward II., p. 2, m. 1, and
in Pat. 1 Henry IV. p. 6, m. 23, granting the church
of Andover to the monks of St. Florentius; the last witness
to which is " Drogo, qui custodiebat sigillum." Galdric
(under whose name this charter is more particularly noticed)
was chancellor at the time, being the second witness to it ; so
that it is difficult to explain the nature of the office held by
Drogo ; unless, if the " sigillum " mentioned was the royal
seal, he was merely the officer attendant on the chancellor,
whose duty it was to carry it. This is the less unlikely, from
the fact that no previous evidence exists of any such aj^point-
ment as keeper of the seal, either independent of or in con-
nection with the chancellor, and from his position at the end
of the list of witnesses. The charter has no date, but was
probably granted in or soon after 1093.

DURHAM, Bishops of. See William de Carilefo, and
. Ranulph Flambard.

1 Dugdale's Monast. (1846), i. 224. &c. ; Godwin de Pra3sul. 731.; Angl.
Sac. i. 704. ; Will. Malmes. Gesta Regum, 486. e^c. ; Roger de Wcndover, ii.
32. 34.

^ Dugdale's Monast. (1846), vi. 992.

1087—1100. KANULPH FLAMBARD, BISIlOr OF DURHAM. Gl

FLAMBARD, RANULPH, Bishop of Durham.

? Just. Angl. 10 . . .

This extraorcllnaiy man was a Norman of the lowest ex-
traction, whose mother had the reputation of being a witch,
and of conversing with demons. He followed the court of
the Conqueror into England, and having entered into holy
orders, obtained from that prince the church of Godalming
in Surrey. According to Domesday Book, he had three
tenements which King William held in Gildford, with sac
and soc there, and which, belonging to the church of
Godalming, were given by Henry I. to found a canonry
in Salisbury Cathedral. He next received the prebend of
Sutton and Buckingham in the church of Lincoln, and the
deanery of Christchurch in Plampshire ; and became chaplain
to ]\Iaurice, Bishop of London. By the favour of that prelate
the prebend of Totenhall, in the church of St. Paul, was
added to his preferments; but, not satisfied with these
pluralities, he demanded the vacant deanery of that cathedral
from his patron, and, indignant at his refusal, left his service.

By what means he passed into the household of William
Rufus does not appear ; but it is not unlikely that he held
an office in the chancery under Maurice ; and IVIalmesbury's
description of him, as "invictus causidicus," shews he was
connected with the courts. He is next found, however, as
one of the king's chaplains ; and he is a witness with that
designation to three charters, granted by William II. at some
time between the years 1088 and 1098.^ The position in
which he stands in each of these does not shew that he then
occupied any high station.

It was not long, however, before he contrived to ino;ratiato

n

Duf^dale's Monast. (\MG), i. KM. 174. 2'1I,

62 RANULPH FLAMBARD, BISHOP OF DURHAM. Will. II.

himself with his sovereign. During the life of Archbishop
Lanfranc, the rapacious disposition of Rufus was under some
restraint ; but after the death of that wise and excellent man,
in 1089, his profuseness and extravagance exhausted the
treasury. Ranulph soon discovered the character of his
royal master, and saw that he could best serve his own
ambitious views by flattering the vices and feeding the
avarice of the king. Unprincipled himself, he did not
hesitate to suggest measures, which, however oppressive to
the people, or disreputable to the crown, would produce the
desired object of filling the royal coffers. By his instigation,
new offences were created for the sake of the fines which
followed them ; a price was set on crimes by substituting a
pecuniary payment for the punishment ; the forest laws were
loaded with severe penalties; and the impost on the land,
so lately established according to the entries in Domesday
Book, was disturbed, and rendered more oppressive by a new
survey of the kingdom. Not content with this, he drew
down upon himself the deepest indignation of the clergy,
by suggesting to the king that on the death of any dignitary
of the church, whether bishop or abbot, the temporalities
devolved to the crown till the vacancy was supplied. The
king was not slow in acting upon this advice ; and the
injurious effect on the ecclesiastical revenues may be easily
conceived ; since the parties to whom the church lands were
entrusted in the interim, having paid largely for their use,
and knowing how precarious was their tenure, could not be
expected to neglect any means, however detrimental to the
property, of making the most of their bargain. This source
of profit will readily account for the long periods allowed to
elapse between the death of a bishop and the appointment of
his successor ; and also for the fact, that on the death of the
king there were no less than one archbishoprick, four bishop-
ricks, and eleven abbeys vacant.

1087—1100. RANULPII FLAMBARD, BISHOP OF DURHAM. G3

Flambarcl^ as may be supposed, obtained the custody of
several of these vacant benefices. In 1088 the abbey of Win-
chester, in 1089 the archbishoprick of Canterbury, and in 1092
the bislioprick of Lincoln and the abbey of Chertsey, were
severally entrusted to him ; and by the spoil of their churches
and the pressure of their tenants both rich and poor, he did.
not fail to enrich himself. To these modes of imposition lie
added another device to supply the royal wants. When any
of these vacancies were at last filled, he made a simoniacal con-
tract for the king with the candidate for the clerical honour,
compelling him to pay a large sum before he was instituted.

William was conscious that his minister could not escape
the unpopularity which would necessarily result from these
proceedings : but he looked upon him more favourably on that
account, saying, that he was the only man in his dominions
who regarded not the hatred of others so that he pleased his
master. His approval was manifested by the confidence he
reposed on him during the remainder of his reign, and by
raising him to high office in the state.

What the precise nature or title of his office was, it is diffi-
cult to determine. Dugdale introduces him into his list of
chief justiciaries. The only historian who gives him that
title is Ordericus Vitalis, whose words are, " Summus
regiarum Procurator opum, et Justitiarius factus est."
Henry of Huntingdon and Roger de Hoveden style him
" Placitator et Exactor totius Anglije ; " by the former of
which titles, Madox says, may be meant chief justicier, and
by the latter, intendant of the revenue, or treasurer. Roger
de Wendover calls him by the names of Placitator and
Procurator regis, and William of Malmesbury is altogether
silent as to the title that he bore.

' The representation, that he acquired tie cognomen of riambard, a devouring
torch, from his oppressive exactions, is a fable of the historians, and is at once
contradicted by the fact that he is so called in Domesday Book, compiled long
before he attained power.

64 RANULPII FLAMBARD, BISHOP OF DURHAM. Will. II.

The only authority of any importance who describes him
as chancellor is Spelman ; but there is evidently no foun-
dation for supposing that he held that office. He refers to
Malmesbury, who says nothing like it; and to Godwin,
whose language has been palpably misunderstood. That
author, after saying, from Malmesbury, that Kanulph became
*^ totius regni Procurator," merely adds this explanation : —
" Unde illam omnem authoritatem videtur consequutus, qua
hodie potiuntur Cancellarius, Thesaurarius, et nescio quot
alii."

The office of Chief Justiciary seems scarcely yet to have
been completely established ; but, by whatever title Ranulph
was distinguished, he was clearly the king's chief minister.
The oppressive nature of his exactions naturally caused fre-
quent complaints against him. They were fruitless, however ;
for it was not likely that much regard would be paid to re-
monstrances which could be no otherwise prevented than by
desisting from a course the profits of which were so agreeable
to the kino;. The evils under which the klno^dom suffered
being thus unredressed, the instigator of them became the
object of popular indignation, and narrowly escaped the fate
that was prepared for him.

Being inveigled, by a pretended message from the Bishop
of London, into a boat on the river, he was forced into a ship,
and carried out to sea. A storm arising, and his intended
murderers quarrelling among themselves, Ranulph took
advantage of both, by working upon the fear and gratitude
of Gerold, the principal of them, who had formerly been a
mariner in his service; and they were prevailed upon to
release him, and put him on shore. The terror and amaze-
ment of his enemies, when three days afterwards he appeared
in his usual place at court, may well be imagined. His
appointment to the bishoprick of Durham Immediately fol-
lowed, as if it were in compensation for the danger he had

1087—1100. RANULril FLAMBAllD, BISHOP OF DURHAM. 65

encountered. Three years and four months had elapsed
since the death of William de Carilefo, its last incumbent,
and Ranulph's consecration was performed on June 4, 1099.
The king, however, benefiting by the lessons his minister
had taught, made him feel the effect in his own person, by
compelling him to pay one thousand pounds for his advance-
ment.

On the death of William Rufus, which occurred in the
following year, one of the first acts of Henry, his successor,
was to satisfy the clamours of the people by imprisoning the
hated Flambard in the Tower of London, to which he was
committed on August 15, 1100. But even in this extre-
mity his good fortune did not desert him. Out of the
allowance of two shillings a day which he received for his
subsistence (equal to thirty shillings now), with the addi-
tional help of his friends, he kept a sumptuous table, and
by his affability and his wit captivated his keepers. En-
couraging them in their habits of intemperance, he lulled
their watchfulness ; and on the 4th of the following Febru-
ary, taking advantage of their excess at a feast he had pro-
vided, he contrived to escape by means of a rope which his
friends had concealed in the bottom of a pitcher of wine;
not, however, without cutting his ungloved hands to the
bone in the adventure.

He succeeded in obtaining shipping to Normandy, where
he instigated the Duke Robert to pursue his claim to the
English crown, and accompanied him on his invasion. By
the settlement which the policy of Henry then effected,
Ranulph, on the retirement of the Duke, was permitted to
return to his bishoprick, and obtained a charter restoring all
its immunities.

From this time, it does not appear that he interfered
further in politics ; though Dugdale, on the authority of

VOL. 1. F

66 RANULPH FLAMBARD, BISHOP OF DURHAM. Will. II.

Mathew Paris, places him in the list of treasurers to
Henry I.

The completion of his cathedral, the erection of Norham
Castle, the fortification of the walls of Durham, and
numerous other works, among which were the endowment
of the College of Christchurch, where he had been dean, and
the foundation of the priory of Mottisford, near Lincoln, not
only are ample proofs of his munificence, but seem sufiicient
occupation for the remainder of his life. He filled the see
rather more than twenty-nine years, and died on September o,
1128.

The character of Flambard may be collected from the
incidents of his life. There can be no doubt that he was
an able, artful, and uncompromising minister; that he had
considerable eloquence and ready wit ; and that he was
convivial in his habits and generous in his expenditure.
It is evident, also, that he was not free from the vices
of the time; that he was ambitious, crafty, prodigal, and
rapacious : but some abatement should be made from the
unfavourable colouring with which he is painted by the
historians, who, writing near his time, and being mostly
ecclesiastics, would look with a jaundiced eye on one whom
they considered to be the adviser of measures oppressive to
the Church.

He is stated to have had a son, named Elias, who suc-
ceeded him in his prebend in Lincoln Cathedral ; and a
brother, named Geoffrey, whose daughter is mentioned in
the Great Roll of 31 Henry I. as paying 101 of the money
of the Bishop of Durham.*

» Roger de Wendover, ii. 157. 165. 185. 193. 209.; Will. Malm. 497. 619,
620. ; Angl. Sacr. 295. &c. ; Godwin de Praesul. 732. ; Madox's Exch. i. 32.
78. ; Manning and Bray's Surrey, i. 643. ; Hunter's Edition of the Great Roll,
SI Henry I., 79. ; Turner and Lingard's Hist, of England.

1087 -1100. GALDRIC. 67

GALDRIC.

Chancellor, 1093.

In Dugdale's Chronica Series, the name of this cliancellor,
very probably by a misprint, is erroneously called Baldricus ;
and he is, as erroneously, placed in the reign of William I.,
on the authority of a charter granting the church of St.
Mary of Andover to the abbey of St. Florence, at Sahnur,
in Anjou.

The charter, however, was evidently granted by Wil-
liam II., though the gift of the church had been previously
made by the Conqueror. That gift is recited in these words :
— "Noscant qui sunt et futuri sunt, quod Willielmus rex, qui
armis Anglicam terram sibi subjugavit, dedit sancto Florentio
ecclesiam de Andeura," ^ &c., — language which the Con-
queror himself never could have used, but which would be
very natural in his son. But the date is placed beyond the
possibility of doubt by the fact that the first witness to the
charter is Robert, Bishop of Lincoln. Now, the first bishop
of that see who bore the name of Robert was Robert Bloet ;
and he was not raised to the bishoprick till some years after
the accession of William II.

" Galdricus Cancellarius " is the second witness to this
charter; and he probably was the immediate successor of
Robert Bloet as chancellor, on his resigning the seal when he
was appointed bishop in 1093 ; because there is sufficient
testimony that William Giffard was restored to the office
soon afterwards, and retained it without interruption to the
end of the reign.

In the reign of Henry I., there was a chancellor of the
name of Waldric ; and, considering that the letters G and
W were often indiscriminately used in spelling Christian

• Dugdale's Monast. (1846), vi. 992.
F 2

68 ODO, BISHOP OF BAYEUX. Will. II

names, as Gualterus, Walterus ; Gulielmus, Willielmus ; —
and also that there is only an interval of ten years between
them, it does not appear improbable that Waldric was the
same man. There is not, however, sufficient evidence to
warrant an united notice.

Galdric was one of the royal chaplains, and accom-
panied King Henry in 1106 to Normandy, where he distin-
guished himself in the battle of Tenchebrai, fought on
September 28, by taking Duke Robert prisoner. He was
rewarded for his services with the bishoprick of Llandaff ;
but, incurring the hatred of the citizens, who were probably
disgusted at the king's forcing a bishop upon them, he was
murdered in a field with five of his prebendaries. ^

GIFFARD, WILLIAM, afterwards Bishop of Winchester.

Chancellor, 1087.
See under the reign of William I. and Henry I.

LINCOLN, Bishop or. See Robert Bloet.
ODO, Bishop of Bayeux, and Earl of Kent.

Just. Angl. 1087.
See under the Reign of William I.

Odo was a younger son of Arlotta, the mother of William
the Conqueror, by Herluin de Conteville, whom she married
after her connection with Robert Duke of Normandy.
Herluin was in but moderate circumstances till William
succeeded to the dukedom ; after which, the confiscated es-
tates of the rebellious nobles enabled the Duke to enrich his
uterine brothers. Of the elder of them, Robert Earl of
Moreton, an account has already been given.'^ Odo, the
younger, obtained the earldom of Eu on the banishment of
William, its former earl, who had opposed the duke's succes-

• Lingard's England, ii. 115., who quotes Orderic, 821. ® See p. 46.

1087—1100. ODO, BISHOP OF BAYEUX. 69

slon : to which was added, in 1049, the ^'aluable bishoprick
of Bayeux. His disposition, however, exhibiting more of
the soldier than the priest, he was employed to lead part
of his brother's forces against the King of France, to whose
defeat he is said to have greatly contributed. In William's
enterprise against England, also, he not only accompanied
him, but contributed a supply of forty ships.

Forbidden by his clerical character from bearing offensive
arms, he is represented in the tapestry of Bayeux on horse-
back and in complete armour, but without any sword. He
bears a staff only ; and the superscription " Hie Odo Eps
baculum tenens confortat," is meant to intimate that his pe-
culiar duty was to encourage the soldiers. After the battle,
the castle of Dover and the whole county of Kent were
committed to his care.

Early in 1067, King William, returning to his Norman
dominions, left Odo and William Fitz-Osberne regents and
justiciaries of England ; Kent, of which he was then created
earl, being particularly placed under Odo's care. The con-
duct of the viceroys was harsh and rapacious, occasioniDg
many insurrections. These, however, were quickly sup-
pressed; and the impunity which the regents enjoyed on the
king's return, excited some suspicion that their severe pro-
ceedings were not altogether without his authority. After
Fitz-Osberne's death Odo was still continued regent, or, as
Malmesbury calls him, " vice dominus," on another visit of
the King to Normandy, in 1073, to arrest the progress of
Philip of France ; and his energy and address were exhibited
in assisting Richard de Benefacta and William de Warcnne,
the chief justiciaries, in crushing the conspiracy of Boger Fitz-
Osberne, Earl of Hereford (the son of his former coadjutor
in the government), and Ralph de Guader, Earl of Suffolk
and Norfolk.

The king, with his accustomed munificence, not only

F 3

70

ODO, BISHOP OF BAYEUX.

Will. II.

rewarded Odo's services with the honours already mentioned,
which raised him to the second rank in the kingdom, but by
more substantial gifts enabled him splendidly to support it.
His share in the distribution of crown lands amounted to
184 lordships in Kent alone, with above 250 in other coun-
ties. With the immense riches thus amassed, he aspired to
a still higher dignity, and conceived the mad project of
purchasing the papacy. He bought a magnificent palace at
Rome, and engaging many of the English nobles in the
enterprise, he prepared a number of ships for the conveyance
of them and his treasures there, to await the death of the
reigning pope, Gregory VII. Taking advantage of the
king's absence in Normandy in 1079, he had collected his
friends, and was ready to sail from the Isle of Wight, when,
adverse winds delaying the expedition, the king received
intelligence of his project, and hastening to the scene, ordered
the ambitious prelate to be arrested. The fear, however, of
incurring ecclesiastical censure, by laying violent hands on a
bishop, restrained his officers from obeying the royal com-
mands, so that the king was reduced to the necessity of being
his own officer, and made the arrest himself. Odo claimed
the privilege of his order, and appealed to the pope ; but
William was too determined in his purpose to desist, and
on the suggestion of Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury,
answered, " I do not arrest the clergyman or the bishop,
but my own earl, whom by my own will I made governor of
my kingdom, and from whom I require an account of his
stewardship." Odo was accordingly committed to safe cus-
tody in the castle of Rouen, where he remained a prisoner
till the end of his brother's reign : and all his property was
confiscated to the king's use.

Even on his death-bed, William could scarcely conquer his
resentment against his ungrateful brother ; and in the first
instance excepted him from the general liberation wliich he

1087—1100. ODO, BISHOP OF BAYEUX. 71

then commanded of all persons in confinement. By the
importunity of his nobles, however, he was at last induced,
reluctantly, to consent to his enlargement ; but not without
exj^ressing surprise at their intercession, and prophecying
that new troubles would arise from the release of so restless
a disturber.

On the Conqueror's death, in September, 1087, Odo re-
turned to England, and was restored to his earldom of Kent,
and the vast possessions which he had forfeited. He was
present at the Court which William Kufus held at the fol-
lowing Christmas, on which occasion he is described as
" Justiciarius et princeps totius Angliae."

Whatever friendship the king might profess for him at this
time, it is probable that it did not last long. Odo soon found
that he no longer possessed the influence he had formerly
exercised, and that the counsels of Lanfranc prevailed. In-
stigated by disappointment and jealousy, he excited the
Norman barons to join in raising Robert, the king's elder
brother, to the English throne. A conspiracy was formed,
and by the following Easter the standard of rebellion was
raised in various counties. William, however, wisely at-
tacked Odo, the principal insurgent, at Pevensey, where he
had retired to await the arrival of Robert, and after seven
weeks' siege compelled him to surrender ; granting him his
life and liberty on condition that he would deliver up the
castle of Rochester and leave England for ever. On being
taken to Rochester for this purpose, Eustace, Earl of Bou-
logne, to whom he had entrusted its command, pretended he
was a traitor, and took him and his guard prisoners ; where-
upon William, justly indignant, made a vigorous attack on
the castle, which, after an obstinate defence, he took ; and
though the lives of the garrison were spared, Odo was com-
pelled to evacuate the place amid the taunts of the conquerors.
In the vexation of the moment lie could not restrain his

F 4

72

ODO, BISHOP OF BAYEUX.

Will. II.

tlireats of revenge ; but no opportunity was afforded liim of
carrying them into execution.

Retiring to Normandy, he assisted Robert in the manage-
ment of his dukedom ; and, according to some writers, ac-
companied him to Jerusalem, and was killed at the siege of
Antioch. According to others, he died and was buried at
Palermo, in his way to Rome. The event, wherever it took
place, occurred in the year 1096.

His career affords the best evidence that the church was
not the profession he should have selected. His talents and
his tendencies were of a military character, and he was
formed to shine in the active duties of the field. Energetic
in counsel, he was daring and prompt in the execution of his
conceptions. Although ambitious and worldly, and making
riches and power the pi^ncipal objects of his pursuit, he was
at the same time bountiful to the poor, and an encourager of
learning. He expended his splendid revenue with a liberal
hand ; spent large sums in the erection of his cathedral, and
in beautifying his episcopal city. Even in the contradictory
accounts of the historians, some of whom were his contem-
poraries, enough is shown to prove that, if he had some vices,
there were many virtues to counterbalance them.^

* Dugdale's Grig. Jurid. 20., and Chron. Series; Dugdale's Baron, i. 22.;
Madox's Exch. i. 8.; Hutcbins's Dorsetsh. i. 11.; Will. Malmesb. Gesta
Regum, 456. &c. ; Roger de Wendover, ii. 20. &c. ; Rapin, Daniel, Turner,
Lingard, &c.

73

HENRY I.

Reigned 35 years, 3 months, and 27 days; from August 5, 1100,
to December 1 , 1 1 35.

SURVEY OF THE REIGN.

The charter which King Henry granted on the day of his
coronation made no alteration in the constitution of the Curia
Regis, nor in the officers who acted in it : nor was any change
introduced during this reign in the administration of justice,
except that the establishment of Itinera or circuits through
the different counties, for the purpose of hearing and deter-
mining such criminal causes as arose therein, is supposed to
have taken place about this period. Henry is stated to have
adopted them in imitation of a similar institution, introduced
about the same time into France by Louis le Gros.

The great and increasing extent of the business of the Curia
Regis, both in its ordinary department and in that of the
Exchequer, rendered some such arrangement necessary ; and
the judges entrusted with the duty were invested with all the
authority and power of the superior court, to which, however,
there was an appeal from their decisions.

The Rolls of the Exchequer commence in this reign, to the
great assistance of the legal antiquary. The absence of any
for the two preceding reigns tends to corroborate the opinion
that this court was first established by Henry. Unfortunately,
however, only one of his rolls has been preserved, and none
remain of the reign of Stephen ; although from the first
institution of the Exchequer one was probably formed for
eacli year. To the confusion of the kingdom, the destruction

74

GREAT KOLL OF THE EXCHEQUER.

Hen. r.

of Stephen's rolls may be perhaps attributed ; but the excuse
cannot apply to some others of this reign, which certainly ex-
isted in the reign of Henry III., Alexander Swereford, who
lived at that time, having inspected them. Their loss can
only be accounted for by the carelessness of those in whose
custody they were deposited. The roll also of the first year
of Henry II. is missing ; but from the second year of that
reign to the present time the series is complete, with the
exception of the rolls of 1 Henry III. and 7 Henry IV.

The history of this roll of Henry I. is so peculiar, that,
as it is one of the most ancient records of the kingdom, some
account of it will probably be interesting.

These rolls are sometimes called the great rolls of the
Exchequer, and sometimes the pipe rolls. They contain
the accounts of the king's revenue year by year, as they are
made up with the king's officers in the Exchequer by the
sheriffs and others, each of whom states the debts due to
the crown in the county or lordship of which he has the
custody, the sum he has received in respect of those debts,
and the payments he has made on account of the royal
expenditure to persons whose claims have been allowed. A
separate roll is appropriated to each county, or to two
counties where they are united under one sheriff; and they
are all then joined together in one great roll or bundle.

This, the earliest roll, consists of sixteen smaller rolls of
two membranes each, written mostly on both sides. But it
is believed, from the omission of the accounts of some of the
counties, that several of the smaller rolls have been lost.

It is a curious fact, and not much to the credit of the
knowledge of former officers of the department, or of the
diligence of early investigators, that the date of this roll has
only now, after a lapse of seven hundred years, been correctly
ascertained. It has been attributed at various times to no
less than three several reigns, and four different years.

1100—1135. GREAT ROLL OF THE EXCHEQUER. 75

1. In the first instance, it was appropriated to the first
year of Henry II., and that date is actually indorsed on one
of the sheets. This was a somewhat natural mistake, made
by some ignorant clerk in the oflSce, who, without investi-
gation, presumed that as the following roll was that of 2
Henry II. this must of course belong to the preceding year.
A slight comparison, however, with the list of sheriffs re-
corded in the Red Book of the Exchequer, soon proved that
none of them tallied ; and from other sources it was known
that several of those named in the roll were dead at its pre-
sumed date.

2. The 5 Stephen was next marked upon it, in the early
part of the seventeenth century ; Sir Simonds D'Ewes having
misconceived one of the entries without a sufficient examina-
tion of the rest. That this date is incorrect is evidenced not
only by various historical facts in contradiction to its contents,
but by the previotlfe death of persons whose existence when
the roll was made appears from its entries.

3. In the year 1688, Prynne proved, by internal evidence,
that the roll belonged to the reign of Henry I. ; and he fixed
upon the eighteenth year, principally because it contained an
allowance to the sheriffs of London for oil to burn at the
Queen's sepulchre; and Henry's first wife. Queen Maude,
died, and was buried at Westminster in that year.

Dugdale either was not acquainted with Prynne's argu-
ment, or did not consider it conclusive ; for, though his Baron-
age was first published seven years afterwards, in 1675, he
invariably refers to the roll as 5 Stephen.

Madox, in a very learned " Disceptatio," published at the
end of his valuable History of the Exchequer, adduced
many additional facts to demonstrate the correctness of
Prynne's appropriation of the roll to the reign of Henry I. :
but he modestly left to others to decide on the precise year.

It is to be lamented that, notwithstanding his own refu-

76

GREAT EOLL OF THE EXCHEQUER.

Hen. I.

tation, Madox should, throughout the body of his work, have
adopted the incorrect date of 5 Stephen. Care must there-
fore be taken in referring not only to that work, but to
Dugdale's Baronage also, to appropriate to the reign of
Henry I. the incidents which on the authority of this roll
are placed in that of Stephen; greatly confusing, in many
instances, the relation of which they form a part.

4. The roll itself has been now published under the
direction of the Record Commission, with a luminous preface
(from which the principal part of this account has been
taken) by its editor, the Rev. Joseph Hunter, who, by a
series of learned and ingenious arguments and illustrations,
drawn from an industrious comparison of known facts with
various entries on this curious record, conclusively establishes
its date to be that of the tliirty-Jirst year of Henry I.

He shows that the oil for Queen Maude's tomb was an-
nually supplied ; that one bishop named was not elected till
after the eighteenth year ; that another was not elected till
the thirtieth year ; that a third, mentioned as alive, died in
32 Henry I., and that an account is rendered by an abbot
of Abingdon, alive at the beginning of the roll, but who
died in that very year, and whose discharge is in consequence
subsequently entered, " quia mortuus est ; " thus precisely
fixing the date. Many other equally curious correspon-
dences are brought forward, which afford honourable testi-
mony to the care, discrimination, and learning with which the
able editor has investigated the subject.

The annual accounts are always made up to Michaelmas ;
so that as Henry's reign began on August 5, the accounts in
this roll are principally applicable to the thirtieth year, with
only a small part of the thirty-first.

Historians mention that the king held his Court between
thirty and forty times when he was in England, and all at
the customary periods of Christmas, Easter, and Whitsuntide.

1100—1135. CHANCELLORS. 77

A meeting at Westminster, at Michaelmas, 1102, can scarcely
be considered an exception ; as, although the king was present,
it was rather an ecclesiastical synod held by Archbishop
Anselm, " wherein many canons pertaining to religion were
made, and several persons were deprived of their pastoral
staves and dignity." ^ No court having been held at the
same festival in any subsequent year of the reign, it is
probable that the precise period of Michaelmas Term had not
yet been fixed.

The only alteration of the Terms in this reign is made by
Henry's charter, by which, under the title " De observatione
temporis Leges faciendi," the Lent vacation, which the law of
Edward the Confessor had limited to " Octabis Paschai," was
extended to fifteen days after Easter.

In consequence of other justiciaries being now introduced
besides the Justiciarius Anglia), it will be more convenient
in this and the succeeding reigns to give precedence to the
consideration of the chancellors.

In the list compiled by Thynne, he enumerates eight
chancellors under Henry I., and Philipot adds a ninth.
Most of the subsequent writers have followed the lead,
and have adopted the series without further investigation.
Three or four of them, I believe, never held the office,
and the dates and succession of the rest are in several in-
stances given erroneously.

The following catalogue, which is founded solely upon
charters and other instruments, and which appropriates
almost every year of the reign, is offered as a nearer ap-
proach to correctness.

That William Giffard, who was chancellor at the
close of the last reign, was continued in the office at the
commencement of this, is shown by his being a witness

' Madox's Excli. i. 9-

78

CHANCELLORS.

Hen. I.

to a charter to the priory of Lewes S which must have
been granted between August 5, 1100, the clay of Henry's
coronation, and November or December following. " Girard
the Bishop " is one of the witnesses to it, and he was raised
from Hereford to the archhishoprick of York in one of the
latter months. WiUiam Giffard w^as succeeded by

Roger, who attested two charters to the church of Nor-
wich in September, 1101.^ He was made Bishop of Salis-
bury in 1102 or 1103; after which there are two charters,
one to Rochester and the other to Abingdon 3, witnessed by
him as bishop and chancellor.

William Giffard was reinstated before March 10,
1103, as he was present in the character of chancellor on
that day, when the convention between the king and the
Earl of Flanders was executed.'^ He soon after this fell
into disgrace for refusing to be consecrated by the Arch-
bishop of York to the bishoprick of Winchester, to which he
had been appointed, and was succeeded in his office by

Waldric, whose name appears as chancellor to the concord
between the abbot of Fescamp and Philip de Braiosa, made
at Salisbury on January 13, 1103-4.^ He is a witness also
to four charters, which must have been executed within a
year or two of this date.^

The name of Walter has never yet been mentioned as
that of one of King Henry's chancellors ; and yet there are
two charters bearing the attestation of " Walteri Cancellarii ; "
one dated in 1 106, granted to the church of Tewkesbury ^ ;
and the other to the priory of Thetford, dated at Ramsey,
in transitu regis, on February 14, without naming the year®;
but probably signed by the king on his proceeding to Kor-

Dugdale's Monast. (1846), v.
Ibid. i. 164. 521.
Dugdale's Monast. vi. 1083.
Ibid. ii. 66.

14. * Ibid. iv. 16, 17.

< Rymer's Foedera (1816), i. 12.
« Ibid. i. 164.; vi. 1106. 1273.
« Ibid. V. 149.

1100—1135. CHANCELLOES. 79

niandy in the same year, on the expedition against Duke
Robert. There can be very little doubt, however, that these
signatures are merely errors of the scribe or the printer, in
mis-spelling or misreading the name of Waldric.

If there be any ground for the suggestion ventured under
the reign of William II., that the names Galdric and Waldric
belong to one individual, some confirmation is shown by the
presumption which this last charter affords, that Waldric
accompanied the king when he then went into Normandy.
Galdric certainly did so, and by his hand Duke Kobert was
taken prisoner in the following September at the battle of
Tench ebrai. He was rewarded with the bishoprick of
Llandaff, and was soon afterwards murdered by the citizens
of that place. The absence of Waldric's attestation to any
subsequent charter adds some weight to the probability.

The next chancellor was Ranulph, who is generally
described as entering into office in the year 1116. But
the clearest proof is afforded from charters attested by him,
that he held the seal as early at least as 8 Henry I. 1107-8,
and as late as 1123. The former is the date of the charter
to the priory of St. Andrew at Northampton ' , and the latter
of that to the priory of Laund in Leicestershire.^ Other
charters give the specific dates of seven of the intervening
years: 1109, 1110, 1111, 1115-6, 1117, 1120, 1121-2 S
not, as may be seen, all coming together, but at various
distances; and the remaining periods are sufficiently ac-
counted for by numerous other documents which have no
dates to distinguish them. Ranulph was killed by a fall
from his horse at Christmas, 1123 ; when

Geoffrey, generally called Geoffrey Rufus, became
chancellor. His name is attached to the charter to Exeter

' Dugdale's Monast. v. 191. " Ibid. vi. 188.

' Ibid. i. 308. 483. C29., ii. 267., iii. 86-, vi. 1075. 1180.

80

CHANCELLORS.

Hen. L

Cathedral, which was granted in 1124, previous to the
death in that year of Teoldus, Bishop of Worcester, as he
is one of the witnesses. Godfrey, Bishop of Bath, another
witness, was only raised to that see in August, 1123, so
that it must have been after that date.

His continuance in office till the end of the reign is
evidenced by his attestation to instruments executed, and
charters granted, before and in 1127 ; before and in 1131 ;
in 1132^; and in the autumn of 1134^; besides numerous
others to fill up the intervening dates. He became Bishop
of Durham in 1133 ; and King Henry died in Normandy on
December 1, 1135.

It thus appears that, though no record of the actual ap-
pointment of any chancellor of this reign is preserved, there
are very few years in which we cannot ascertain who was
the then chancellor by means of existing documents ; and
that those years in no instance occur between the retirement
or death of one and the succession of another. The few
untouched intervals in the time of each of the chancellors
might be supplied from numerous undated charters, in which
their names are inserted ; but the investigation would be
as unprofitable as tedious.

The following names, which have been inserted by Thynne,
and adopted successively on his authority by Philipot, Spel-
raan. Hardy, and Lord Campbell, but not by Dugdale, must
be excluded from the list of the chancellors of this reign for
the reasons to be now adduced.

Godfrey, Bishop of Bath ; the insertion of whose name
is founded solely on Matthew Parker's calling him " Regni
Cancellarium," when he was consecrated in August, 1123.

' Dugdale's Monast. ii. 539.
Ibid. i. 482., ii. 617., iii. 448.
Feed. i. 8.

•' Madox's Exch. i. 56.

iv. 538., V. 121., vi. 240. 1271.; Rymer's

1100—1135. CHANCELLORS. 81

This is an evident misprint or mistake for " RegincB Cancel-
larium ; " as he certainly held the latter office, and is never
mentioned as possessing the former ; as at the date assigned
Ranulph was chancellor ; and as the term " Cancellarius
Regni" or "Angliae" was not introduced till long after-
wards, that officer being at this period invariably styled
" Cancellarius Regis."

Herbekt ; the only authority for the mention of whose
name in 1104 Thynne acknowledges to be "an anonymall
pamphlet in written hand." The absence, however, of any
other testimony, and the fact that Waldric was chancellor at
the time named, will be sufficient to exclude him.

The next is Reginald; and Thynne's authority is a
passage from Leland's Itinerary, in ^vhich he enumerates
among the priors and benefactors of the priory of Montacute
" one Reginaldus Cancellarius, so namyd, hy likehjhode^ of
his office." The " likelyhode " is sorely diminished by the
total silence, both historical and documentary, of such a
chancellor ; and by the fact, that not only kings and queens,
but barons and bishops, and even persons of lower degree,
had officers with that title. His name therefore, cannot,
with any propriety, be admitted.

Thomas is first introduced by Philipot in addition to
Thynne's list; on the authority of a charter to Norwich.
On reference to it, however, it is plainly a charter, not
of Henry I., but of Henry II., and the chancellor Thomas,
who is a witness to it, is Thomas Bccket. To tliat reign,
therefore, he must be removed.

Richard the chaplain is mentioned by Thynne as keeper
of the great seal while Ranulph was chancellor ; but in none
of tlie numerous charters of this reign does his name appear
with that designation. Malmesbury calls him with more
probability " Clericus de Sigillo." He was preferred to the
bishoprick of Hereford in 1120.

VOL. I. G

82 CHANCELLORS. Hen. I.

In the Great Roll of 31 Henry I., of which a description has
been already given, is an entry, from whlcli Madox under-
stands, and Lord Campbell asserts, that Geoffrey (afterwards
Bishop of Durham) purchased the office of chancellor for the
sum of 3006/. 135. 4d. It is evident that Madox was not
aware how long he had held the office at the date of that roll,
as he speaks of this sum as a " Fine then lately made." What
effect, therefore, the fact of Geoffrey having possessed the seal
for seven or eight previous years might have had upon his
opinion, can only be matter of surmise.

The words are, " Et idem Cancellarius debet mmm et VJ 1.
et XIII s. et IIIJ d. pro Sigillo." In them, it will be observed,
there is nothing about a purchase or a fine ; they simply
state a debt due from him to the king, for or on account of
the seal ; without saying when or how it was incurred, or
whether it is a whole sum or the balance of a larger amount.
Although it is not altogether improbable that Henry may
have received some fine for the grant of the Chancery (of
which, however, there is no other evidence than this entry
affords), it may be worth while, before the record is accepted
as positive proof of the fact, to consider whether it is suffi-
cient in itself for that purpose, and how far probabilities
operate upon the question.

As all the great rolls previous to this have been long
destroyed, the only argument that can be raised upon its
contents must be founded on the presumption that the same
system then prevailed which is apparent in the subsequent
rolls that are extant. JSTov/ in these rolls, which contain the
accounts of the various crown debtors, the common course is
this : — A. B. renders an account, " reddit compotum," of what
he owes as sheriff, custos, fermer, &c., for this amerciament,
or for that rent or fine, &c. He pays so much by writs from
the king, and so much into the treasury ; and if his whole
receipt is thus exhausted, the entry is **et quietus est;"

4

1100—1135. CHANCELLORS. 83

but if any balance remains unpaid, then it is " et debet " so
much; and this debet is carried over to the roll of the
following year. It may be inferred, therefore, that this
debt of 3006Z. 135. 4 J., so declared due from Geoffrey the
chancellor, is the balance of a larger sum of which he had
rendered an account in a former year ; and this becomes still
more likely when its fractional amount is considered.

The very circumstance of its being a fractional amount
makes it less probable that it was the precise fine he had
agreed to pay (if he did in truth agree to pay anything) for
receiving the great seal : and if it was only part of a larger
sum, the Improbability becomes still greater, when it is re-
collected that money was then at least fifteen times more
valuable than it is now, and that even the balance specified
would be worth in present currency about 45,000/. The
probability, however, is almost entirely destroyed by the fact
that Geoffrey was placed in the office in the early part of
1124, nearly eight years before the close of this roll : for it
never can be supposed that the king, selling the office at
such a rate, even without an immediate necessity for the
money, would forego the possession of the tempting prize,
and permit it to continue in arrear for so long a period. The
only supposition that would give it an appearance of truth
would be, that after Geoffrey had held the seals for some
years, the king had threatened, without such an advance, to
take them away and give them to some other candidate : but
of this there is no evidence whatever.

It is observable that no one historian mentions the fact,
which is one not likely to have been omitted if it had any foun-
dation. It seems necessary, therefore, to seek for some more
reasonable explanation of the entry, than that which is open
to so much objection. From the ignorance that must prevail
of the precise duties of the chancellor at this period, and of
what sums of money passed through his hands on the king's

G 2

84 CHANCELLORS. Hen. L

account, it Is difficult to do this with any satisfaction ; but it
is apparent from the same roll, that (whether as chancellor
or independently of the office does not appear) he was the
custos of the bishopricks of Coventry and Hereford, and of
the abbey of Chertsey, during their respective vacancies ; and
also of various manors and lands belonging to the king. It
is true that he accounts for the sums received by him in
respect of these during the year in question : but it may
easily be supposed that he had been allowed in previous
years to retain part of his various receipts, until by accumu-
lating balances they had arrived at the amount specified. It
seems as probable that the words " pro sigillo " might mean
what he had received for the king on account of holding the
seal, as that they should be interpreted into a fine for the
possession of the seal itself

The bishoprick of Durham, to which Geoffrey eventually
was appointed, at the date of this roll had been vacant about
three years ; and it is known that both Henry and his prede-
cessor extorted money from those whom they raised to the
episcopal bench, as tlie price of their preferment. It is not
impossible, nor indeed unlikely, that Geoffrey should have
bargained for this rich bishoprick on the payment of a speci-
fied sum, too large to produce at once, but of which this
might be the balance ; and that the words " pro sigillo " were
added as a cover to prevent the simoniacal contract from
appearing on the record. The loss of the subsequent rolls
takes away the power of discovering whether the balance was
discharged before his consecration in 1133 ; so that the sub-
ject must remain in the obscurity which now involves it.

If, however, the entry in question is to be considered as a
proof that a fine of that or of larger amount was imposed by
the king on a grant of the office of chancellor, it would de-
monstrate that its dignity and importance had been greatly
increased, and that its emoluments must be estimated at a

I

1100—1135. CHIEF JUSTICIARIES. 85

very considerable standard, to be at all proportionate to the
assumed price. What those emoluments were cannot now
be ascertained : but from the roll referred to, some of the
payments and allowances made to the chancellor may be dis-
covered. He was excused the Danegeld and other taxes on
all the property he possessed, and there are no less than
twenty entries of exemption in fifteen counties where
Geoffrey had land. He received fifty marks from a fine
imposed on the abbot of Westminster ; and he is allowed
10/. 155. " in llberatione " for forty-three days in which he
was not present at the Exchequer with the other barons ;
being at the rate of five shillings a day.

This last entry proves that it was his duty to sit with the
barons in the Exchequer ; and as it was in that department
of the Curia Regis that the Common Pleas, or those between
private individuals, were heard, his occupations may now
have begun to assume a judicial character. There is also
another entry, mentioning a writ issued by him charging the
sheriff of Leicestershire with a debt due by an inhabitant of
that county.

The chief justiciaries of this reign are more difficult to
ascertain than the chancellors, from the confused account of
the historians, and from the fact that the charters which have
been preserved afford no single instance of that title being
attached to the name of any witness to them, as is invariably
the case with respect to the chancellors.

This omission may excite a doubt whether the oflSce of
chief justiciary was even yet established on the footing it
subsequently acquired ; and this doubt will not be diminished
by seeing that not only the chancellor, but the constable, the
chamberlain, the dapifer, and other officers attesting those
charters, are described by their respective offices ; and that
the persons whom the historians notice as chief justiciaries
are frequent witnesses without the appendage of the title.

G 3

m

CHIEF JUSTICIARIES.

Hen. I.

The only record that has been mentioned as using that
title is the charter of liberties, granted by the king in the
first year of his reign ; which Roger de Wendover, and
Matthew Paris after him, cite, in one place, as being addressed
"Hugoni de Boclande, justiciario Angli^e." But each of
these authors, in a previous page, gives another copy of the
same charter, addressed " Hugoni de Boclande vicecomiti ; "
and the address in both is thus continued : " et omnibus fide-
libus suis, tarn Francis quam Anglis, in Herefordescire,"
(in one, but more correctly *' Hertfordescire " in the other)
" salutem." It can scarcely be doubted, therefore, that the
charter was addressed to him as sheriff of Hertfordshire, and
that all the other sheriffs had copies similarly addressed to
them, in pursuance of the order then issued, and reported by
both these authors, that " as many copies should be made as
there w ere counties in England, to be deposited in the abbeys
of the different counties as a memorial."

As no other mention is made of Hugh de Bocland in the
character of chief justiciary ; but, on the contrary, as there
is evidence that he was sheriff of London and the united
counties of Hertford and Essex ; it is impossible upon such
vague and contradictory testimony to admit him into the list
of those holding that office.

KoBERT Bloet, Bishop of Lincoln, the chancellor of the
last reign, is expressly stated by Henry of Huntingdon, in
his epistle " De Mundi Contemptu," to have been " Justicia-
rius totius Angllai : " and as that writer was one of the bishop's
archdeacons, and lived in his family, the assertion, supported
as it is by some anecdotes, may be taken as authority in this
instance : although the manner in which he invests others
with the same dignity may raise a question whether they
were entitled to be so distinguished.

The only other person who can be safely asserted to have
been '.nvested with the authority attributed to the office of

I

1100—1135. CHIEF JUSTICIARIES. 87

chief justiciary, (though it does not appear that the title was
ever used by him), was Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, who has
been already mentioned as chancellor from 1101 to 1103.
Although, when he was then raised to the prelacy, he was in
the king's full confidence, and acting as his chief minister, he
is said to have refused the highest judicial post, until he had
received the sanction of the Pope and Archbishop Anselm.
This was not attainable till the return of the latter in 1107 ;
but from that period to the end of the reign, both when the
king was in England and when he was absent in Normandy,
he retained the ascendancy. Of his excellent management
of the Exchequer, whether as its president, or as treasurer
(which office he also held in some part of the reign), there
is most decisive evidence in the " Dialogus de Scaccario,"
written by his grand-nephew, Richard Fitz-Nigel, Bishop of
London.

There are, however, five other persons who are introduced
into Dugdale's list of chief justiciaries of this reign ; viz.
Ralph Basset, Richard Basset his son, Geoffrey Ridel,
Geoffrey de Clinton, and Alberic de Yere ; the first four of
whom, principally upon the authority of Henry of Hunting-
don's epistle " De Mundi Contemptu." In that composition he
refers to the great men of whose career in life he had been
witness ; and writing somewhat loosely from early recollec-
tions of having seen them in the exercise of judicial functions,
his testimony as to the actual position they held must be re-
ceived with considerable caution.

Of Ralph Basset's occupation of the station of chief
justiciary, Ordericus Vitalis certainly gives some evidence ;
and the fact that he presided at the trials at Huncote in 1124
is not without weight. Still, however, this only proves that
he was high in rank among the justiciaries, not that he was
distinguished by the chief title. To his name as a witness to
charters no such addition ever occurs ; and, though he was

G 4

88

CHIEF JUSTICIARIES.

Hen, I.

dead at the date of the Great Roll, previously alluded to, his
pleas of former years which appear in it, are never mentioned
in a manner to give the slightest intimation of his holding a
higher rank than the other justiciaries, whose pleas are re-
corded. He is also the last of no less than fifteen attet^ting
witnesses to King Henry's charter to Westminster, which
was granted either in 1121 or 1122; the immediate preced-
ing witness being Geoffrey de Clinton.

KiCHARD Basset is also mentioned by Ordericus Vitalis,
as having great power under Henry I., " utpote Capitalis
Justitia ; " not a very decisive expression. In the Roll of
31 Henry I. there is nothing whatever to give a semblance
of his having held the office: and his position among the
witnesses to the charter granting the office of great chamber-
lain to Alberic de Vere, the date of which must have been in
1134, the last year of Henry's reign, affords almost positive
evidence that he then occupied a much inferior station.
There are twelve witnesses to it, of whom, instead of being
the first, where such an office would have placed him, he
stands last but one. The first of them is Roger, Bishop of
Salisbury, who was probably the highest minister at that
time, whether his title was chief justiciary or not ; then
follows the chancellor, and afterwards the constable, both
officers who, in the supposed arrangement of precedency,
would take rank after the chief justiciary.

Geoffrey Rldel is inserted as " Justitiarius totius An-
glise " in one copy of Henry of Huntingdon's epistle, but
omitted in another. Dugdale states that he succeeded Ralph
Basset in the office ; and then relates that he was drowned
with Prince William, in 1119. The fact, however, that
Ralph Basset presided at the trials at Hunloge seems in
direct contradiction to this ; and the expression of Roger de
Wendover, when describing the death of the prince, that
" dapiferi, camerarii, pincernaa regis, ac multi proceres cum

1100—1135. CHIEF JUSTICIARIES. 89

eis," perished with him, precludes the idea that any officer
of higher rank shared in the calamity.

Henry of Huntingdon is also quoted by Dugdale, as his
authority for placing Geoffrey de Clinton among the
chief justiciaries ; but the passage he refers to is not in the
published copy of the Epistle. That he acted as one of the
justiciers on various iters, and as a justice of the forests, is
proved by the roll of 31 Henry I. ; and there is evidence
there and in other places, to show that he held the office of
treasurer, as well as chamberlain, to the king : but none that
he was chief justiciary.

Alberic de Vere is introduced by Dugdale and Spel-
raan among the chief justiciaries ; but it is difficult to tell
on what authority. He was Portgrave of London about
1125; and the amercement of 550/. and four war-horses
imposed upon him for the escape of a prisoner, with the fine
of 100 marks which he paid to be relieved from the sheriffiilty
of the united counties of Essex and Herts, in which the oc-
currence happened, appearing on the roll of 31 Henry I.,
may be considered as proofs that he was not chief justiciary
at its date. His attestation as the second witness, without
any addition to his name, of a charter dated about 1133, is
additional testimony; and his appointment in 1134 to the
office of hereditary great chamberlain, brings him nearly to
the end of tlie reign. The first witness to that charter was
Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, who Avas then, no doubt, the
king's chief minister. William of Malmcsbury, in speaking
of him under King Stephen, calls him " Albericus quidam de
Vere ;" and again, " Albericus Causidicus ;" a style he would
scarcely have used in speaking of one who held so distin-
guished an office.

Although some doubts may exist as to the five last-named
persons having been chief justiciaries in this reign, it is cer-
tain that all of them, except, perhaps, Alberic de Vere, were

90 CHIEF JUSTICIARIES. Hen. I.

employed as justiciers; and that two, or perhaps three, acted
together at the same period in the administration of justice.

That there were many justiciers at this time whose names
are now lost, there is every probability; and that tliey
formed a distinct order, both in the Curia Regis and in the
provinces, there can be little doubt ; as the word " Justi-
tiariis " began to be regularly introduced among the persons
to whom the charters of this reign Avere addressed ; though
the title is never so used in the charters of William I., and
very seldom in those of William II.

Although all the great barons were intitled to sit in the
Curia Regis, it may easily be supposed that many of them
would not interfere with the legal business transacted there.
Many would be incapable; many disinclined; some would
be drawn off by the frequent wars; and others be occupied
in different employments. Thus the duty of hearing and
determining pleas would be gradually left to the established
officers of the court, and those barons whose education or
whose abilities would make them efficient members of it.
Geoffi^ey de Clinton and Alberic de Vere, for instance, were
chamberlains, and no doubt regularly attended the court, and
acted as justiciaries. The barons who devoted themselves to
this duty could not but acquire some experience in its per-
formance, and would by degrees take the lead in the judg-
ments pronounced. The real judicial power would thus be
eventually vested in them; and though they could not all
be correctly termed chief justiciaries in the sense usually
applied to that designation, they might be looked up to as
the principal administrators of the law ; and the contemporary
historians, who probably would not have a precise knowledge
of the actual constitution of the court, would, not unna-
turally, ascribe to them the highest judicial powers.

A solution of the apparent difficulty may be found by re-
membering that, as the duties of every department of the

1100—1135. CHIEF JUSTICIARIES. 91

state increased, it became necessary to divide the labour.
The political and legal business would be in a great degree
kept separate ; and the legal again would be subjected to
several subdivisions. Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, when he
held the highest position in the kingdom, perhaps, as chief
justiciary, acted more as the principal minister of the king
while present, and as his viceroy while absent, regulating all
the state affairs; and not a'single record remains of any pleas
held before him.

In the legal department there is little doubt that during
this reign, and possibly before it, the pleas in civil causes be-
tween private individuals, or what were called Common Pleas,
which were brought into the Curia Regis for decision, were
lieard before justices specially appointed for the purpose,
sitting in that division of the court called the Exchequer. It
is asserted that even at that day the distinction between the
King's Bench and that of the Common Pleas began to exist ;
not only the two benches, but the judges of assize also,
being expressly referred to in a charter of confirmation
alleged to have been granted by King Henry to a certain
abbot of B., as reported in the Year Book of Edward III.,
called " The Book of Assizes." (Anno 26, plea 24.) The
words of the grant are, " That the abbot should have conu-
zance of all manner of pleas, so that the justices of one
bench, or of the other, or justices of assize, should not
meddle," &c. The value of this authority, however, may
be questioned.

If the chief justiciary were presiding in that branch of the
court devoted to the hearing of the King's Pleas, some other
justiciary, or officer of the court, or one of the more ex-
perienced barons, must necessarily preside over that division
in which Common Pleas were heard: and the same course
must also have been frequently adopted in the King's Court
itself, considering the numerous political duties wlilch would

92

CHANCELLORS AND CHIEF JUSTICIARIES. Hen. L

occasion the absence of the chief justiciary. Thus the two
persons usually selected for this purpose would be generally
looked up to as being in fact, though not in name, the chief
justices of the land: and it is not to be wondered at that
monkish historians should so describe them.

In forming the table, therefore, of chief justiciaries of this
reign, it seems the safest course not to exclude any who have
been named, except Hugh de Bocland, for whom there is
not even a well-grounded presumption ; but to place a denot-
ing mark against those whose positions are doubtful.

Table of the Chancellors and Chief Justiciaries, or Justiciaries,

A.R.

A.D.

Chancellors.

Chief Justiciaries, or Justiciaries.
The latter marlied ?

I.

1100, Aug. 5.

William GifFard, afterwards

Robert Bloet, Bishop of

Bishop of Winchester

Lincoln.

IL

1101, Sept.

Roger, afterwards Bishop
of Salisbury

TIL

1103, March

William Giffard again

IV.

1104, Jan.

Waldric

VIIL

1107-8

Ilanulph, ob. 1123

Roger, Bishop of Salisbury.
? Geoff'rey Ridel.

XXIV.

1124

Geoffrey Rufus, afterwards' ? Ralph Basset. |

Bishop of Durham

? Richard Basst-t.

? Geoff'rey de Clinton.

? Alberic de Vere.

Although there is a reasonable presumption for fixing the
first appointment of itinerant justices in this reign, there is
no positive evidence of the fact. Neither can the precise
year of their introduction be ascertained. All that is proved
by the ancient roll in the Exchequer is that they had been
acting on their circuits previously to the 31 Henry I., the
year of its date.

The roll states the amount of the debts due from the
persons possessing land in each county, as imposed or set-
tled by the justices itinerant holding pleas therein ; in this
manner, " Robertus filius Toli debet xxx marcas argenti,
de placitis G. de Clinton:" in the counties of Nottingham

1100—1135. JUSTICES ITINERANT. 93

and Derby. The names of the judges who acted in most of
the counties are thus preserved ; but as the accounts of no
less than nine counties are either entirely wanting or are
imperfectly recorded, the list is by no means complete.

There are nine judges only so named on the roll, of whom
three were connected with the Curia Regis, viz. —

Ralph Basset, whose name appears as holding pleas in
the six counties of Nottingham, Derby, Wilts, Buck-
ingham, Bedford, and Lincoln.
Geoffrey de Clinton, who acted also in the above-men-
tioned six counties, and in twelve others: viz. those
of York, Hants, Surrey, Essex, Kent, Sussex, Stafford,
Leicester, Norfolk, Suffolk, Warwick, and Berks.
Richard Basset, who had the six counties of Hertford,
Sussex, Leicester, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Lincoln ; in
five of which one or other or both of the two preced-
ing also acted.
The remaining six judges were great barons residing in,
or in the neighbourhood of, the counties to which they were
appointed: viz. —

Walter Espec and Eustace Fitz-John had Yorkshire,
Northumberland, Cumberland, and Durham; to the
first of which Geoffrey de Clinton was also attached.
Milo of Gloucester and Pain Fitz-John had the coun-
ties of Gloucester and Stafford ; in the latter of which
Geoffrey de Clinton acted also.
Henry de Port was appointed for Kent in connection

with Geoffrey de Clinton.
William de Albini-Brito had Lincolnshire, with Geoffrey
de Clinton and the two Bassets.
To these must be added the name of —

Richard Fitz-Alured, who fined fifteen marks that he
might sit with Ralph Basset to hold the king's pleas
in Buckinghamshire.

94 EXCHEQUER. Hen. I.

As all the debts recorded are in separate entries, there are
no certain means in many counties of determining whether
they were imposed during one iter or circuit ; and as in most
cases each separate debt is awarded by one judge only, there
is nothing to show that the several judges acted together at
the same time. For instance, in the example given by
Madox for the county of Lincoln, one debt is stated to be
" de placitis " of Geoifrey de Clinton, another of those of
Ralph Basset, another of Richard Basset, and a fourth of
William de Albini. • But in some counties the entries mani-
festly refer to pleas held in some preceding year. In Buck-
inghamshire the sheriff accounts for one sum " de veteribus
placitis Badulfi Basset ; " and for another " de placitis G.
de Clinton de Judicibus Burgi de Buckingeham ; " plainly
denoting two periods, and showing that the establishment of
itinera must be fixed at a date earlier than that of the roll.

There is a curious entry in this ancient roll of the judges
(Walter Espec and Eustace Fitz-John) and jurors of York-
shire fining in the sum of 100/. that they should not be judges
and jurors any longer.

That the civil causes or common pleas were usually heard
in the Exchequer, appears from a writ of King Henry still
extant, directing the bishop of London to do fall right to the
Abbot of Westminster, against those who broke into his
church of Winton ; and adding that if he failed, the king's
barons of the Exchequer should do so. Another writ of the
same king, confirming a grant to the church of the Holy
Trinity in London, is directed to Roger, Bishop of Salisbury,
(then chief justiciary, or perhaps treasurer, and president of
the Exchequer) " et Baronibus Scaccarii."

Judges and barons were in this age nearly equivalent
terms. The special appointment of judges had hardly yet
commenced, but they were such barons of the land as were
accustomed to take part in the judicial proceedings of the

I

1100—1135. EXCHEQUER PAYMENTS TO JUDGES. 95

Curia Regis. In the laws of Henry I. it is said, " Regis
Judices sunt Barones Comitatus, qui liberas in eis habent
terras; villani vero, corsetti, vel qui sunt viles, aut inopes
persona3 non sunt inter judices memorandi." In a charter
also granted by King Stephen in the first year of his reign,
confirming certain lands to Milo of Gloucester, he covenants
with Miloj " sicut baroni et justiciario meo," not to implead
him of any of those lands : and Bracton also says " Comitcs
vero vel Barones non sunt amerciandi, nisi per pares suos,
et hoc per Barones Scaccarii, vel coram ipso Rege."

It was a natural consequence, therefore, that, even after
the judges of the Exchequer ceased to be lords of the land,
they should still retain the designation of baron.

There is no record to show the precise mode in w^hich the
judges were paid. From the only great roll of this reign, it
is evident that one of their privileges was an exemption from
the payment of the Danegeld and other impositions on the
land. All the judges previously named, with two exceptions,
are mentioned among those for whose proportions the dif-
ferent sheriffs take credit, under the terms " In perdonis, per
brevem Regis." These two exceptions are Ralph Basset and
Henry de Port. For the latter no cause appears ; but the
former may be perhaps accounted for by the probability
that he died before the year of the roll ; a presumption
strengthened by the fact that many of his pleas are stated to
be old pleas, and pleas of the past year: and also judging
from the number of counties in which exemptions are at-
tached to the name of Richard Basset his son, it may be
inferred that he had then succeeded to his father's possessions.

96

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES

THE JUDGES UNDER THE REIGN OF HENRY I.

ALBINI-BRITO, WILLIAM DE.

Just. Itin. 1130.

Two persons named William de Albini lived at this time.
One, called Pincerna, whose romantic adventures with
Adelaide, Queen Dowager of France, are related by Dugdale
in his " Baronage," married Adeliza, the widow of King
Henry I. The other was surnamed Brito, probably in order
to distinguish him from his celebrated contemporary.

He was the son of Robert de Todeni, the standard-bearer
of AVilliam the Conqueror, who participated largely in the
rich rewards distributed by his master, and founded Belvoir
Castle, in Leicestershire, as the chief seat of the numerous
manors conferred upon him. He died in 1088, and by his
wife Adela left four sons ; the eldest of whom, this William,
assumed the name of Albini, in consequence, it is believed,
of his having been born in the parish of that name in
Normandy.

His possessions, however, were not confined to the neigh-
bourhood of Belvoir Castle. In the town of Sawbridgeworth
in Hertfordshire, which belonged to him, he exercised almost
royal power, if we may judge from his charter or writ com-
manding his vassals there, that if any plaint or quarrel arose

I

I

1100—1135. WILLIAM DE ALBINI-BRITO. 97

among the monks of that church, it should be stayed till it
could be brought before him J

He greatly distinguished himself, in 1106, at the battle of
Tenchebrai, on the part of King Henry, and afterwards
appears to have been high in the royal favour. The county
of Kutland was placed under his care as sheriff, or fermour ;
and the custody of the extensive lands of Otuer Fitz-Count
was entrusted to him. He was also one of the council of the
king, attended him in his movements, and was a witness,
immediately after Hugh Bigot, and before Richard Basset,
to the charter by which Henry, in 1134, granted the office
of Great Chamberlain to Alberic de Vere and his heirs. '^

It may therefore be presumed that he assisted with the
other barons in the sittings of the Curia Regis ; and when
circuits were established by King Henry for the dispensation
of justice throughout the kingdom, he was naturally selected
to act in the county where his largest possessions were
situate. The great roll of 3 1 Henry I. gives evidence of his
holding pleas in Lincolnshire, and also as justice of the
forest in Essex.

From this roll it appears that he was excused from the
payment of Danegeld in seven counties in which he had
property ; an exemption which he enjoyed in common with
all those who were employed in the administration of justice.

Adhering, under the reign of Stephen, to the fortunes of
the Empress Maude, he was for a time deprived of his ex-
tensive estates ; but they were afterwards restored to him.
His name appears as a witness to this king's charter granting
the burgh of Hereford to Robert, Earl of Leicester.^

He died about 1135, 2 Henry II., leaving by his wife
Maud, daughter of Simon de Liz, Earl of Huntingdon, and

• Madox's Exch. i. 120. « Ibid. i. 56. 297. 327.

= Ibid. ii. 139.

VOL. I. H

98 RALPH BASSET. Hen. T.

widow of Robert, son of Richard de Tonbridge, two sons,
William and Ralph.

1. William, who was surnaraed Meschines, had a son, also
William, who will appear hereafter as a justice itinerant
under Henry III. His son, likewise William, being the last
male descendant of this branch, the possessions were carried
by his daughter Isabel to her husband, Robert de Roos ; and
her male descendants continued to hold that barony till the
year 1508, when, by the marriage of the heiress with Sir
Robert Manners, it devolved on their son George, whose
son, Thomas, was created Earl of Rutland in 1525. On the
death of this earl's grandson without male issue, the two
titles became divided : but their present possessors, viz., the
Duke of Rutland and Lord de Ros, plainly trace their descent
from Isabel de Albini.

2. Ralph, whose descendants called themselves Daubeney,
by which name they were summoned to parliament. In
1538, Baron Daubeney was created Earl of Bridgewater, but
both titles became extinct on his death, without issue, in
1548.1

ARNULPH. See Ranulph.

BASSET, RALPH.

? Just. Angl. 11...

Ralph Basset was Baron of Welden, in Northamptonshire,
and had large possessions in several of the midland counties.
He was a Norman by birth, but is stated to have been raised
from an ignoble family by King Henry at the beginning of
his reign.

Spelman places him as chief justiciary in the reign of

' Mag. Rot. 31 Henry I.; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 111.; Brydges' Collins'
Peerage, i. 4G2., vi. 486., ix. 451. ; Nicolas's Synopsis of the Peerage.

I

1100—1135. RALPH BASSET. 99

William II., and states that he succeeded Ranulph Flambard,
Bishop of Durham, in that office. But this is contradicted
by the fact, that the bishop had certainly all the power
usually attributed to the chief justiciary at the time of
William's death.

Dugdale does not introduce him as chief justiciary till the
reign of Henry I. ; but it may be doubtful whether he was
even then distinguished by that precise designation, notwith-
standing the assertion of Henry of Huntingdon in his Epistle
De Mundi Contem2")tu, as it is unquestionable that the
principal power was exercised by Roger, Bishop of Salisbury,
for the greater part of the reign, and especially during the
king's frequent absences from England. The place he takes
as last of fifteen subscribing witnesses to King Henry's
charter to Westminster Abbey ^, granted either in 1121 or
1122, demonstrates that he could not then have held the
office.

Ralph Basset, however, certainly filled a very high position
in the administration of justice, and seems to have been
selected to carry into execution the just and severe laws
enacted by Henry for the suppression of the system of rapine
and robbery, which the last reign had introduced. He is
mentioned in 1124 as presiding over a court of the barons
held at Hung-hoge (now Huncote), in Leicestershire, for
the trial of offenders, where he caused no less than forty-four
men convicted of robbery to be hanged.

By the roll of 31 Henry I. it appears, not that he was
chief justiciary, for that title never occurs in it, but that he
had been justice of the forests in the counties of Norfolk,
Suffolk, and Surrey ; and that in the Itinera which were
appointed by King Henry for the puqjose of relieving the
Curia Regis, and of administering justice to the people almost
at their own doors, no less than six counties, and probably

' Dugdalc's Monast. (1846), i. 308.
11 2

100 RALPH BASSET. Hen, T.

more, were placed under his direction. He was manifestly-
dead before the date of that roll ; and the entries in it, in
which his name occurs, have reference to debts due to the
crown from his pleas in previous years. No allowances of
Danegeld and other impositions are made on his account,
similar to those granted to the other judges so employed at
the time ; and his son, Richard Basset, is not only charged
as being in possession of large estates, no doubt part of his
inheritance, but was so far advanced in life and experience
at its date, as to be employed as a justiciary for six other
counties.

According to the manner of the time, he gave, in the year
1121, one carucate of land in Chinalton, parcel of the lord-
ship of Colston in Nottinghamshire, and ten oxen, for the
maintenance of a monk in the abbey of Eynsham in Oxford-
shire, then being restored from the ruin into which it had
fallen.

The precise date of his death is uncertain ; but it took
place at Northampton, where, falling sick, he called for a
monk's habit of the order of those of Abingdon ; and after
disposing of his estate and sending no small sum to that
abbey, w^ith a grant of four hides of land in Chedelesworth,
he died, and was honourably buried in the chapter-house
there.

There is some uncertainty as to the number and names
of his children. He is stated to have left four sons, viz.,
Thurston, Thomas, Kichard, and Nicholas ; to whom Dug-
dale adds another, named Gilbert, the father of Thomas,
Lord of Hedendon, a justicier in the reign of Henry II.
From his issue various baronies sprang ; one of which survives
in the present Baroness Bassett of Stratton, in Cornwall.^

' Dugdale's Baronage, i. 378. ; Madox's Exch. i. 12. 146. 541., ii. 224. ;
Epist. H. Huntingdon de Mundi Contemptu, Angl. Sac. ii. 701. ; Thoresby's
Thoroton's Nottinghamshire, i. 161. ; Mag. Rot. 31 Henry I., Hunter's ed. 31.
101. 124. 145.

I

1100—1135. lUCHARD BASSET. 101

BASSET, RICHARD.

? Just. Angl. 11 . . .

Richard Basset was one of the sons of Ralph Basset, and
succeeded him in the barony of Welden in Northamptonshire.
From an early period of his life he was attached to the court,
and assisted in the administration of justice in the Aula
Regis. It is probable that during the life of his father he
had advanced to a considerable position : for in the great roll
of 3 1 Henry I. the same number of counties are mentioned as
under the judicial superintendence of both; and the father
could only have been recently deceased. By the same roll
it appears that Richard Basset and Alberic de Vere accounted
for the rents of no less than eleven counties, of which they
were the joint custodes or sheriffs. These were the counties
of Surrey, Cambridge, Huntingdon, Essex, Hertford, Nor-
thampton, Leicester, Norfolk, Suffolk, Buckingham, and
Bedford ; and as they appear in the same character in all of
these counties, except Leicestershire and Surrey, in the first
year of Henry II., they probably were not removed during
the intervening reign of Stephen. The roll also shows that
he was exempted from the Danegeld and other amercements in
ten different counties; and that in two he had allowances,
viz., in Nottingham, 11. 19^., and in Essex, 11. \0s.

He is introduced as chief justiciary to Henry I. in Dug-
dale's list, on the authority of Henry of Huntingdon and
Ordericus Vitalis ; but some doubt may be entertained
whether he can be correctly so described. If he had held
the office in 31 Henry I., the roll of that year would have
afforded some evidence of it; but it makes no distinction
between him and the other justiciaries, whose pleas it records.
In the grant, also, of the office of great chamberlain of
England to Alberic do Vere, his name stands so low on a list

H 3

102

KICHARD BASSET.

Hen. I.

of twelve witnesses, as to preclude the possibility of his being
invested with the title. That grant is dated " apud Ferncham
in Transfretatione Regis." This must have been on occasion
of the king's last visit to his Norman dominions in 1134; as
is apparent from the fact, that Geoffrey, Bishop of Durham,
the chancellor, whose name stands as the second witness, was
not elected to that see till 1133. The first witness is Roger,
Bishop of Salisbury, which is strong presumptive evidence
that he was then first minister or chief justiciary of the
kingdom.

The expression of Ordericus Vitalis goes no further than
that he had great power in this reign, " utpote Capitalis Jus-
titia." Dugdale's opinion, also, that he held it jointly with
Alberic de Yere, is probably founded on the fact, that they
were joint sheriffs of so many counties. Although the latter
author says in his Baronage that he also held the office
during the whole of King Stephen's reign, he does not so insert
his name in his Chronica Series.

He married Matilda, the daughter and heir of Geoffrey
Ridel, the justiciary (whose land appears to have been in his
custody), and increased his already large property by her
possessions. Of these he devoted a great portion to pious
uses. The priory of Laund, in Leicestershire, dedicated to
St. John the Baptist, was founded by him and his wife, and
munificently endowed by them with the town and manor of
Lodington, in which it stands ; with Friseby also ; besides
no less than fifteen churches in the neighbourhood, and one
in Rutland. These grants were confirmed by King Henry I. ;
one of whose charters affords a curious proof that three of
the so-called chief justiciaries were contemporaries, as Geoffrey
de Clinton and Alberic de Vere are among the witnesses
to it.

No date is given of his death. Henry of Huntingdon, in
his epistle De Mundi Contemptu, mentions him as then dead ;

1100—1135. KOBEKT BLOET, BISHOP OF LINCOLN. 103

and as he was clearly alive in 1 Henry II., 1154, his name
appearing as sheriff, as before stated, and a change being
made in the sheriffalty of each of his counties in the following
year, the close of his earthly career may be fixed at that
period ; the death of Henry of Huntingdon occurring very
shortly after.

His eldest son, Geoffrey, assumed his mother's name of
Ridel. Another son, Kalph, who continued the surname of
Basset, was lord of Drayton, in Staffordshire; and a third
son, William, was lord of Sapcote, in Leicestershire, and will
be mentioned as a justicier in the reign of Henry 11.^

BATH, Bisnop of. See Godfrey.

BLOET, ROBERT, Bishop of Lincoln.

Just. Angl. 11...
See under the Reign of William IL

Both Bisdon and Prince state Robert Bloet to have belonged
to a family of that name, which held the lordship of Bag-
land, and which, for many generations, lived at Holcombe
Bogus in the county of Devon, where it still flourishes.
The name is often spelled Bluett. Prince describes him as
the second son of Sir Rowland Bloet, and great-grandson of
William Bloet, Earl of Salisbury ; of which earldom, how-
ever, before the Conquest, Dugdale gives no account.

Godwin says nothing of his lineage; but his editor,
Richardson, describes him as brother of Odo, Bishop of
Bayeux; quoting Claud. A. 8, f 118, MSS. Hutton;
and referring in corroboration to his grant of the manor

' Epist. H. Huntingdon, Angl. Sac. ii. 701. ; Dugdale's Grig. Jurid. 20.,
and Chron. Series; Thoiesby's Thoroton's Notts, i. 161.; Dugdale's Monast.
(1846), vi. 189.; Madox's Exch, i. 33. 56. 147. 164. 327., &c. ; Mag. Hot.
31 Henry I., Hunter's ed. passim.

H 4

104 ROBERT BLOET, BISHOP OF LINCOLN. Hen. L

of Charleton to the priory of Bermondsey, wherein he says,
" quod pro salute anima? Dom. mei Willelmi Regis, etfratris
met Bajocens. Kpiscopi, &c., confirmavi Monachis de Ber-
mondsey Cherletonam," &c. This charter is not in the Mo-
nasticon, but is stated to be among the collections of Robert
Glover, from the archives of the monastery in the office of
arms.

If Odo be the bishop really intended, the first question
would be, whether the words " fratris mei " are used in their
natural or metaphorical sense, — whether they mean brother
of his blood, or brother in his profession or his order. If the
former, it is still to be discovered how the relationship can be
explained ; and how it is to be accounted for that the interval
between the commencement of their several careers should
have extended to a period of nearly fifty years. But a doubt
cannot be repressed, whether this charter has been correctly
copied, when it is recollected that in the year 1093, the
date of the grant, Odo was then in exile ; since it is difficult
to believe that Bloet, who was the king's chancellor, and had
been just advanced to the bishoprick of Lincoln, would have
been inclined, or if inclined would have ventured, to insult
his patron and his sovereign, by coupling with his the name
of a man who had been banished the kingdom as a traitor, or
that the king would have confirmed a grant made on such
conditions.

With these contradictory accounts, therefore, his birth,
his lineage, and even his country, must remain in obscurity.

It seems very probable that he was the Bloet who is
mentioned as accompanying William Rufus to England upon
the death of the Conqueror.^ The name of Robert Bloet,
without any addition, appears as the witness to one of
William's charters to the monastery of Durham, granted in

' Lingard, ii. 76.

1100—1135. ROBERT BLOET, BISHOP OF LINCOLN. 105

1088 or 1089^ ; and the signature " Rodberto Dispensatore "
is attached to another to Chichester CathedraP, which was
probably granted about the same time, and may perhaps be
his.

He was appointed chancellor before July or August, 1090,
a charter to the cathedral of Lincoln of that date bearing his
attestation^; another to Salisbury, dated in 1191 ^ and
several without date ^, but no doubt granted about the same
time, record his name as chancellor ; but no instance occurs
of his signature as chancellor after he was raised to the
bishoprick of Lincoln.

He is said to have owed his early advance to the prelacy
to AYilliam's compunction during a serious illness. Oppressed
with the memory of his evil life, and particularly of his ex-
tortions from the church, the royal penitent resolved to fill
up the vacant bishopricks, which he had long held in his hands.
Bloet, though he benefited by the immediate appointment,
found, upon the king's recovery, that his good resolutions
were forgotten, and was compelled to pay a large sum,
varying, according to different authors, from 500Z. to 5000/.,
as the price of his advancement, or, perhaps, for exempting
the see from the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of York.

He was consecrated by Archbishop Lanfranc in 1093, and
no doubt then resigned the great seal, which was placed soon
afterwards in the hands either of Galdric or William GiiFard.^

The grants that were made to his cathedral by the king
are strong proofs of his continuing in the royal favour, and
his frequent attestation of charters is evidence of his attend-
ance at court. That he exercised considerable influence not
only over King William, but over his successor. King Henry,
also, all writers agree ; but it does not appear that he held

• Dugdale's Monast. (1846), i. 241. « Ibid. vi. 1167.

3 Ibid. vi. 1271. * Ibid. vi. 1295.

' Ibid. i. 174., ii. 266., vi. 1177. • Sec p. 55.

106 ROBERT BLOET, BISHOP OF LINCOLN. Hen. I.

any oflScial character under Williamj after he reth'ed from
the chancellorship.

Neither Spelman nor Dugdale introduce him in their lists
of chief justiciaries under Henry I., but Henry of Huntingdon,
who was one of his archdeacons, and had lived long in his
family, expressly states that he was " Justitiarius totius
Angliae." Whatever doubt may be felt with regard to this
author's attribution of the title to some others, it is impossible
entirely to discard his authority here, considering the in-
timacy of his connection, and the consequent means of know-
ledge that he had. The period when he held the office is not
mentioned, but he is further described as having been twice
prosecuted in the last year of his life by the king's suggestion,
and as having been fined so severely as to produce the la-
mentation that he was now compelled to dress those about
him in woollen, who had formerly been clothed in rich
garments. Even to the last, however, the king pretended
kindness towards him ; but when some royal flatteries were
reported to him, he exclaimed with a sigh, " He praises no
one whom he does not mean to destroy." He was in the
king's company at Woodstock on the occasion of a royal
hunt, when he was struck with apoplexy, and falling off his
horse, was carried to his bed, and died on January 10, 1123.
His bowels were buried at Eynsham, in Oxfordshire, a
monastery which he had restored, and his body was deposited
at Lincoln.

He had an illegitimate son named Simon, born to him
when he was chancellor, whom he appointed, while yet in his
nonage, dean of his church. Though this does not speak
well of his morals, the character given him by his contem-
poraries in other respects is much in his favour. Henry of
Huntingdon describes him as mild and humble, a raiser of
many, a depressor of none, the orphan's father, and the
delight of his family ; and Mathew Paris testifies to the

1100—1135. HUGH DE BOCLAND. 107

beauty of his person, and the sweetness and affability of his
manners and conversation.

He was the second Bishop of Lincoln after the removal of
the see from Dorchester, and abundantly adorned and en-
riched his church, doubling the number of its prebendaries,
and endowing them with lands from his private possessions.^

BOCLAND, HUGH DE.

? Just. Angl. 1100.

Hugh de Bocland was a canon of St. Paul's, and is men-
tioned by Dugdale and Spelman as chief justiciary at the
commencement of the reign of Henry I., on the authority of
that king's charter of liberties, as cited by Mathew Paris,
being addressed to him in that character. Both Roger de
Wendover and Mathew Paris give two copies of that charter :
the first, when it was promulgated by Henry in the first year
of his reign ; and the second when it was produced to the
barons, 113 years afterwards, by Archbishop Langton. The
first, therefore, would more probably be the correct copy,
and that is addressed to him as Sheriff of Herefordshire or
Hertfordshire, while the latter is addressed to him as Jus-
ticiarus Angliaa. The continuation of the address in both is
" et omnibus fidelibus suis, tam Anglis quam Francis, in
Hertfordsyre," words which shew that similar copies were
sent to each county, addressed no doubt to its particular
sheriff, as this was, — according to the royal direction at the
time of its grant, recorded by both these historians, " that as
many copies of it were to be made as there were counties in

' llisdon's Survey of Devon, 67. ; Trince's Worthies of Devon, 84. ; Godwin
de Praesul. 283. ; Le Neve, 138. 144. ; 11. Huntingdon, Epist. de Mundi Con-
temptu; Angl. Sac. ii. 694.; Roger de Wendover, ii. 41 . &c. ; Turner's England,
i. 167. ; Daniel's Engl. 58.

108 HUGH DE BOCLAND. Hen. 1.

England, to be deposited in the abbeys of each county as
a public record." A charter by which King Henry made
a grant of land in Essex to Otho " aurifabro," addressed
to Maurice, Bishop of London, and Hugo de Bocland, " et
omnibus baronibus suis et fidelibus, Francis et Anglis, de
Essexia," ^ affords a corroboration that he was at this time
Sheriff of Hertfordshire, inasmuch as the two counties of
Essex and Hertford were then, and for several centuries
afterwards, united under one sheriff, and the sheriffalty was
frequently held for many years together by the same indi-
vidual.

Spelman's argument, that several chief justiciaries were
sheriffs of counties, can have no weight unless he goes
further and proves that all sheriffs of counties were chief
justiciaries. Nor can the writ that he quotes, addressed to
Hugh de Bocland and William Bainard, " et omnibus mi-
nistris meis in London," assist the decision ; because if it
proved Hugh de Bocland to have been chief justiciary, it
could not refuse the same title to William Bainard. It
would appear more probable that they were both at its date
sheriffs of London, and the curious may perhaps identify
Hugh de Bocland with Hugh Buche, whom Stow mentions
as portgrave of that city, or Hugh Bock, sheriff, as Maitland
calls him, at this precise period.

There is a charter by which King Henry granted to Otho
the younger the privilege of exercising his father's trade,
'' misterium cuneorum" — probably the making of dies —
which is addressed " Mauricio Lond. Episcopo, et Hugoni de
Bocland, et omnibus baronibus suis et fidelibus, Francis et
Anglis, de Londonia ; " ^ which seems to support this sug-
gestion. Another charter, containing the king's con-
firmation of Alberic de Yere's grant of the church of Ken-

' Rymer's Feed. (1816), i. 9. =* Ibid.

1100—1135. GEOFFREY DE CLINTON. 109

sington to the abbey of Abingdon, is addressed to Bishop
Maurice and Hugh de Bocland, precisely in the same terms,
adding the words " et Middlesexia," ^ in which county the
church was situate : this charter also leads to the same
conclusion. There is, besides, a mandate of King Henry
prohibiting the fishermen of the Thames from fishing before
the fishery of Rochester, addressed to Hamo the Dapifer
(who was Sheriff of Kent) and to Hugh de Bocland^, no
doubt in his capacity of Portgrave or Sheriff of London, and
thus having jurisdiction over that river. If he had been
chief justiciary, he surely would not have been named after
Hamo the Dapifer. The same observation applies more
forcibly to a charter dated in 1111, to the priory of Colne,
in which he stands the last of eight witnesses.^ But that he
never held that high and responsible oflfice, is rendered more
probable by the total silence of the historians with regard to
him, a silence which is wholly unaccountable in reference to
an officer, whom they describe as the prime minister of the
realm, and the next to the king in dignity.

In the reign of Henry II., some of this name, possibly his
descendants, were sheriffs of Berkshire.'*

CLINTON, GEOFFREY DE.

? Just. Angl. 11 . . .

There are two accounts of the origin of Geoffrey de Clinton :
one that he was of mean parentage, raised to high office, and
loaded with extensive possessions by the favour of King
Henry I. : the other, that he was the grandson of AVilliam

' Dugdale's Monast. (184G), iv. 100. " Ibid. i. 164.

» Ibid. iv. 100.

* Spelman's Glossary ; Dugdale's Grig. Jurid. 22. ; Roger de Wendover, ii.
161., iii. 26.3. ; M. Paris, 55. 240.

110 GEOFFREY DE CLINTON. Hen. I.

de Tankervilla, Chamberlain of Normandy, and Maud, the
daughter of William de Arches. Dugdale gives the greatest
weight to the first of these accounts, and states that he was
advanced to the high office of justice of England. The refer-
ence, however, which he makes to Henry of Huntingdon in
evidence of this fact I do not find, and no confirmation of it
appears in any other authority.

How early in the reign of Henry I. he became in favour
with the king, there are no means of tracing. He is the
fourteenth witness, with no title attached to his name, to that
king's charter to Westminster Abbey \ granted either in 1121
or 1 122 : and his name, and that of William de Clinton (pro-
bably his brother), are added, also without any designation of
office, to those of Queen Adeliza, and Geoffrey, the chancellor,
as witnesses to a deed of King Henry, confirming a grant of
the Soke of Knighten Guilde to the Church of the Holy
Trinity in Aldgate, London ^ ; the date of which must have
been between 1121 and 1128.

In one of his grants to the priory of Kenilworth, dated
after 1123, he calls himself chamberlain of the king; and in
another dated after 1125, treasurer ; and in the charter of con-
firmation, which contains no certain evidence of its date,
the king gives him both titles.^ There seem to have been
more than one chamberlain in these times, several persons
being mentioned at the same period with that title, besides
Alberic de Vere, to whom King Henry granted the office of
" Magistra Cameraria totius Angliaj." Possibly Geoffrey
de Clinton was Chamberlain of Normandy.

That he was high in the confidence of the king in the thirty-
first year of his reign, is proved by the fact that he is men-
tioned as holding pleas in no less than eighteen counties in
the roll appropriated to that year ; and also as being justice

' Dugdale's Monast. (1846), i. 308. " Ibid. vi. 153.

3 Ibid. vi. 221.

1100—1135. GEOFFREY DE CLINTON. HI

of the forest for Huntingdonshire, and Sheriff of Warwick-
shire. No presumption, however, can be formed from this
fact that he was chief justiciary ; as both Ralph Basset and
Richard Basset are mentioned in the same roll with similar
duties assigned to them ; and as there is very little doubt that
Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, was then invested with the
highest dignity in the kingdom.

The same roll contains an entry that he owed 310 marks
for the ministry of the treasury at Winchester, showing that
he was still treasurer. This office and that of chamberlain
would entitle him to sit in the Curia Regis, and to decide
the various pleas heard there : and would of itself be a
sufficient reason for his being entrusted with the same duties
on the Itinera. It appears from that roll that his posses-
sions were very large, and extended through no less than
fourteen counties ; and his exemptions from the Danegeld
and other amerciaments to which they were liable amount to
the large sum of 561. I6s. Id.

He built the castle at Kenilworth, and gave all the lands
he held there, except those attached to the castle and
park, to endow the priory of Augustin monks which he
founded.

Either he or his son, also named Geoffrey, was Sheriff of
Leicestershire in the first year of Henry II., in part of whose
reign a Geoffrey de Clinton, probably the son, is mentioned
as chamberlain.

The male branch of his own family failed at the death of
his great-grandson, Henry, in 1232 ; but from his nephew,
Osbert de Clinton, descended a long line, one of whom, in
1337, was raised to the title of Earl of Huntingdon, which,
however, became extinct at his death in 1354; another was
created Earl of Lincoln in 1571, one of whose lineal descend-
ants succeeded in 1768 to the title of Duke of Newcastle-
under-Line. The title of Clinton passed through a female to

112 WALTER ESPEC. Hen. I.

Hugh Fortescue, who in 1746 was created Earl Clinton and
Baron Fortescue, which titles became extinct at his death in
1751, while the barony survived, and through female descent
has devolved on its present possessor.^

DURHAM, Bishop of. See Geoffrey Rufus.

ESPEC, WALTER.

Just. Itin. 1130.

Walter Espec was a powerful baron in the North, his
principal estate being Helmsley, or Hamlake, in Yorkshire,
and having also large possessions in Northumberland and
several other counties.

The loss of his only son Walter, by a fall from his horse, is
said to have induced him to devote a great part of his estate
to the service of God. He and his wife Adelina founded a
priory of Augustin canons at Kirkham in Yorkshire, to the
honour of the Holy Trinity, in 1121, endowing it with seven
churches, and other lands to the amount of 1100 marks per
annum.

He also founded the abbey of Bievaulx in the same county,
for Cistertian monks, in 1131, dedicating it to the Virgin
Mary; and the abbey of Warden in Bedfordshire, in 1135,
for the same order, with endowments of like munificence.

He was justice of the forest for Yorkshire during part of
the reign of Henry I. ; and he and Eustace Fitz-John, ano-
ther northern baron, were justices itinerant to hear civil and
criminal pleas in that county, and also in Northumberland,
Cumberland, and the bishoprick of Durham. The precise
period of their appointment is uncertain, but they both fined

' Mag. Rot. 31 Henry I., Hunter's ed. ; Madox's Exch. i. 58, 59. 146. ;
Brydges' Collins' Peerage, ii. 181.; Nicolas's Synopsis.

I

1100—1135. WALTER ESPEC. 113

to be relieved from being judges of Yorkshire in 31 Henry I.
They had certainly acted as justiciers in the two preceding
years ; during which they were excused, as the judges then
usually were, from the payment of Danegeld and other
impositions.^

In the early part of the reign of King Stephen, Walter
Espec appears in the character of an experienced warrior,
heading his countrymen against the ferocious invasion of the
Scots. Animated by despair, under the barbarities which
they witnessed, the northern barons summoned their neigh-
bours and dependants, who put themselves under the com-
mand of Walter Espec and William of Albemarle, and
marched to Northallerton. There they placed a silver pix
containing the consecrated host on the top of a tall mast,
with the banners of their patron saints, to serve as a rallying
point ; and from this sacred ensign the battle which followed
and which was fought on August 22, 1138, received the
name of the Battle of the Standard. From the foot of this
standard Walter Espec harangued his associates, and then,
by giving his hand to William of Albemarle, and exclaiming
with a loud voice, " I pledge thee my troth, either to con-
quer or to die," he kindled such enthusiasm among his
hearers, that the oath was repeated by every chieftain around
him. The result of the battle was the entire overthrow of
the invaders, with the loss of 12,000 men.

He died in 1153, and was buried in his own monastery of
Rievaulx. To his piety and bravery, which the facts now
recorded prove, may be added that he was equally distin-
guished for wit, modesty, sincerity, and loyalty ; and (not
to omit what was a great recommendation in those days)
was of high and commanding stature.

Leaving no issue by his wife Adelina, his property de-

' Mag. Rot. 31 Henry I., Hunter's ed.
VOL, I. I

114

RICHARD FITZ-ALURED.

Hen. I.

volved on his three sisters. One of them, Adeline, married
Peter de Roos, from whom the present Duke of Rutland
and Lord de Roos are descended. The two other sisters
were Hauwlse and Albreda, the former of whom married
William de Buissey, and the latter Geoffrey de Traili.^

FITZ-ALURED, RICHARD.

Just. Itin. 1130.

Considerable difficulty frequently arises in tracing the
families to which individuals who are solely designated in
the records as " filius Aluredi," " fihus Bernardi," " filius
Radulfi," &c., belong ; because surnames, not being at that
period in general use, sons were often described by the
Christian names of their fathers, their own Christian names
being in turn assumed by their children. Thus the designa-
tion varied in the different generations ; until one of the
family, by acquiring possessions, or honours, or office, fixed
his own name, or some other he had assumed, permanently
for his descendants. The difficulty is materially increased
where both the Christian names thus united were of common
occurrence. In these cases two persons of different families
not unfrequently bore the same appellation ; so that much
confusion often occurs in investigating the facts and records
of the time, by the impossibility to distinguish the precise
individual intended.

The frequent occurrence of names of this class (the prefix
" Fitz " being substituted for that of " Filius ") renders these
observations necessary, in order to account for the doubt that
is sometimes expressed as to their actual lineage. They will

' Madox'sExch. i. 79. 146.457.501.511.; Leland's Coll. iii 361.; Monast.
Anglic. (1846), v. 274. 369., vi. 207. ; Lord Lyttelton's Henry II„ i. 192 —
197. ; Lingard, Rapin.

1100—1135. EUSTACE FITZ-JOHN. 115

apply more forcibly to others than to the individual now to
be noticed ; but their introduction appeared more appropriate,
when the first example was to be considered.

Of Richard Fitz-Alured's family, however, though the
name is not an ordinary one, no account can be traced, nor
is anything known of himself beyond the entry on the roll
of 31 Henry I. In that record it is stated that he owed, i, e,
that he fined, fifteen silver marks, that he might sit with
Ralph Basset to hold the king's pleas in Buckinghamshire.
From this it may be inferred that during the life of Ralph
Basset he acted as one of the itinerant justices in that
county, although none of his pleas are noticed.

He is called pincerna, or butler ; an office which he pro-
bably held under William de Albini, the king's chief butler.^

FITZ-JOHN, EUSTACE.

Just. Itin. 1 1 30.

Eustace Fitz-John is one of those whose names appear on
the ancient roll of 31 Henry I. as holding pleas on the
circuits established by that king. The counties in which he
acted were Yorkshire, Northumberland, and Cumberland,
and the bishoprick of Durham ; in all of which he was united
with Walter Espec; Geoffrey de Clinton being also named
with them both in Yorkshire. He and Walter Espec seem
to have taken some offence in the latter county, inasmuch as
on the same roll it is recorded that they, and the jurors of
Yorkshire, fined that they should not be any longer judges
or jurors there. By the roll it is evident that he had held
the office for at least two years.

He was brother of Pain Fitz-John, the next-mentioned
justice itinerant. They were the sons of John de Burgo,

' Madox's Exch. i. G2. 457.; Mag. Hot. ;? 1 Henry I., Hunter's cd.

I 2

116

EUSTACE FITZ-JOHN.

Hen. I.

called Monoculus, from having lost an eye, and the nephews
of Serlo de Burgh, Baron of Tonsburgh in Normandy, and
founder of Knaresborough Castle ; both of whom accompanied
the Conqueror on his invasion of England. The latter
dying without issue, Eustace succeeded as his heir, and thus
became a powerful baron in the North ; receiving very large
additions to his inheritance from the bounty of King Henry,
and being appointed governor of Bamburgh Castle in North-
umberland. He held a high place in the confidence and
favour of that king, and had the reputation of a wise and
judicious counsellor.

On the death of Henry, the usurper Stephen took from
him the custody of Bamburgh Castle : and on suspicion of a
treasonable correspondence with David, King of Scotland,
seized his person and kept him for a considerable time in
confinement. On obtaining his release, he joined with
Robert, Earl of Gloucester, in aiding the Empress Matilda ;
making good for her the Castle of Malton, and raising a
powerful force from his own vassals in support of the Scot-
tish king's invasion. He held a command at the memo-
rable Battle of the Standard, fought at Northallerton on
August 22, 1138, when the Scottish forces were entirely
defeated.

He must afterwards have made his peace with King
Stephen ; for in 1147 he founded the abbey of Alnwick, in
Northumberland, and in 1150, the priory of Walton, in
Yorkshire.

In the third year of the reign of Henry II., 1157, he was
slain in battle with the Welsh, whom the king had attacked
in a narrow and difficult pass in Flintshire.

He was twice married. His first wife was Beatrix, the
daughter and sole heir of Yvo de Vesci, who held numerous
lordships at the General Survey, in the reign of the Con-
queror, in right of his wife Alda, the daughter and sole heir

1100-1135. PAIN FITZ-JOHN. 117

of William Tyson, Lord of Alnwick. The name of Vesci was
afterwards assumed by Eustace's son William, who succeeded
to the barony, which became extinct in 1297, by the death
of William de Vescy, a justice itinerant in the reign of
Edward L, without heirs.

His second wife was Agnes, daughter and heir of William
Fitz-Nigel, Baron of Halton, and Constable of Chester, to
both of which he succeeded. By her he had a son named
Richard Fitz-Eustace, one of whose grandsons, Robert Fitz-
Roger, was a justicier in the reigns of Richard I. and John,
and another, Roger de Laci, was also a justicier in the
latter reign. ^

FITZ-JOHN, PAIN.

Just. Itin. 1130.

Pain Fitz-John was the brother of the above-mentioned
Eustace Fitz-John. He was also a favourite baron and
one of the chief counsellors of King Henry : and in the roll
of the thirty-first year of that reign is mentioned as a justice
itinerant in the counties of Gloucester, Stafford, and North-
ampton, in conjunction with Milo of Gloucester. His
exemptions from the Danegeld on his lands in Oxfordshire,
Gloucestershire, and Norfolk, on account, no doubt, of his
being thus employed, are recorded in the same roll.

He likewise possessed the whole territory of Ewyas, in
Herefordshire. His castle of Cans, in 34 Henry I., was
attacked in his absence by the Welsh, who burned it to the
ground, and massacred all its inhabitants: and two years
afterwards, in 1136, he himself was slain with 300<) of King

' Madox's Exch. i. 146. 457.; Mag, Rot. 31 Henry 1., llunttr's cd. ; Dug-
dale's Monast. (1846), vi. 867. 970. ; Allen's Yorksli. vi. 154. ; Lord Lyttelton ;
Rapin ; Nicolas's Synopsis of the Peerage, 664.

I 3

118 WILLIAM GIFFARD, BISHOP OF WINCHESTER. Hen. I.

Stephen's troops in a battle fought with the same enemy,
near Cardigan.

By his wife Sibyll he had a son and two daughters.
Cecilia, the elder daughter, married Roger, the son of Milo
of Gloucester (afterwards Earl of Hereford), his coadjutor
as a justice itinerant ; and Agnes, the younger daughter,

married de Montchensy. His son Robert took the

name of Fitz-Payne, and his male descendants were sum-
moned to Parliament until the reign of Edward III. The
baron of that period dying witliout male issue, the title
became in abeyance in the female line ; and at last devolved
on the Earls of Northumberland, or at least was claimed by
them. But all the honours having become extinct by at-
tainder in 1537, this and other titles were restored by
recreation in 1557 to the heir, Thomas Percy, who afterwards
was created Earl of Northumberland. They became again
extinct in 1670, by the death of Earl Josceline without male
issue ; and on the new creation of the heir of Earl Josceline's
daughter as Earl of Northumberland, the title of Baron
Fitz-Payne was omitted.^

GIFFARD, WILLIAM, Bishop op Winchester.

Chancellor, 1100.
See also under the Reigns of William I. and William XL

Of the early career of William GifFard, no information re-
mains. He was certainly a Norman of high birth, and
probably a relative of Walter Giffard, who came over with
King William at the time of the Conquest, and was rewarded
with the earldom of Buckingham. In consequence of that
connection, he was in all likelihood received into the Con-

' Madox's Exch. i. 146.; Rymer's Feed. (1816), i. 10.; Mag. Rot.
31 Henry T. ; Lord Lyttelton, Rapin ; Hasted's Kent; Dugdale's Baron, i. 90.
572. ; Nicolas's Synopsis.

1100—1135. AVILLIAM GIFFAKD, BISHOP OF WINCHESTEK. 119

queror's household as one of his chaplains : but the first
certain notice of his name is as chancellor.

He is placed by all the authorities as the last chancellor to
William I., succeeding William Welson, afterwards Bishop
of Thetford. Some difficulty arises from their bearing the
same Christian name; but it is most probable that Welson
retired from the office when he was raised to the bishoprick
in 1085, and that Giffard then was appointed. No charter,
however, distinctly proves this ; and that to the church of
Shrewsbury, which is referred to as evidence by Dugdale,
seems more probably to have been granted by William II.

It is curious also that, though William Gitfard is generally
mentioned as the first chancellor under William II., and
though there are several undated charters witnessed by
" William the Chancellor," which may well have been granted
in 1087, 1088, or 1089, the first three years of the reign, yet
there are none which positively fix who was the chancellor
during that particular period. There is proof, however, that
Kobert Bloet, who succeeded him, witnessed, not as chan-
cellor, a charter to Durham Cathedral, granted between 1088
and 1090 ^ ; and that he witnessed another to Lincoln Ca-
thedral, as chancellor, in July or August, 1090.^

William GifFard's name is not to be found in any charter
for the next three years: but his restoration to the chan-
cellorship between 1093 and 1098 is rendered certain by his
witnessing in that character a charter granting the manor of
Stone to Rochester Cathedral ^ : for, though it is undated, one
of its witnesses is Robert Bloet, Bishop of Lincoln, who was
not raised to that see till 1093 ; while Walkeline, Bishop of
Wincliester, another witness, died in January, 1098. By
several subsequent charters, to which GifFard was a witness,
some dated, and others the dates of which may, by a similar

' Dugdale's Monast. (1846), i. 241. » Ibid. vi. 1271.

3 Ibid. i. 1G4.

120 WILLIAM GIFrAUD, RLSIIOP OF WINCHESTEK. Hen. I.

process of investigation, be fixed within particular years, his
continuance in the office may be traced to the end of the
reign. One of King William's charters to Durham ^ must
have been granted between the death of Bishop William de
Carilefo, in 1095, and August, 1100, the date of the king's
death : another of the same king's charters to the same ca-
thedral ^ must have been granted after the election of Bishop
Ranulph Flambard, in May, 1099 : and a third charter to the
monastery of Evesham is dated at Easter, 1 i 00 ^ only a few
months before the death of the king.

There can be very little doubt, therefore, that he was chan-
cellor at the termination of the reign of William II. That
he so continued at the commencement of that of Henry I.
appears by a charter granted by that king to the priory of
Lewes*, the date of which is ascertained by the fact that
" Girard the Bishop " is one of the witnesses to it. This
Girard was Bishop of Hereford, but was raised to the arch-
bishoprick of York in 1100, after the death of Archbishop
Thomas, which occurred on November 18. So that this
charter must have been dated between August 5, the day
of Henry's accession, and Girard's elevation, in November or
December of that year. Giffard was also witness to the
charter relative to the debasers of the coin at the following
Christmas.^

Soon after this he was superseded in his office by Roger,
afterwards Bishop of Salisbury, who is designated chancellor
in two charters, dated September 3, 1101.^ After Roger's
elevation to the episcopal bench, however, Giffard was re-
instated, as appears from his being present as chancellor at
the signing of the convention between King Henry and the
Earl of Flanders, on March 10, 1103.^ Although there are

1 Dugdale's Monast. (1846), i. 24L « Ibid. i. 24L

3 Ibid. ii. 18. " Ibid- V. 14.

5 Ryraer's Feed. (1816), i. 12. « Dugdale's Monast iv. 16, 17.

' Rymer's Feed. i. 7.

1100—1135. WILLIAM GIFFARD, BISHOP OF WINCHESTER. 121

several other charters with liis name as chancellor to King
Henry, which may have been granted about this or the
former period, there is every probability that it was very
shortly after the latter date that he was discharged from the
oflSce in consequence of the displeasure of the king.

At the coronation, or soon after the accession of Henry,
GIffard had been nominated to the vacant bishoprick of
Winchester ; but his consecration had been prevented at first
by the absence of Archbishop Anselm, and then by that
prelate's refusal to perform the ceremony upon him and
several others then appointed, unless the king would give up
the right of investiture, which had been gradually assumed
by the crown. After many ineffectual attempts to induce
Anselm to comply, Henry endeavoured to counteract his
refusal by employing Girard, Archbishop of York, for the
purpose : but GIffard, fearing that this would lead to his
excommunication, declined to avail himself of the offer ; and
by so doing turned the royal anger against himself, and was
not only dismissed from his office, but was banished the
kingdom. This must have occurred soon after his attestation
of the convention in March, 1103, as he accompanied Anselm
to Rome on the 27th of the following month. It is remark-
able that in none of his signatures after his nomination to
the bishoprick does he make any allusion to it ; and in the last-
mentioned instrument, and also in another probably executed
about the same time ^ he makes the omission more prominent
by signing " William GifFard, the chancellor," in full, instead
of " William the Chancellor " as he had subscribed every
previous document.

The dispute between the king and Anselm lasted for the
four following years, and was then terminated by mutual
concessions ; the king giving up the claim to invest with the

> Dugdale*s Monast. i. IG4.

122 WILLIAM GIFFARD, BISHOP OF WINCHESTER. Hen. I.

crozier and ring, and being allowed to retain the more im-
portant right of receiving the fealty and homage of the
bishops for their temporal possessions. This accommodation
was arranged in 1107, and on August 11 Anselm solemnly-
consecrated seven bishops, William GifFard being among the
number.

He presided over his see for nearly twenty-one years,
during which period he performed many acts to make his
rule remembered. He introduced monks of the Cistercian
order into England, and in 1128 founded an abbey for them
at Waverley in Surrey. He erected a priory for Augustine
Canons at Taunton, in Somersetshire. He was either the
founder of, or the principal contributor to, the priory of St.
Mary Overy, in Southwark; and he built the magnificent
mansion there, which was so long the residence of his suc-
cessors when in London. But all these munificent acts did
not prevent a contest between him and the monks of his
church for dilapidations, which rose to such a height, that,
after lasting two years, it was at length, in 1124, obliged to
be settled by the mediation of the king. After this they
lived in strict amity, and he assumed the habit of their order
before his death, which occurred on January 25, 1129.

There is no act recorded of him that throws doubt on the
praises awarded by Henry of Huntingdon and Thomas Rud-
borne in his History of Winchester ; and holding the office
of chancellor five times under three kings, the last of whom
was celebrated for his discrimination, he must have been
endowed with no ordinary qualifications.*

' Godwin de Praesul, 213.; Angl. Sac. i. 279. 700.; Roger de Wendover,
ii. 164. &c. ; Rapin, Turner, Lingard.

1100—1135. MILO DE GLOUCESTER, EARL OF HEREFORD. 123

GLOUCESTER, MILO DE, Earl of Hereford.

Just. Itin. 1130.

MiLO of Gloucester, sometimes called Milo Fitz- Walter, was
son of Walter, described in the History of the Foundation
of the Abbey of Lanthony as " Constabularius princeps
militia3 domus regiae," who built the castle of Gloucester on
his own domain. His mother was Emma, sister of Hame-
line de Balun, also a powerful noble, and a companion of
William the Conqueror on his invasion. Milo was their
only son, and in addition to his large inheritance acquired, by
his marriage with Sibyl, the eldest daughter of Bernard de
Newmarche, the honour of Brecknock. He succeeded also to
the office of constable, or, as some say, was appointed to it
by King Stephen. His name, however, appears with that
title to the charter granted to the Bishop of Bath at Easter,
1136, the first year of Stephen's reign.

According to the roll of 31 Henry I. he was then sheriff
of Staffordshire and Gloucestershire ; and one of the entries
is an allowance to him as sheriff of thirty shillings for mead
and beer provided for the king. By the same roll it ap-
pears that he was justice of the forest for the former county;
and that he and Pain Fitz-John were justices itinerant in
both counties ; Geoffrey de Clinton acting also with them in
Staffordshire.

On the death of Henry he concurred with the other
barons in placing Stephen on the throne ; and received, as
the first fruits of his acquiescence, a charter from that king
confirming to him and his heirs the honour of Gloucester
and Brecknock, and all his other lands as fully as he held
them on the day of Henry's death. This charter is dated
at Reding ; and was probably given when the king went to
the abbey there to assist at the funeral of his predecessor.
The King, in this grant, covenants with him " sicut haroni et

124 MILO DE GLOUCESTER, EARL OF HEREFORD. Hen. I.

justiciario meo ; " evidently using the expression as if the two
titles were synonymous.

The royal favour, however, made no permanent impression ;
for at a very early period of the contest which followed,
Milo forsook the king's party, and joined that of the Empress
Matilda. He was no doubt much influenced in his conduct
by Robert, Earl of Gloucester, the empress's brother, under
whom he was deputy governor of the castle of Gloucester.
To that unfortunate lady he proved himself a firm friend
during the remainder of his life ; receiving her as his guest
iu her difficulties, supporting her and her establishment at his
own expense during a period of two years, — guiding her by
his counsels, and aiding her by his arms. The oldest patent
on record shows the extent of her gratitude. It is dated on
July 25, 1141. It confers upon him the title of Earl of
Hereford, and gives him the castle and moat of Hereford, the
services of three knights and of their retainers, three manors
from the royal demesnes, a forest, and a right to the third
penny of the rents of the city, and the third penny of the
sums arising from causes tried in the courts of the county ; to
be held by him and his heirs. In the following September
he was one of those devoted warriors who covered Matilda's
retreat from Winchester when closely pressed by the bishop ;
and amidst the general slaughter that ensued he had the good
fortune to escape, and, alone and almost naked, reached the
castle of Gloucester.

He was renowned for his bravery and good conduct, and
they were both strongly exemplified in his almost romantic
rescue of the sister of the Earl of Chester, w^hen she, after
the murder of her husband, Richard de Clare, was besieged
by the Welsh, and being without provisions, despaired of
succour. He gained the castle on the side were it was con-
sidered inaccessible, and relieved her from her dreadful
condition.

I

1100—1135. MILO DE GLOUCESTER, EARL OF HEREFORD. 125

Unharmed amidst all the perils he had encountered, he
was at last accidentally slain by an arrow in a hunting match,
on December 24, 1 146.

He translated the canons of the abbey of Lanthony in
Monmouthshire, who were oppressed by the Welsh, to a
place called the Hide, near Gloucester, where he established
them in a new abbey, called Lanthony Secunda.

Of his five sons, the eldest, Roger, aided Matilda during
the remainder of the war ; and he and three of the others
became successively Earls of Hereford and Lords High
Constable; but, all dying without issue, the inheritance
devolved on Milo's three daughters. Margaret, the eldest,
married Humphrey de Bohun, whose eldest son, Humphrey,
after the death of the last of the brothers, was sometimes
called Earl of Hereford. His son Henry, however, received
the title by creation, and also the office of lord high constable,
and was one of the twenty-five barons appointed to enforce
Magna Charta. The next earl, his son, was created Earl of
Essex ; and the fourth earl having married Elizabeth, seventh
daughter of Edward I., and two of their sons having suc-
ceeded in turn to the titles of Earls of Hereford and Essex,
the third was created Earl of Northampton. In his son,
after the death of his uncles without issue, all the three earl-
doms were eventually concentrated, but became extinct at his
death by failure of male issue. That of Hereford, however,
was borne by Henry Plantagenet, of Bolinbroke, who after-
wards became Henry IV., in right of his wife Mary, second
daughter and co-heir of the last earl. Eleanor, the eldest
daughter, married "fhomas Plantagenet, youngest son of
Edward IH., who assumed the title of Earl of Essex.

Milo's second daughter, Berta, married William de Brewes,
and received the honour of Brecknock : and the share of
Lucia, his third daughter, married to Herbert Fitz-Herbcrt,
one of the chamberlains of Kln<i: Henry I., comprehended

126 GODFREY, BISHOP OF BATH. Hen. I.

the Forest of Dene, in Gloucestershire, and other lands in
England.^

GODFREY, Bishop of Bath.

? Chancellor, 1123.

Thynne and Philipot and their followers place Godfrey,
but erroneously, in the list of Henry's chancellors. The sole
authority they give is that of Matthew Parker, who in his
life of Archbishop William Corbel says that he consecrated
'^ Godfridum Regni Cancellarium, Bathoniensem Episcopum."
The word " Kegni," however, in this passage, was no doubt,
by a mistake of the transcriber or the printer, substituted
for " Reginae," as Godfrey certainly was chancellor to Queen
Adeliza ; and the term " Cancellarius Regni," or " Anglise,"
was not introduced till long afterwards, that officer being
invariably called at this period " Cancellarius Regis." This
consecration occurred also in 1123, when Ranulph was
chancellor.

Godfrey was a Belgian priest who came over to England
with the Queen on her marriage in 1121, as one of her
chaplains. He was soon raised to the post of her chancellor ;
and, by her interest, shortly afterwards obtained the bishoprick
of Bath, to which he was consecrated on August 26, 1123.
He presided over his see nearly twelve years, and, dying on
August 16, 1135, was buried at Bath.^

HERBERT. See Herbert Losinga.
HEREFORD, Bishop of. See Richard.
HEREFORD, Earl of. See Milo de Gloucester.
LINCOLN, Bishop of. See Robert Bloet.

» Dugdale's Monast. (1846), vi. 131—136. ; William of Malmsbury, 725.
&c. ; Madox's Exch. i. 14. 40. 146. 148. 199. 327. 364. ; Mag. Rot. 31 Henry I.
Hunter's ed. ; Lord Lyttelton, Lingard ; Nicolas's Synopsis of the Peerage.

'■^ Madox's Exch. i. 60. ; Godwin de Prsesul. 368. ; Angl. Sac. i. 560.

1100—1135. HERBERT LOSINGA, BISHOP OF NORWICH. 127

LOSINGA, HERBERT, Bishop of Thetford and
Norwich.

? Chancellor, 1104.

Thynne, in his Collection of Chancellors, has this passage :
" Herbertus, chancellor in the fourth year of Henry the First,
in the year of our salutation 1104 (as appeareth by an
anonymall pamphlet in written hand), of whom I am not
resolved whether this were Herbertus Losinga, Bishop of
Norwich, or noe." '

This is the sole authority for inserting Herbert as a
chancellor; for the " anonymall pamphlet in a written hand"
is not forthcoming, none of the copyists of Thynne have
offered any other evidence, and no record of the time contains
any fact which gives authenticity to the assertion. Besides
this, there is sufficient evidence that Waldric was chancellor
at the specified date. It would therefore seem unnecessary
to give any account of Bishop Herbert, whom Thynne is
" not resolved " to be identical with the supposed chancellor ;
but that, holding certainly a prominent position during that
period, some future discovery may be made which may
attach some greater probability to the relation than now
exists.

He was the son of Bobert Losinga ; but authorities differ
whether he was a Norman or a Briton ; and if the latter, in
what county he was born. One says, " In pago Oxunensi in
Normannia;" — another, "In pago Oxunensi in Sudovolgia
Anglorum Comitatu," which some interpret Orford in
Suffolk ; and again another, that he was born at Oxford.
The first of these seems the most probable, as there is no
doubt that he was Prior of Fescamp in Normandy, previous
to his coming over to England with William Rufus. Making

' Ilolinshed's Chronicle (1808), iv. 'MD.

128 HERBERT LOSINGA, BISHOP OF NORWICH. Hen. L

himself useful in every way at court, he became a great
favourite with that monarch. In the first year of his reign,
1087, he was preferred to the rich abbey of Ramsey ; and
four years afterwards, on the death of William Welson, in
1091, was promoted to the bishoprick of Thetford. For this
advancement he is stated to have paid to the king the sum of
1900/. ; and is charged with using the same simoniacal means
for procuring the abbacy of Winchester for his father.

His conscience reproving him for these transgressions,
he undertook a journey to Rome, where he succeeded in
obtaining absolution from Pope Pascall II., on condition that
he proved his penitence by devoting his riches to the church.
On his return, he, with the consent of the king and the pontiff,
in April, 1094, removed the see from Thetford to Norwich;
where, in redemption of his pledge, he built the cathedral
at his own expense, laying the first stone in the year 1096.
The lands with which he endowed it, and which were
sufficient for the support of sixty monks, are noticed in his
charter, which was witnessed by King Henry I. and his
queen Matilda, in 1101.

His munificence did not end here; for he erected the
palace, and founded five parish churches in the county ; and
a monastery for Cluniac monks at Thetford.

He died on July 22, 1119, and was buried in his own
cathedral. Weever gives the epitaph on his monument.

Whatever were his failings in youth, he amply redeemed
them in his latter years. He was an excellent scholar for
those times, and composed several learned treatises, men-
tioned by Pits, who calls him " vir omnium virtutum, et
bonarum literarum studiis impense redditus, mitis, affabilis,
corpore venusto, vultu decoro, moribus candidus, vita integer." ^

' William of Malmesbury, 515. 518, 519. 646. 648.; Godwin de Prajsul.
426. ; Weever, 786, 787. ; Angl. Sac. ii. 700. ; Bloomfield's Norfolk, i. 405. ;
and Norwich, i. 465.

100—1135. HENRY DE PORT. 129

MONTACUTE, Prior of. See Reginald.
PORT, HENRY DE.

Just. Ttin. 1130.

Henry de Port was tUe son and heir of a great Norman
baron named Hugh de Port, who held fifty-five lordships
under William the Conqueror at the General Survey, the
principal of which was the barony of Basing in Hampshire.

By the roll of 31 Henry I. he appears to have been one
of the justices itinerant acting in Kent, in which county part
of his property was situated. As his possessions are not
stated on that roll to be exempted from the Danegeld and
other taxes, as those of the other judges were, it may be
presumed that he was dead at its date, and that his pleas
were of a previous year.

He founded the priory of West Shirburn in Hampshire
as a cell to the Benedictine abbey of St. Vigor, in Cerasy, in
Normandy, and endowed it with his manor of Shirburn;
directing that his body should be buried at that abbey. He
also gave the tithes of his manor of Hageley, in Hawley,
near Dartford, Kent, to the church of Rochester.

His wife's name was Hadewise ; and by her he left two
sons, John and William, the former of whom succeeded to
his barony. John's son, Adam, was afterwards a justiciary
in the reign of King John: and having married the heir
of Roger de St. John, that surname was assumed by his
son William. The title of St. John of Basing, by which
his descendants were summoned to Parliament, eventually
devolved, sometimes through female representatives, on
William Paulet, who, in 1550, was created Earl of Wilt-
shire, and in 1551 Marquis of Winchester. In 1689, Charles,
the then Marquis, was created Duke of Bolton, but that

VOL. I. K

130

RANULPH.

Hen. I.

title became extinct in 1794. The Marquisate, however,
survived, and the subject of this article is represented by the
present holder of the title. ^

RANULPH, or ARNULPH.

Chancellor, 1107-8.

Of the birthplace and parentage of this Ranulph, history is
altogether silent. He was one of the chaplains of Henry I.,
who raised him to the office of his chancellor. In Thynne's
Catalogue, from which all the subsequent writers copy, the
first date attached to his holding the seal is 1116; but from
the following evidence it will be apparent that he was in
possession of it at a much earlier period. He attested, as
chancellor, a charter granted to the priory of St. Andrew
at Northampton in 8 Henry I., 1107-8^; and another at
Whitsuntide, 1109, granting the archbishoprick of York to
Thomas.^ His continuance in office until 1123 is proved
by his name and title being appended to the following
charters: making allowance for the intervals by several
others, which are undistinguished by dates, or the means of
fixing them.

The charter converting the abbey of Ely into a bishop-
rick was granted in November, 10 Henry I., 1110'*; that
removing the episcopal seat from Wells to Bath, on August 8,
1111^; that to the monastery of Bardney in 16 Henry L,
1115-16^; that to the monastery of St. Bennet of Hulme,
in 1117^; that to the abbey of St. Vigor, in Normandy,

» Mag. Rot. 31 Henry I., Hunter's ed. ; Dugdale's Monast. (1846), i. 170.,
vi. 1013. ; Hasted's Kent; Nicolas's Synopsis of the Peerage.

2 Dugdale's Monast. (1846), v. 191. » j^ij. vi. 1180.

* Ibid. i. 483. s Ibid. ii. 267.

6 Ibid. i. 629. • Ibid. iii. 86.

1100—1135. RANULPH. 131

on November 21, 1120^; that to the abbey of West-
minster, in 1121 or 1122 -; and that to the priory of Laund,
in Leicestershire, after April, 1123.^

At Christmas, in the last-mentioned year, the king held
his court at Dunstable. It is related that, riding there with
the monarch, the chancellor fell from his horse and was
carelessly (improvide) ridden over by a monk of St. Albans,
" cujus possessiones," Roger de Wendover slyly adds, " male
occupaverat." In a few days his career was closed.

Although he did not live long enough to attain the epis-
copal honours usually awarded to chancellors, he had made
some way in his ecclesiastical preferment. In the charter to
Bardney in 16 Henry I., already cited, to his title of
chancellor that of '* Abbate de Salesbia " is added, If this
means Selby, it is to be observed that the list of these abbots
is very incomplete at this period.

He and his son are included in Leland's list of the bene-
factors of Reading Abbey, founded by King Henry in 1 1 2 1 '^ :
and Henry III. confirms some large grants he made to the
priory of Montacute, in Somersetshire, and among them one
of the manor of Tinetella, with the condition that the
Cluniac church should have out of it 100 shillings for the
chancellor's anniversary.^

He is described by Wendover as suffering under heavy
bodily infirmity during the last twenty years of his life, but
as ready for all kind of wickedness ; and Henry of Hunting-
don, in recording the characters of those great men whose
lives he had witnessed, while he bears the strongest testimony
to his learning, sagacity, and experience, speaks in terms of
severe censure of his impiety, oppression, and avarice.^

' Dugdale's Monast. (184G), vi. 107.'5. « Ibid. i. 308.

» Ibid. vi. 188. * Leland's Coll. i. 69.

* Dugdale's Monast. v. 167.

" Roger de Wendover, ii. i^O'i. ; Angl, Sax. ii. 698.

K 2

132 RICHARD, BISHOP OF HEREFORD. Hen. I.

He is sometimes called Arnulph by the historians, but not
in the records.

REGINALD, Prior op Montacute.

? Chancellor, 11...

The introduction of Reginald as chancellor to Henry I. into
Thynne's list has no other foundation than the following
words in Leland's Itinerary : " Then came one Reginaldus
Cancellarius, so namyd, hy likelyhode, of his office, a man
of gret fame, about King Henry the First." Upon such
vague evidence as this the name has been continued in
subsequent lists, when there is not a single document to
support the supposition, and when it is notorious that queens,
and barons, and bishops, and others had offices of this title,
from which Reginald might have been named.

Leland goes on to say that " he felle to religion, and was
prior to Montegue, and enlarged yt with buildings and pos'
sessions." Yet it is curious that his name is not in the list
of priors contained in the Cottonian Manuscript copied by
Willis in his Mitred Abbeys ; and that in the recapitulation
of the grants to that priory set forth in its various charters,
his name does not appear as a benefactor.^

RICHARD, Bishop of Hereford.

? Keeper, 11...

Richard was one of King Henry's chaplains, and is men-
tioned by Thynne as keeper of the seal when Ranulph was
chancellor. In no document, however, is he so designated ;
and Malmesbury, with greater probability, calls him " Cle-
ricus de Sigillo."

» Dugdale's Monast. (1846), v. 163. &c. ; Thynne, list in Holinshed, iv. 349.

I

1100—1135, GEOFFREY RIDEL. 133

In the year 1120 he was preferred to the bishoprick of
Hereford, being consecrated at Lambeth on January 16,
by William, Archbishop of Canterbury. He died at Led-
bury on August 15, 1127, and was buried in his own
cathedral.^

RIDEL, GEOFFREY.

? Just. Angl. 11...

Geoffrey E-idel was a baron in the reign of Henry I., of
whom very few particulars remain.

The authority on which he is called chief justiciary of
England is that of Henry of Huntingdon, in his Epistle de
Mundi Contemptu, one copy of which, however, omits his
name. This author gives the title to several parties who
were acting as justiciaries at the same period; and may,
perhaps, have considered all those who sat judicially in the
Aula Regis as entitled to that designation. The assertion in
this instance certainly requires some confirmation, especially
as the chief authority was undoubtedly exercised by Roger,
Bishop of Salisbury, during the greater part of the reign.

Dugdale mentions him as united with Robert Bloet,
Bishop of Lincoln, Ralph Basset, and others, in a commission
to hear and determine a case relating to the privilege of
sanctuary in the church of Ripon; and then adds that he
succeeded Ralph Basset as justice of England. This, how-
ever, is not very probable ; as Ralph Basset lived several
years after the death of Ridel.

That event occurred in 1119, when he shared the fate of
Prince William, who was drowned on his return from Nor-
mandy. William of Malmesbury, who relates the disaster,
mentions among the sufferers, " dapiferi, camerarii, pincernie

' Godwin de Prnesul. p. 482. ; Le Neve, 108.
K 3

134 GEOFFREY RUFUS, BISHOr OF DURHAM. Hen. I.

regis, ac multi proceres cum eis ; " and would scarcely have
omitted the name or the title of so important a personage as
a chief justiciary.

He married Geva, the daughter of Hugh de Abrlncis, Earl
of Chester, by whom he left only a daughter, named Matilda,
who married Kichard Basset, the justiciary. Their eldest
son assumed the name of Ridel, and the barony became ex-
tinct in the third generation.

Geoffrey Ridel had a brother, Matthias, who was Abbot
of Peterborough in 1 1 03, and died in the following year. ^

ROGER, Bishop of Salisbury.

Chancellor, 1101. Just. Angl. 1107.

See under the Reign of Stephen.
RUFUS, GEOFFREY, Bishop of Durham.

Chancellor, 1 124.

The name of Geoffrey is the only one by which this indi-
vidual is mentioned in the remaining records of the time.
The History of Durham and Bishop Godwin say that he re-
ceived the cognomen of Rufus, by which he is now generally
distinguished, without stating on what account ; and nothing
is known of his family or himself until he became chan-
cellor to Henry I.

He succeeded in this office Ranulph, who was killed by a
fall from his horse about Christmas, 1123, and his name
appears to a charter to Exeter Cathedral ^ which, though
without date, as is common in those times, must have been
granted between August, 1123, when Godfrey, Bishop of
Bath, one of the witnesses, was raised to that see, and the

' Angl. Sac. ii. 701. ; Dugdale's Baron, i. 555. ; B. Willis' Mitred Abbeys,
145.

'^ Dugdale's Monast. (1846), ii. 539.

1100—1135. GEOFFREY RUFUS, BISHOP OF DURHAM. 135

death of Teoldus, Bishop of Worcester, another witness,
which occurred sometime in 1124.

That he was not removed from his office during the
remainder of the reign, may be concluded from his wit-
nessing as chancellor the following instruments, selected as
affording the clearest evidence from many others, which
would supply the intervening dates.

Hugh de la Val's charter to Pontefract Priory ^, before
1127, when Richard, Bishop of Hereford, one of the wit-
nesses, died ; King Henry's charter to Great Malvern Priory ^
in 1127, and in the same year the confirmation of the statutes
of the Council of Westminster ^ ; the charter to the monastery
of Charteris in Cambridgeshire ^ before August, 1131, when
Hervey, Bishop of Ely, one of the witnesses, died ; that to
the nunnery of St. Martin at Dover ^ in 1131, besides the
frequent mention of his name in the great roll of that year^ ;
the Foundation Charter of the priory of Dunstable ^, after
1131, when Robert, Bishop of Hereford, one of the witnesses,
was raised to that see ; the charter to the cathedral of
Lincoln ^ in 1132; and the charter by which the king
gave the office of great chamberlain to Alberic de Vere^,
which must have been granted after October 1, 1133, when
Nigel, Bishop of Ely, one of the witnesses was consecrated,
and being dated " apud Ferneham in transfretatione Regis,"
was probably signed in the autumn of 1134, when the king
went for the last time to Normandy, and died there.

Geoffrey was raised to the bishoprick of Durham on
August 6, 1133. Some authors fix his elevation in 1128;
but the history of Durham in the Anglia Sacra gives the

> Dugdale's Monast. v. 121. * Ibid. iii. 448.

3 Rymer's Feed. (1816), i. 8. ■• Dugdale's Monast. ii. 617.

« Ibid. iv. 5.38.

« Mag. Rot. .31 Henry I., Hunter's ed.

' Dugdale's Monast. vi. 240. * Ibid. vi. 1271.

8 Madox's Exch. i. 56.

K 4

136 GEOFFREY RUFUS, BISHOP OP DURHAM. Hen. I.

former year, and the correctness of this is substantiated by
the fact that his signature to the Lincoln charter in 1132 is
only " Geoffrey the Chancellor," while that to the grant to
Alberic de Vere in 1134 is "Geoffrey the Chancellor,
Bishop of Durham." In the great roll of 31 Henry I. also,
he is simply styled chancellor ; and the bishoprick of Durham
is there shown to be in the charge of certain custodes during
its vacancy.

In that roll there is an entry, from which it has been
argued that he purchased the chancery for 3006Z. 13*. 4(/. It
is there stated that he owed that sum " pro sigillo." How
far the words used warrant the presumption that this was a
fine which he had undertaken to pay for an office of which he
had been in possession for seven or eight years, has been
discussed in the preliminary chapter of this reign. ^ It is now
impossible to come at the real truth, but the probabilities
seem to be in opposition to the inference drawn.

That roll shews that he then had the care of the tempo-
ralities of the bishopricks of Coventry and Hereford, and of
the abbey of Chertsey, during their vacancies ; and also the
custody of various manors and lands then vested in the crown.
From no less than twenty entries of his being excused the
payment of Danegeld and other taxes, it appears that he had
property in fifteen counties, and that the impositions from
which he was thus exempted, amounted to the then large
sum of 46/. 35. 2d.

He does not appear to have been continued in his office of
chancellor by King Stephen, and he died at the castle of
Durham, on May 6, 1140.

He built the castle of Alverton, and gave it to his nephew
(or son), who married a granddaughter of the Earl of Al-
bemarle.^

' See p. 82.

2 Godwin de Praesul. 734. ; Le Neve, 347. ; Madox's Exch. i. 56. 62. 20G.
297. 306. 457., ii. 472.

1100—1135. ALBERIC DE VERE. 137

SALISBURY, Bishop of. See Roger.
VERE, ALBERIC DE.

? Just. Angl. 11 . . .

The father of Alberic de Vere was a Norman baron of the
same name, who accompanied King William on his conquest
of England, and who received for his reward Kensington and
other lordships, which are noted in Domesday Book. His
mother was Beatrice, daughter of Henry, castellan of Bour-
bourg, and niece and heir of Manasses, Count of Ghisnes.

The priory of Colne in Essex was founded by them in the
early part of the reign of Henry I., whose charter of con-
firmation is dated in the year 1111.^ Alberic, the father,
lived a few years after this time, and taking the habit of a
monk, was buried in the priory. His eldest son Geoffrey
died in his lifetime ^ ; but he left four other sons, Alberic,
Roger, Robert, who became constable of England, and
William ; and a daughter Rose, the wife of Geoffrey de
Mandeville, Earl of Essex.

The first mention that occurs of Alberic Junior, as he was
called, is in a charter of King Henry, granting power to the
Prior of Christchurch, or the Holy Trinity, in Aldgate,
London, to inclose a way near the church, addressed " To
Richard, Bishop of London, and Albericus de Yere, sheriff,
and all his barons and lieges of London." ^ Stow also
mentions that Henry sent " his sheriffs, to wit, Aubrey de
Vere, and Roger, nephew to Hubert," to invest that priory
with the soke of the English Knighten Guilde, in pursuance
of his charter addressed to the same bishop, and witnessed by
Queen Adelisa. This, therefore, must have been between

' Dugdale's Monast. (184G), iv. 99, 100. » Ibid.

» Ibid. vi. 155.

138 ALBERIC DE VERE. Hen. I.

1121, when Adelisa was married, and 1127, when Bishop
Richard died. The office of sheriff or portgrave of London
corresponded with that of the present mayor, but was in those
times one of considerable dignity, and held by persons of
high rank. His name also appears, without the addition of
any title, and after that of his brother Robert, to a charter of
King Henry to Walter, Abbot of Ramsey, who was not
elected to that office till 1133.^

Both Dugdale and Spelman introduce him into their lists
of chief justiciaries of England ; but there does not appear
sufficient authority for so designating him. That he acted
judicially with the other barons in the Curia Regis, there can
be no doubt ; and that he shared highly in the confidence of
the king, there is as little question. But that he never filled
the highest judicial office, the above and other documents
that remain afford strong presumptive evidence.

In the ancient Exchequer roll of 31 Henry I. (1130), he
appears to have had, in conjunction with Richard Basset, the
control over the eleven counties of Surrey, Cambridge,
Huntingdon, Essex, Hertford, Northampton, Leicester,
Norfolk, Suffolk, Buckingham, and Bedford, as sheriff or
fermour ; but Richard Basset's name invariably stands first.
That this was an office of at least as much trouble as honour,
appears from the fact that he fined, in the same year, to be
relieved from the burden in Essex and Hertfordshire. The
preceding entry, that he was charged with 550/. and four
war horses for the escape of a prisoner, shews, perhaps, the
cause of his retirement.

In 1134, King Henry granted to him and his heirs the
office of his Magistra Cameraria, great chamberlain, of all
England. The first witness to this grant is Roger, the Bishop
of Salisbury, evidently then holding the chief office of the
kingdom.

' Madox's Exch. i. 757.

1100—1135. ALBERIC DE VERE. 139

Alberic was present as chamberlain at the general council
held the first year of Stephen ; and when that king, in the
fourth year of his reign, was summoned to a council by the
Bishop of Winchester, to answer for having seized the old
Bishop of Salisbury, and his nephew Alexander, Bishop of
Lincoln, and confiscated their property, he sent Alberic de
Vere to defend him, as one experienced in those matters.
This, however, required more of policy than law, and his
attendance in the Curia Regis would suflSciently instruct
him in the latter. The selection, however, by no means
proves him to have been chief justiciary at the time ; and
William of Malmesbury's designation of him as " Albericus
quidam de Ver, homo causarum varietatibus exercitatus," and
as " causidicus Albericus," certainly bears no appearance that
he was so.

He was killed in London on the ides of May, 1140,
probably in performing some of his duties as portgrave of the
City. A quaere is raised by Spelman whether there were
not two Alberics, one the earl and the other the portgrave ;
but he suggests no adequate reason for the doubt.

He married Adeliza, the daughter of Roger de Yvery,
who came over with William the Conqueror, and whose son
Roger was chief butler to William IL She increased his
possessions by certain lands in Islip, Hedyngton, and Drayton,
which were all she was suffered to inherit on the death of
her brother without issue.

Alberic, their eldest son (the third of that name), was
created Earl of Oxford in 1155. The ninth earl was ad-
vanced first to the title of Marquis of Dublin in 1386, and
next to that of Duke of Ireland in 1387. He forfeited his
honours ; but the earldom was granted to his uncle. On the
death of Aubrey, the twentieth earl, without issue, in 1702,
the title became extinct ; but the office of great chamberlain
had, by the death of Henry, the eighteenth earl, without

140 WALDRIC. Hen. I.

issue, passed with his aunt Mary to the family of Bertie,
Baron Willoughby de Eresby, afterwards Earls of Lindsey,
and Dukes of Ancaster ; whose representatives, through two
daughters, the present Baron Willoughby de Eresby and the
Marquis Cholmondely, are now joint Great Chamberlains of
England.^

WALDRIC.

Chancellor, 1104.

The name of Waldric appears as chancellor to the concord
between the Abbot of Fescamp and Philip de Braiosa made
at Salisbury on January 13, 1103-4^: so that he succeeded
William Giffard on his discharge from the office. There are
four other documents of this reign in the Monasticon^
attested by him in the same character, which, though
bearing no date, must have been executed about this time.
He is introduced at the same period by Thynne, Philipot,
and Spelman.

In 1106 a charter occurs, granted to the church of
Tewkesbury, one of the signatures to which, immediately
following the king's, is that " Walteri, Cancellarii : " '^ and
the same signature is added to another charter granted to the
priory of Thetford, which is dated at Bamsey, in transitu
Regis, on February 14.^ The year is not mentioned, but it
probably was signed when the king went to Normandy, in
the same year.

No author notices such a chancellor as Walter, and the
name only occurs on these two occasions. It may fairly be

1 Stow's London, 116.; Morant's Essex, ii. 292.; Madox's Exch. i. 13. 56.
164. 327. 458. ; Mag. Rot. 31 Henry I., Hunter's ed. ; Spelman's Gloss.
Justiciarius ; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 188. ; Leland's Coll. i. 129.

2 Dugdale's Monast. (1846), vi. 1083.

^ Ibid. i. 164., vi. 1106. 1273. * Ibid. ii. 66.

s Ibid. V. 149.

1100—1135. WALDRIC. 141

presumed, therefore, that they are merely errors, either of the
scribe or the printer, in substituting them for Waldric.

In the notice of Galdric, the chancellor under William II.*,
it is suggested that he may be the same as this Waldric ;
and an account is given of his taking Duke Robert at the
battle of Tenchebrai, and being rewarded with the bishop-
rick of LlandafF. It will be observed that all the above-
mentioned instruments were executed before that battle,
which was fought on September 28, 1106, and that the last
of them was probably dated before embarking on the ex-
pedition against Duke Robert.

That the name neither of Waldric nor of Galdric occurs
at any subsequent date, and that Ranulph soon after appears
as chancellor, if affording no positive confirmation, at least
offer no contradiction to the suggestion.

WINCHESTER, Bishop of. See William Giffard.

» See p. 67.

142

STEPHEN.

Reigned 18 years and 10 months; from December 26, 1135,
to October 25, 1154.

SURVEY OF THE EEIGN.

The distractions of this reign, caused and continued by the
most disgusting perjuries of the nobles and the clergy, left
no opportunity for improvement in the law, and destroyed
most of the records of its proceedings. Even the solemni-
sation of the great festivals was discontinued, and after the
first four or five years of the reign the royal courts were no
longer held.^

The chancellors of King Stephen, according to Spelman,
are six in number; according to Thynne, Philipot, Hardy,
and Lord Campbell, five ; while Dugdale mentions only
three ; all varying in an extraordinary mannner. Few
charters of the reign are extant in print, but from these
some approach to a correct list may be obtained.

Roger, surnamed Pauper, the nephew, or rather the son,
of Roger, Bishop of Salisbury (with whom Thynne and Phili-
pot evidently confound him), was chancellor both in the earlier
and later part of the first year of the reign. One charter to
which his name is affixed as chancellor is dated 1135, and
therefore must have been granted between the king's coro-
nation on December 26 in that year, and the 25th of March
following : and two other charters occur, one dated at West-

Madox's Exch. i. 14.

1135—1154. CHANCELLORS. 143

minster at Easter, 1136 ; and the other, being the charter of
liberties, dated in the same year at Oxford. He is again
named as chancellor in a charter of 1138; and his official
career was closed by his seizure and imprisonment in June,
1139.^

Philip was probably his immediate successor ; but his
continuance in office is uncertain There is, however, a
charter witnessed by him, which could not have been dated
later than 1148, or perhaps than 1144.^ His services, in all
likelihood, ceased on the king's capture in 1141.

The Empress Matilda landed in England at the end of
September, 1139, and pursued her claim to the crown with
various fortune till February, 1141, when her troops ob-
tained a decisive victory at Lincoln, and Stephen was taken
prisoner. He remained in confinement from that time till
November following, when he was exchanged for Robert,
Earl of Gloucester, Matilda's brother. During the greater
part of that interval, the empress's rights were generally
acknowledged, and she exercised undoubted sovereignty ;
and even until her withdrawal into Normandy in 1147, her
authority was recognised in some of the English counties.
Two of her charters, both dated Oxford, and therefore
probably granted in the year 1142, bear the attestations
respectively of " T. Cancellario Archiepiscopo " and " W.
Cancellario."^ The former was Theobald, Archbishop of
Canterbury ; and the latter was William, the brother of
John Fitz-Gilbert ; after whom she had granted the re-
version of the office in favour of William de Yere, the
brother of Alberic, Earl of Oxford.''

The only other of King Stephen's chancellors whose

• Dugdale's Monast. (1846), ii. 842., iii. 406.; Madox's Exch. i. 13.;
Appendix to Reports of Record Commissioners.

« Dugdale's Monast. ii. 146. ' Ibid.

* Ilardv's Catalogue.

144 CHANCELLORS. Stephen,

name appears upon any charter is Robert de Gant. One
of them must have been dated between 1139 and 1151.^

Of the three other persons who are chronicled as chancellors
by the authors above cited, the following remarks will be
deemed sufficient to justify the exclusion of their names.

1. Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, is named by Thynne
and Philipot ; but manifestly mistaking him for his son or
nephew, Roger Pauper. In all the three charters of 1 Ste-
phen before referred to, both of their names appear, the
one as bishop, the other as chancellor.

2. Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln, nephew of Roger,
Bishop of Salisbury, is also inserted in the lists of Thynne
and his followers, upon the authority of William of New-
bury. But that writer does not mention his name ; and the
fact related in the passage cited applies to Roger, who is
there called the nephew of the bishop. Lord Campbell
adds another reference to the Parliamentary History, where,
however, the name of the chancellor, instead of being Alex-
ander, turns out to be Roger. ^

3. Reginald, or Reinold, Abbot of Walden,
Thynne declares he has seen termed chancellor " in one
anonymall brief- written chronicle." The value of this
authority may be estimated by the fact that the priory of
Walden was not erected into an abbey till the year 1190,
and that Reginald was not even prior till 1164.

The holder of the great seal seems to have advanced in
importance, to judge from his more prominent position
among the witnesses to the charters of this reign, in which
he takes precedence before the earls, and after the bishops.

The office of chief justiciary is stated by Ordericus Vitalis
to have been held by Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, at
the beginning of this reign. ^ Though no record occurs in

• Monast. vi. 820. « Pari. Hist. i. 5. ^ Madox's Exch. i. 33. 9.

1135—1154. CHIEF JUSTICIARY. 145

which that title appears, there is no doubt that, whether in
this office or in that of treasurer, he was at first treated by the
king as his prime minister. It is evident, however, that he
had lost his influence before his seizure at the Council of
Oxford in June, 1 139 ; and his death happened a few months
afterwards.

From this period till the accommodation between the king
and Henry, Duke of Normandy, in November, 1153,
when, according to Hoveden, the latter was invested with
the office of chief justiciary ', no person appears to have filled
it. It should be remarked, however, that, notwithstanding
Hoveden's assertion, the Convention itself contains no such
appointment, but in it, on the contrary, the king expressly
reserves to himself the exercise of the royal justice."

Little attention to their judicial duties could be expected
from the barons as members of the Curia Kegis, during a
period of internal rebellion; when they were either siding
with one or other of the conflicting parties, or carrying on
their own local aggressions or defences. The law itself was
an useless weapon against the invasion of power ; the strong
and unprincipled took advantage of the universal disorder ;
the weak were without remedy ; and the whole kingdom,
during the continuance of this reign, was in a state of lawless
confusion. Scarcely a record consequently remains in which
the name of a justiciary appears.

Madox quotes a writ in favour of the Dean of St. Martin's,
London, addressed, *' Ricardo de Luci, Justic. et Vice-
comiti de Essexa ; " which tliat learned and industrious
writer adduces as evidence that he was chief justiciary.
I very much question, however, whether it can be considered
as bearing that interpretation. The writ has reference to the
dean's property at Maiden in Essex, and is merely addressed

' Madox's Exch. 34. s. * Lord Lyttcltons llciny II. i. 541.

VOL. I. L

146

CHANCELLOKS AND CPIIEP JUSTICIARIES. STEPHEN.

to Richard de Luci as sheriff of that county, having a judi-
cial as well as a ministerial character, as all sheriffs had.
The word " Justiciarius " had lately come into more common
use, and had a looser signification than that to which it was
afterwards limited ; as we have seen in the charter to Milo
of Gloucester, in which the king covenanted with him " sicut
Justiciario et Baroni meo.'' The utmost, however, which
this writ can be deemed to prove (even if it goes so far) is,
that Richard de Luci was one of the king's regular justiciers ;
for there is nothing to show that he was the chief.

Table of Chancellors and Chief Justiciaries, or Justiciaries.

A.R.

A.D.

Chancellors.

Chief Justiciaries, or Justiciaries.
The latter marked ?

I.
IV.

XVIII.

1135
1139

1153, Nov.

Roger Pauper

Philip

Robert de Gant

Roger, Bishop of Salisbury.

Henry, Duke of Normandy.
? Richard de Lucy.

There is no evidence of the appointment of any justices
itinerant under Stephen ; and the discontinuance of the
circuits would be a natural consequence of the perpetual
state of intestine commotion in which the kingdom was
involved.

147

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES

THE JUDGES UNDER THE REIGN OF STEPHEN.

ALEXANDER, Bishop of Lincoln.

? Chancellor, 11. . .

Alexander was the nephew of Roger, Bishop of Salisbury,
being a son of one of his brothers. He was born in Nor-
mandy, and, with such a connection, soon received advance-
ment in England. Roger first appointed him archdeacon in
his own diocese, and at Easter, 1123, he was advanced to the
bishoprick of Lincoln. His cathedral being soon after acci-
dentally destroyed by fire, he rebuilt it with the greatest
magnificence, increasing the number of prebends, and hand-
somely endowing them. He emulated his uncle in the erec-
tion of three castles, those of Banbury, Sleaford, and Newark ;
the last of which he was incautious enough to declare was
designed as much for the security as the dignity of the church.
When King Stephen became jealous of the power of the
clergy, he shared in his uncle's disgrace, and was compelled
to pay the same penalty, that of surrendering his castles to
the monarch. The defenders of that of Newark, however,
resisted the royal power, and could not be prevailed upon to
deliver it up, until they found that the king had sworn that
the bishop should not taste food so long as they held out.
Even after their submission, the bishop was kept in prison for
some time ; and when he at last was liberated, he quitted the
strife of politics, and devoted himself and his property to his

148 ROBERT BE GANT, DEAN OF YORK. Stephen.

religious duties and the improvement of his see. He took
two journeys to Rome, and so pleased both the king and the
pope by his conduct, that he was appointed legate from the
latter in England ; where he convened a synod, and passed
some useful canons for repressing the enormities of the times.
In 1147 he made a third visit to the pope, then in France,
but, being seized with sickness, he had scarcely time to re-
turn ere he died, in the month of August ; having presided
over the see of Lincoln for twenty-four years.

Besides the above proofs of his munificence, the hospital of
St. Leonard at Newark, the priory of Haverholm in Lin-
colnshire, and the abbeys of Dorchester and Thame in Oxford-
shire, acknowledged him as their founder.

Henry of Huntingdon, who dedicated his History to him,
paints him in glowing colours in some verses while living,
and in his epistle De Mundi Contemptu when dead.

His introduction into Thynne's and Dugdale's list of chan-
cellors under King Stephen is founded on a passage in William
of Newbury ; in which, however, no name occurs, and the
fact referred to evidently applies to the fate of his cousin
Roger, the son, or, as he was often called, the nephew of the
bishop, and an undoubted chancellor. No charter or other
record mentions Alexander as chancellor.^

BEVERLEY, Provost of. See Robert de Gant.

GANT, ROBERT DE, Provost of Beverley, and
Dean of York.

Chancellor, II...

Philipot, following Thynne, names a Robert as chancellor
to Stephen, without any surname ; and has evidently taken

' Godwin de Praesulibus, 284. ; William of Malmesbury, 715, 716. 744. ;
Angl. Sac. ii. 700. ; Dugdale's Chron. Ser. ; Thynne ; Thoroton's Notts, i. 389.
398. 406.

1135—1154. ROBERT DE GANT, DEAN OF YORK.

149

very little pains to discover it : Spelman adds the surname,
but neither Dugdale nor the author of the Lives of the
Chancellors (1708) mention him. Madox, however, gives
the copy of a charter of King Stephen's, dated " apud Niwe-
toniam," granting the burgh and castle of Hereford, &c. to
Robert, Earl of Leicester ^ ; the first witness to which is
Robert de Gant, chancellor. Another witness to this charter
is William, Earl of Lincoln, who acquired that title in 1142,
and died about 1152. "Robert the Chancellor" is also the
first witness to a grant of the church of Langeford made by
that king to the Templars ^, which must have been dated
between the years 1139 and 1151.

There were two Roberts de Gant who were alive about
this time, the uncle and nephew. The former was the
second son of Gilbert, the first baron of that name, (son of
Baldwin, Earl of Flanders or Gant), by Alice de Montfort ;
the latter was the second son of Walter de Gant, the second
baron, by Matilda, the daughter of Stephen, Earl of Brittany
and Richmond. In the absence of any decisive authority, I
think the presumption to be drawn from facts and dates is, that
the uncle was the chancellor. He preceded Becket as Provost
of Beverley ^ and was Dean of York in 1148, and probably
was raised to that dignity when his predecessor, William de
St. Barbara, became Bishop of Durham, in 1142. He was
succeeded in the deanery in 1153 "^5 which was doubtless the
date of his death. The nephew lived till 1192, and was the
ancestor of Maurice de Gant, who will be noticed as a justice
itinerant under Henry III.^

' Madox's Exch. ii. 138. ' Dugdale's Monast. vi. 820.

^ Dugdale's Monast. vi. 1307.

* Proceedings of Archasological Inst, at York; Priory of Holy Trinity, 59.

110.

Ibid. 59. &c. ; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 402.

I. 3

150 HENRY, DUKE OF NORMANDY. Stephen.

HENRY, DUKE OF NORMANDY, afterwards King
Henry II.

Just. Angl. 1153.

Henry was the eldest son of Geoffrey, Earl of Anjou, by the
Empress Matilda, daughter of King Henry I. Being born in
March, 1 133, he was but an infant during the contest between
his mother and King Stephen. On tlie death of his father in
1150, he succeeded to the earldom of Anjou, and by consent of
his mother assumed the title of Duke of Normandy. Having
then attained tlie age of sixteen, he resolved to recover the
English throne which his mother had lost. He accordingly
received the honour of knighthood from his uncle David,
King of Scotland ; and strengthened himself by a politic
marriage with Eleanor of Poitou, the divorced wife of Louis,
King of France, acquiring with her the extensive duchy of
Aquitaine. On his landing in England shortly after, his
standard was joined by such of his mother's former adherents
as survived, and by all those who were desirous of termi-
nating the state of anarchy which prevailed throughout the
kingdom. The contending armies met at Walliiigford ; but
by the intervention of wise counsellors they parted without
bloodshed, and an arrangement was effected between Stephen
and Henry, by which it was agreed that the former should
not be disturbed in his rule during his life, and that Henry
should succeed him at his death. This treaty was concluded on
November 7, 1153 ; when Stephen is said to have constituted
Henry Chief Justiciary of England under him. He did not,
however, long perform the duties of this office, as he returned
to Normandy at the following Easter, and remained there till
after Stephen's decease, which occurred on the 25th of the
ensuing October.

This is not the proper place to record the incidents of the

1135—1154. ROGER PAUPER. 151

life of King Henry II. It is sufficient to state that after a
reign of more than thirty -four years, he died at Chinon on
July 5, 1189.

LINCOLN, Bishop of. See Alexander.
LUCI, RICHARD DE.

? Just. Angl. 11. . .
See under the Reign of Henry 11.

NORMANDY, Duke of. See Henry.
PAUPER, ROGER.

Chancellor, 1135.

KoGER, surnamed Pauper, was the son of Roger, Bishop of
Salisbury, the great minister of Henry I., and of Matilda of
Kamsbury, whom some authors call his wife, and some his
concubine. Considering, however, the high character of this
prelate both for piety and prudence, and that he held so
prominent a position in the state, it is scarcely to be believed
that he would disgrace himself by having such a companion in
his establishment ; for she was openly living in his castle of
Devizes when it was attacked. The more natural, as well as
the more charitable presumption therefore is, that he had
been legally united to her, and that he had refused to obey
the canons which were then attempted to be enforced, enjoin-
ing married priests to put away their wives.

No circumstances of his early life are recorded ; but there
are three documents proving that he was chancellor in the
first year of Stephen's reign, viz., a charter to the nunnery of
Shaftesbury, dated at Gillingham in 1135 S therefore with-
in the first three months after the king's coronation ; another
to Robert, Bishop of Bath, granted at the general council
held at Westminster in the following Easter"^; and a third,

' Dugdale's Monast. (1846), ii. 482. » Madox's Exch. i. 13.

L 4

152 rniLTP. Stephen.

being the charter of liberties, dated near the same time at
Oxford^; to all of which the attestation of his father, the
bishop, is also attached.

In 1138 he was witness to a charter of confirmation to the
priory of Eye in Suffolk^; and in July, 1139, he was still
chancellor, when he and his father were seized by Stephen at
Oxford. The manner in which he was carried in fetters
before the castle of Devizes, and threatened with instant death
unless it was surrendered to the king, is more fully related in
the subsequent life of Bishop Roger. His mother Matilda's
feelings, on seeing her son degraded and led as a criminal to
the foot of the gibbet, may well be conceived ; and some
authors assert that it was only by her surrendering the keep,
that the bishop's nephew, the Bishop of Ely, was at last com-
pelled to deliver up possession of the castle itself.

Although the bishop was released when the castle was
taken, the king kept the chancellor in confinement ; and for
a long time refused to give him his liberty unless he would
join the court party ; an offer which he invariably rejected.
At last, however, he procured his freedom, on condition that
he retired from the kingdom. His exile continued during
the remainder of his life, and history is silent as to its close. ^

PHILIP.

Chancellor, 1139.

None of the authorities record anything more of Philip than
that he was chancellor under Stephen, and that his name
appears in that character as witness to certain grants made to
the church of Ely, and to Nigel, its bishop ; none of which,
however, are printed in the Monasticon. He is generally

^ Appendix to Reports of Record Commissioners.
* Dugdale's Monast. iii. 406.

^ Madox's Exch. i. 14. : Godwin de Praesul. 341. ; Roger de Wendover, ii.
226.

1135—1154. KOGER, BISHOP OF SALISBURY. 153

mentioned as the successor of Roger Pauper, who was
removed from the office in 1139 ; and a charter to the monas-
tery of St. Frideswide (Christchurch), Oxford, one of the
witnesses to which is " P. the chancellor,"^ seems to corrobo-
rate this account; as it must have been dated before 1148,
and perhaps before 1144.

The author of the Lives of the Chancellors (1708) is
evidently mistaken in saying that he held it till Becket was
appointed, in the next reign ; as Robert de Gant was certainly
chancellor during part of the interval.

REGINALD, Abbot of Walden.

? Chancellor.

The only authority for introducing Reginald, Abbot of
Walden, among the chancellors of this reign, seems to be
" one anonymall brief-written chronicle," in which Thynne
and his copyist Philipot say, that they have seen him so
termed. How far this information is correct may be judged
from the fact, that Walden did not exist as an abbey till the
year 1190, previously to which date it was only a priory.
Although Reginald was the first abbot and the last prior, he
did not attain even the latter dignity till 1164, ten years after
Stephen's death. ^

ROGER, Bishop of Salisbury.

Just. Angl. 1135.
See under the Reign of Henry I.

Roger is first introduced to the notice of historians as curate
of a small church in the neighbourhood of Caen, and as in-

' Dugdale's Monast. (1846), ii. 146.; Philipot; Lives; Dugdale.
• Philipot, 11. ; Browne Willis's Mitred Abbeys.

164 ROGER, BISHOP OF SALISBURY. Stephen.

gratiating himself with Henry by the celerity with which he des-
patched the service when the Prince and his followers chanced
to be present. From that time he became attached to the
fortunes of the Prince, who, though the apparent motive for
the selection was not very commendable, had no reason to
regret in after years the confidence he reposed in him.

Koger became an active and zealous servant, and, by the
dexterous management of whatever business he was engaged
in, so endeared himself to Henry during his adversity, that
when he mounted the throne of England, he not only enriched
him with many preferments, but advanced him to the highest
employments ; thus at the same time deriving benefit from
his wisdom and experience, and rewarding his industry and
devotion.

At the end of the first, or the beginning of the second year
of Henry's reign, he was appointed chancellor, succeeding
William GifFard. Thynne, and after him Spelman and Phi-
lipot, place him in the same office in 1107, and again at the
end of the reign. But, taking the charters as the best au-
thority, it appears from them that he did not retain the Great
Seal long after he was appointed Bishop of Salisbury, which
was on April 13, 1102. In the Monasticon there are six
charters with his name as chancellor, four of which are be-
fore he was bishop, the earliest being dated in September,
1101, and two only with the addition of his episcopal title.^
In March, 1 103, William GifFard was again in office, and from
that time to the end of the reign there is a regular succession
of other chancellors.

Whatever was the position he held in the state, there is little
doubt that from a very early period the whole of the business
of the kingdom was submitted to his care, the treasures were
in his keeping, and the expenses under his regulation. That

> Dugdale's Monast. (1846), i. 164. 521., ii. 145., iv. 16, 17., vi. 1114.

1135—1154. ROGER, BISHOP OF SALISBURY. 155

he was well versed in the knowledge of the Exchequer is
proved by the author of the ancient Dialogus de Scaccario,
Richard Fitz-Nigel, who, though his grand-nephew, yet wri-
ting nearly forty years after his death, may be fairly trusted
when describing his official character. He calls him " vir
prudens, consiliis providus, sermone discretus, et ad maxima
quaeque negotia per Dei gratiam repente praecipuus ; " and adds,
" Hie igitur, succrescenti in cum principis, accleri, populique
favore, Sarisburiensis Episcopus factus, maximis in regno fun-
gebatur honoribus, et de Scaccario plurimum habuit scientiam :
adeo ut non sit ambiguum, sed ex ipsis E-otulis manifestum,
plurimum sub eo floruisse."

Part of his duty as chancellor was to attend to the busi-
ness of the revenue, but it was peculiarly so in the offices of
treasurer and chief justiciary or president of the Exche-
quer, in wliich he was afterwards placed. It is probable that
he was not invested with the latter till the year 1107 ; be-
cause, having been offered that charge immediately after his
appointment to the prelacy, he would not consent to accept it,
deeminga judicial office incompatible with his episcopal func-
tions, without the authority of the pope and the archbishop.
Although, therefore, his election to the bishoprick took place
in April, 1102, yet, being one of those whose consecrations
were in abeyance pending the contest between the king and
Anselm, his scruples could not be removed till that dispute
was accommodated. This did not occur till 1 107, on August 1 1
in which year his consecration took place.

From this period, therefore, we may consider him in full
power ; presiding over the administration of justice, and re-
gulating the revenue of the realm, and the affiiirs of the
state. The suppression of those violations of the law which
were prevalent in the last reign, the improvement in the
purity of the coin, the punishment of the oppression of the
royal purveyors, were the results of his wise and considerate

156 ROGER, BISHOP OF SALISBURY. Stephen.

counsels ; and though the whole government of the kingdom
was entrusted to him in the frequent and long-continued
absences of the king in Normandy, no contemporary historian
hints a doubt of his integrity, and no fact is recorded which
can raise a suspicion that his ministry was distasteful to the
people.

His conduct was equally satisfactory to his sovereign, who
never withdrew his confidence nor neglected to bestow upon
him substantial marks of his favour. Among others, his two
nephews, Alexander and Nigel, were invested with the bish-
opricks of Lincoln (in 1123) and Ely (in 1133): and to his
own care was entrusted the safe custody of the king's brother
Robert, the captive Duke of Normandy. That prince was
only removed in 1126 from the bishop's castle at Devizes,
and placed for greater security in that of Cardiff, under the
care of Robert, Earl of Gloucester, at a time when King
Henry was anxious to ensure the succession of the kingdom
to his daughter the Empress.

Roger not only joined with the other nobles in taking the
oath of fealty to Matilda on this occasion, but overcame the
scruples of some who were unwilling to do so. Yet no sooner
was King Henry dead, than setting aside his oath, from which
he pretended the subsequent marriage of the Empress with
Geoffrey, Earl of Anjou, without the consent of the peers,
had absolved him, he aided Stephen in his assumption of the
crown. How far the state of the times will justify his in-
gratitude and perjury, or what were his ultimate intentions
with regard to Matilda, we have not the means of determining.
It is certain, however, that Stephen entertained doubts of his
fidelity, which he at first endeavoured to secure by numerous
favours.

He continued him in some of his oflSces, either as chief
justiciary or treasurer, and presented him with the borough
of Malmesbury ; conferring also on his son Roger the oflSce

1135—1154. ROGER, BISHOP OF SALISBURY. 157

of chancellor. Thynne find some others place the bishop
himself as chancellor in the early part of Stephen's reign:
but they evidently confound him with his son Roger; as
both their names appear on three charters of the first year ;
the one being designated as bishop, and the other as chan-
cellor.

Th^ king's jealousy, however, was at last excited by the
representations made to him that the magnitude and strength
of the castles built by the bishop at Devizes, Malmesbury,
and Shirburn, and the additions he had made to that of
Salisbury, were intended to support the cause of Matilda,
whenever he should find an opportunity to declare for her.
Whether the king really believed these suggestions, or
whether, being now, as he imagined, firmly seated on the
throne, he forgot the assistance he had received in his
anxiety to obtain possession of the bishop's wealth, may
well be doubted. He determined, however, to seize his
castles and his property on the first opportunity. This was
soon contrived. In June, 1139, the reluctant bishop was
compelled to attend a council at Oxford ; where, on a pre-
tended quarrel between his servants and those of the Earl of
Brittany, the king required him, in satisfaction for the breach
of the peace, to give up his castles as pledges of his fealty ;
and thereupon committed him and his son Roger, the chan-
cellor, and his nephew Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln, to
close custody, until this should have been done. His other
nephew, Nigel, Bishop of Ely, suspecting to what these
proceedings tended, fled, and shut himself up in his uncle's
castle of Devizes, which he refused to surrender. The
king immediately marched thither, taking his prisoners with
him ; and, having erected a gibbet in front of the walls,
pronounced in the presence of Bishop Roger sentence of
death upon his son, which he declared should be forthwith
executed unless the gates were oi)cncd to him. Nigel,

158 ROGER, BISHOP OF SALISBURY. Stephen.

regardless of the entreaties of his uncle, persisted notwith-
standing in his refusal ; and the king directed the sentence to
be executed. The victim ascended the scaffold, and the rope
was adjusted, when Bishop Koger, horrified that his son
should be so murdered, threw himself at the king's feet, and
bound himself by an oath, if his son were saved, to taste no
food till the royal mandate was obeyed. Nigel at last un-
willingly submitted ; but not till his uncle had endured three
days' fast.

The king, on taking possession of the castle, appropriated
to his own use a treasure of 40,000 marks, besides an im-
mense quantity of plate and jewels which he found there.

A council was held at Winchester to examine into this
extraordinary aifair, and others of a similar character affecting
the bishops and clergy ; at which Bishop Roger made his
last appearance in public life. The king was represented at
it by certain earls, and his claim was defended by Alberic
de Vere, then renowned in the law. Nothing, however,
could be done against the power of Stephen, who retained
the possessions he had thus acquired.

The unfortunate bishop, either through grief at his loss,
or from the effect of his long fasting, was soon after seized
with a quartan ague, of which he died on December 4, 1139.
As his death approached, he directed the small remainder of
his wealth to be placed on the altar of his church, devoting
it to the completion of the building : but even this he had
the mortification of hearing was seized and taken away by
the king's orders.

While in the conduct of public business, he is stated to
have invariably devoted his mornings to the performance of
his episcopal duties; and he grudged no expense in the
renovation and ornament of his cathedral. He was seated
at Salisbury more than thirty- two years ; his remains were
deposited there; and his memory was regarded with such

1135—1154. ROGER, BISHOP OF SALISBURY. 159

high estimation that he is usually named with the addition of
" Magnus." ^

SALISBURY, Bishop of. See Roger.
WALDEN, Abbot of. See Reginald.
YORK, Dean of. See Robert de Gant.

* Madox's Exch. i. 33. 78., ii. 381. ; Godwin de Praesul. 337. ; Angl. Sac. ii.
700.; Roger de Wendover, ii. 183. &c. ; William of Malmesbury, 636. &c. ;
Lord Lyttelton, Lingard, &c.

160

HENRY II.

Reigned 34 years, 6 months, and 18 days; from December 19, 1154,
to July 6, 1189.

SURVEY OF THE REIGN.

The slightest inspection of the " Tractatus de Legibus et
Consuetudinibus Regni Angliae," which was composed to-
wards the end of this reign, is sufficient to prove that the
law was at this time reduced to a system, the knowledge of
which would require more learning than could be expected
from the hereditary barons ; and that its principles were too
difficult and its ramifications too various for them to have
leisure to study.

A great change is consequently observable in the con-
struction of the Curia Regis in the latter years of the reign.
It was no longer confined to the barons of the realm and the
officers of the palace ; but upon the records that have come
down to us, the names of other persons appear as being
present and taking part in the proceedings.

The adoption at the Conquest of the laws of Normandy
had rendered necessary the assistance of advocates from that
country. The gradual combination of these with the English
laws, and now the application of the Roman law, many of
the forms of which had been introduced into this island, had
so materially increased the complexity of the study, that it
could only be pursued as a separate profession ; requiring
not merely that the advocates should be persons of learning
and ability, but also that the judges should be masters of the
science, and be selected from the most eminent among them.

1154—1189. CURIA REGIS. IGl

The persons who principally devoted their time to tlie
attainment were naturally the clergy ; and it consequently
seems to have been the custom in this reign, either to raise
the officers of the court, who were usually ecclesiastics, to
preferments in the church ; or to appoint certain of the
dignified clergy to perfomi the judicial duties. The pre-
valence of both practices will be apparent in the following
list of chancellors and ^ justiciers ; among whom, without
noticing their intervening steps in the church, will be found
five archbishops ; viz., Becket, and Hubert Walter, of Can-
terbury ; Geoffrey Plantagenet, of York ; John Cumin, of
Dublin ; and Walter de Constantiis, of Rouen : — eight
bishops ; viz., Kichard Fitz-Nigel, of London ; Richard
ToclifFe, and Godfrey de Luci, of Winchester ; Nigel and
Geoffi:"ey Ridel, of Ely ; John of Oxford, of Norwich ;
Sefred, of Chicliester ; and Guy Rufus, of Bangor : —
three abbots ; viz., Clarembald, of St. Augustine's, Can-
terbury ; Aymer or Daniel, of Chertsey ; and Samson de
Totington, of St. Edmund's : — eight archdeacons ; viz.,
Robert do Inglesham, of Gloucester: Josceline, of Chichester;
Walter Map, of Oxford; Hugh Murdac, of Cleveland;
Ralph, of Colchester ; Ralph, of Hereford ; Nicholas de
Sigillo, of Huntingdon ; and AVilliam, of Totness : — besides
Ralph de Warneville, treasurer of York ; Wimer and Reginald
de Wisebec, two of the king's chaplains ; and Master Thomas
de Husseburn, a canon of St. Paul's.

Henry is said to have attended personally at the judgment
of all greater causes in his court, and to have made frequent
progresses to discover and remedy the abuses in the rural
jurisdictions.^ His anxiety on this subject is particularly
exemplified in the commissions he issued in 1170 for the
investigation of charges brought against tlie sheriffs and his
other officers.

' Lord Lyttelton's Henry II., ii. IG.
VOL. I. M

162 TERMS. Hen. IT.

Besides the great roll of the Exchequer, called also the
Pipe Eoll, of which some notice has been taken under the
reign of Henry I., there was another copy kept of the
sheriff's returns, &c., for the chancellor, which was called the
Chancellor's Roll. The two were to correspond exactly ;
but though they are substantially the same, they contain
some slight variations ; and the entries in one frequently
serve to explain those in the other. Being considered only
as transcripts, less care was taken of them, and the series is
not so complete as that of the pipe roll. The Commissioners
of Public Records having recovered several, have placed
them in the British Museum, commencing with that of the
eleventh year of this reign. ^

According to the MS. laws of Henry II., which remain
in the Red Book of the Exchequer, the Terms were at first
settled in the manner in which they were left by Henry L,
with the extension of the Lent vacation to fifteen days after
Easter. But when Ranulph de Glanville was appointed
chief justiciary, the king, by his advice, expressly ratified the
laws of Edward the Confessor and William the Conqueror;
and accordingly, we find in Glanville's Treatise writs made
returnable in Octabis or Clauso Pascha), according to the
old arrangement.^

It is curious that, although the law had made so considera-
ble an advance under Plenry II., and the history of his reign
has been more extensively illustrated than those of his pre-
decessors, the list of his chancellors is considerably less
complete. The Monasticon gives no less than forty-three
of his charters with chancellors as witnesses ; but there are
only three names among them all ; and as not one has any
date, considerable labour of investigation is required to find

' Preface to Rotulus Cancellaril, 3 John, which the Commissioners have
published.

* Spehnan's Reliquia;, Origin of the Terms, 81. ; Glanville, lib. ii. cap. 11.

1154— 1 189. CHANCELLORS. 103

the year in which they were respectively granted. Making
every allowance, there are more than ten years to which no
name of a chancellor can be attached.

While Henry was only Duke of Normandy he had a
chancellor named William, by whom two charters are at-
tested, one of which, dated at Gloucester, is a grant to the
priory of Stoneley in Warwickshire ; and the other, without
date, to the abbey of Trouarn, in Normandy. It does not
appear who this William w\as.

During the interval between Stephen's death, on Octo-
ber 25, 1154, and Henry's coronation, on December 19, no
evidence exists to show by whom the great seal was held ;
nor is there any jjositive proof in whose possession it was even
in the first year of the reign.

The date given by Roger de Wendover ^ for Thomas
Becket's appointment as chancellor is 1155 ; but he leaves
it uncertain, by using the indefinite words " eodem tempore,"
at what period of the year it took place. Dugdalc's date of
1157 is proved to be wrong by the entries on the pipe roll of
2 Henry II., 1155-6, in which Thomas the chancellor is
frequently mentioned: and showing as they do that he was
then in the office, an inference may be drawn from them that
he held it in the first year also. The loss of the roll of that
year deprives us of the substantial testimony which it would
afford ; but, remembering that these rolls were made up to
Michaelmas in each year, that of the second year must ne-
cessarily contain part of the accounts of the first. The
chancellor in those times was always officially excused from
the Danegeld and other amerciaments on his property : and
as the sheriff could seldom make up his return within the
year, many of the charges of this nature introduced into the
roll of one year would relate to the impositions of the pre-

• Vol. ii. 281.
1^1 2

164 CHANCELLORS. Hkn. II.

ceding. The same remark is applicable to the payments on
assizes and pleas before him. If, therefore, as the fact is,
there are numerous entries of this class in the roll in ques-
tion, and the name of no other chancellor is mentioned, it
seems an inevitable consequence that Becket was chancellor
in the first year of the reign, and that no one preceded him
in the office. This presumption is supported by the fact
that in the rolls of 3 & 4 Henry II. precisely the same course
is adopted.

Becket was raised to the archbisliOf)rick of Canterbury in
June, 1162, 8 Henry 11. ; and before the end of that year
he resigned the great seal into the king's hands.

Kalpii de Warneville is the next chancellor whose
name appears upon any charter.^ His appointment is fixed
by Roger de Wendover in the year 1173, 19 Henry II.,
thus leaving an interval of eleven years since the resignation
of Becket. He is the first witness to two charters, dated at
" Juliam Bonam " (Lillebone), one in favour of the abbey
of St. Victor, at Caux, and the other of that of St. George,
at Bockerville, in Normandy ; and he subscribes both as
chancellor.^ There is nothing to show how long he con-
tinued in office ; but it is not improbable that he retained the
seal till

Geoffrey Plantagenet, the natural son of the king
(the third chancellor recorded in the charters), received it
from his father on being called upon to resign the bishop-
rick of Lincoln, which occurred in the year 1181. That

' There is a charter of Henry II. to the monastery of Rumsey in Hamij-
shire, contained per inspeximus in one of 8 Edward I., which must have been
granted between the years 1154 and 1166. It is dated at Sarum, and appears
to be witnessed by " Thoma, Cantuar. Archiepiscopo," foHowed, among others,
by " Th. Cancellario." The " Thoma," however, is probably a mistake for
" Theob; " if not, there must have been another chancellor named Thomas after
Recket's retirement. Dugdale's Monast. ii. 509.

« Dugdak's Monast. vi. 1067. 1106.

1154— 11 89.

CHANCELLORS.

165

he filled the office till the end of the reign is shown by an
entry in the roll of 1 Richard I., where he is still spoken of
as chancellor.

Four other chancellors are, however, named by different
authorities ; but the claims of none of them are sufficient to
justify their adoption.

1. John is placed by Thynne and Philipot before Thomas
Becket, and by Spelman after him. Dugdale omits him
entirely ; but Hardy and Lord Campbell restore him to the
position assigned by Spelman. None of these authors afford
any glimpse of the ground upon which his name is intro-
duced, except Thynne, who acknowledges he knows nothing
about him, but makes a mysterious allusion to some " streict-
laced " individual, who " both can and ought to give life to
these persons whom he imprisoneth in the east castell of
London."

2. Walter de Constantiis, Archdeacon of Oxford and
afterwards Bishop of Lincoln and Archbishop of Bouen, is
also omitted by Dugdale, but inserted by the rest, as suc-
ceeding Balph de Warneville, without any quoted authority
for so doing. Although mentioned in no history or record
as chancellor, both Hoveden and Ralph de Diceto designate
him as Vice- Chancellor to Ralph de Warneville ; and this is
probably the origin of the mistake.

3. Walter de Bidun occupies the last place in Dugdale's
list, referring to a passage, in Leland's Collectanea. This,
however, not only fails to prove that he was chancellor of
England, but clearly establishes that, if he were, it must
have been in the preceding reign. lie is there noticed as
witness to a grant to the abbey of Ilolmc-cultria, in Cum-
berland, by Henry, son of David, King of Scotland. This
Henry died in 1152, before the accession of Henry IL to
the English throne ; and Walter de BIdun was Chancellor of
^Scotland for many years.

M 3

16'G CIIANCELLOKS. Hen. II.

4. Nigel, Bishop of Ely, omitted by all the earlier
writers, is introduced by Mr. Hardy after GeoiFrey Planta-
genet, whose appointment did not take place till twelve years
after Nigel's death. Nigel certainly had held a high place
in the councils of King Henry in the early part of the reign,
but there is nothing to show that he ever filled the office of
chancellor at all, unless the charter which Mr. Hardy quotes
may be considered an authority. It is an undated charter of
Henry II., referred to " per inspeximus" in one of 5 Edw. III.
m. 1. printed in Rymer's Foedera ^ ; by which the castle
of Arundel is granted to William de Albini, Earl of Arundel.
It appears to have been witnessed by " Theo. Archiepiscopo
Cantuar. : Hill. Epo. Cicestr : N. Epo. de Ely et Cancellario ;
Hugh, Com. de NorfF.," and others. According to this, there-
fore, if Nigel was ever Henry's chancellor, it must have been
hefore Becket's appointment, because it is notorious that
Becket held the seal when Archbishop Theobald died, in
1160 : and I have already shown how little probability there
is for such a supposition- There seems to me to be a very
simple explanation of the apparent difficulty. The charter
quoted is not the original one, but copied, probably from a
copy, into Edward III.'s charter to be then confirmed ; and
the copy in Rymer is copied from that ; thus affording two
or three chances of mistranscription ; to which may be added
another, in the misreading of the printer. From some one
of these causes I have no doubt that between the words
"Ely" and "Cancellario," the word *'et" has been sub-
stituted for the letter «T"; and that, consequently, the
reading ought to be " T. Cancellario." The examples of
Becket's attestation in this form are as numerous as those in
which it is given as *^ Thoma Cancellario." In the grant of
the earldom of Norfolk to Hugh Bigot ^ one of the witnesses

» Rymer's Foed. (1816), i. 41, ^ Ibid.

1154—1189. CHANCELLORS. 167

to the last-mentioned charter, the witnesses follow in the
same order : first, Archbishop Theobald ; then Henry, Bishop
of Winchester ; next Nigel, Bishop of Ely ; and, immediately
after him, Thomas the Chancellor. As this latter charter,
granting the earldom, must have preceded the former, where
Hugh signs as earl, it follows, unless the error I have sug-
gested has been committed, that Bishop Nigel must have
superseded Becket between the two grants ; for which I am
sure Mr. Hardy will not contend.

When King Henry caused his son to be crowned, Richard
Barre was appointed his chancellor ; but on the young king
rebelling against his father, Barre delivered up the seal he
had received to his sovereign.^ Young Henry, it seems, had
another made in France, with which he sealed various grants
and donations. The name of Geoffrey, Provost of Beverley,
nephew of Roger, Archbishop of York, also occurs in Leland
as chancellor to Henry, the son ; and he is stated to have
perished by shipwreck between England and Normandy in
1176.2

An evidence of the increased importance and power of the
chancellor may be seen in the magnificence displayed by
Becket, both on his embassy to the King of France, and on
his accompanying King Henry in the war of Toulouse ; and
also in the appointment of Geoffrey, the king's bastard son,
when he was in the highest favour with his father, and was
about to resign the rich bishoprick of Lincoln.

That the extravagance of Becket's public displays abroad,
or of liis domestic arrangements in England, was wholly
supported by the emoluments of his office, there is no proba-
bility ; and it is manifest, from the king, after the commence-
ment of the quarrel, calling upon him to account for the
revenues of the bishopricks and other honours which liad been

' Lord Lyttelton's Henry IL, iii. 108. 112.
" Lflaiid's Collect, i. 1G2. 288.

M 4

163 CHANCELLORS. Hen. IL

committed to his charge, that these had been also vised by
him for the purpose. AVhether this had been done with or
without the royal authority, it is not needful to inquire.

What was the amount of the emoluments of the chancellor
there is nothing to show : but his actual salary seems to
have been limited to five shillings a day, and the other
allowances of simnels, wine, and candles, which have been
already mentioned under the reign of William I.^ This
appears from a certificate made by the treasurer and barons
of the Exchequer in 27 Edward I., relative to the fees and
allowances to which the constable and mareschall of Encjland
Avere entitled. They report that they find in a certain book
among the constitutions of Henry II., that the constables had
the same as the dapifers, and the dapifers the same as the
chancellors : viz. the allowances above referred to, " si extra
Domum comederint " ; but " si intra Domum comederint,"
tlie money payment was reduced to three shillings and six-
pence a day, and the other allowances slightly varied.-^ The
grant of 1000 marks, payable annually, made by King Henry
on the appointment of his son Geoffrey to the oifice of chan-
cellor, was evidently unconnected with it, and only intended
as a compensation for the loss of his episcopal revenues, and
as a provision for an affectionate son.

The chancellor during this reign continued to act with the
other judges in the Curia Regis and at the Exchequer. He
shared also in the duties of a justice itinerant, holding pleas
in the second and third years of the reign with Henry of
Essex and the Earl of Leicester respectively, in four dif-
ferent counties. In 4 Henry II. an instance occurs of his
holding pleas alone in Middlesex : and in 2 Henry IL there
is an entry on the roll that Hugh Pincerna accounted for
forty shillings " W Plac. Sigilli," in the county of Kent

» See p. 14. 2 Madox's Exch. i. 42.

1154—1189. CHIEF JUSTICIARIES. 169

These latter entries would tend to show that he had begun
to have a separate jurisdiction.

Under Henry I. we have seen, but upon somewhat doubt-
ful authority, that a keeper of the seal under the chancellor
Ranulph is mentioned. In this reign, Walter de Constantiis
is called " Vice- Chancellor''^ by one author, and is described
by another as having the duties of the chancellor in the
Curia Regis committed to him by Kalph de Warneville. In
the following reign the title, it will be found, was officially
adopted. He was perhaps the deputy of the chancellor,
mentioned in the " Dialogue de Scaccario," to whom the cus-
tody of the rolls was entrusted, and in whose appointment
probably originated the office of master of the rolls.

The king's frequent absence in his foreign dominions
rendered a regular representative in England indispensably
necessary ; and the administration of justice having assumed,
under Henry's superintending care, a more regular shape,
the legal department of the state absolutely required a
constituted chief. Whatever doubt there may be as to the
existence in some of the former reigns of such an officer as
chief justiciary, as distinguished from that of treasurer, or of
prime minister to the king ; or however difficult it may have
been to define his functions, or to decide whether they were
exercised both in the king's absence abroad, and his residence
here ; no question can arise that under Henry II. the office
assumed a distinct and precise form, and that the name of
AvhoQver held it was systematically used in judicial pro-
ceedings. The duties of the regency, when the king was
away, comprehending the guardianship of the realm in peace,
and its defence in war, devolved on the chief justiciary ; and
none of those eminent individuals who were appointed to the
office during this reign failed, when called upon, to shew
themselves as able and courageous in the field, as they were
experienced and learned in the courts. The succession of

170

CHANCELLORS AND CHIEF JUSTICIARIES. Hen. II.

chief justiciaries under Henry is consequently more distinctly
marked than in the reign of any of his predecessors.

The office, according to the best authorities, and several
writs support the supposition, was in the first year of the
reign held jointly by Egbert de Beaumont, Earl of
Leicester, and Richard de Luci. Their united rule
continued till the death of the Earl in 1167, when the sole
power remained in the hands of Kichard de Luci, who re-
tained it till his retirement into the abbey of Lesnes in 1179.

In that year a great change was made in the administration
of justice in the provinces, and it was probably with a view
of giving greater efficiency to his new plan, and of providing
a president for three of the four divisions into which he then
arranged the kingdom, that Henry appointed three prelates
to perform the duties of the office of chief justiciary. These
were Richard Tocliffe, Bishop of Winchester,
Geoffrey Ridel, Bishop of Ely, and John of Oxford,
Bishop of Norwich. They continued in office for about
a year, at the end of which, under a remonstrance from the
pope, they were removed ; Avhen

Ranulph de Glanville was put in their place; and
illustrated the remainder of the reign.

Table

OF Chancellors and Chief Justiciaries.

A.R.

A.D.

Chancellors.

Chief Justiciaries.

I.

1154, Dec.

Tlioiiias Becket, afterwards

Robert de Beaumont, Earl

Archbishop of Canterbury

of Leicester, and

VIIL

1162

Resigned

Richard de Luci,

XIIL

1167

Richard de Luci, alone.

XIX.

1173

Ralph de Warneville

XXV.

1179

Richard Tocliffe, Bishop

of Winchester,
Geoffrey Ridel, Bishop of

Ely, and
John of Oxford, Bishop of

Norwich.

XXVI.

1180

Ranulph de Glanville.

XXVIL

1181

Geoffrey Plantagenet, Bi-
shop of Lincohi, after-
wards Archbishop of York

1154—1189. JUSTICIARIES. 171

The number of justlclers in this reign is very great
considering its lengtli, and considering also that no names
are recorded before the eleventh year, 1165. From that
time till 1176, they seem to have consisted of dignitaries of
the church, barons, and officers of the Court. But both in
1176, and more particularly in 1179, a new selection appears
to have been made from those who had attained a profounder
knowledge of the law. In the first of these years all the
counties in the kingdom were arranged into six circuits by
the council of Northampton, over each of which three jus-
ticiers were appointed ; and in the last, a new division was
made by the council of Windsor into four circuits, with five
judges over three of them, and six over the fourth.

Although some of these acted only as justices itinerant,
most of them sat also in the Curia Regis at Westminster ;
and the justiciers aj^pointed over the fourth circuit in 1179
were specially constituted to hear the complaints of the
people in the superior court. This is supposed to be the
first special appropriation of a department of the Court to
this particular object ; and from this commencement pro-
ceeded the gradual substitution of persons learned in the law
for the barons and officers of the household ; until at last the
administration of justice was confined to lawyers specially
appointed for that purpose. This effect, however, was not
entirely produced till some time afterwards.

The introduction of Fines towards the latter part of this
reign affords a great facility in fixing the names of judges
acting at different periods, and enables the legal historian to
form from this date a list approaching to accuracy. It may
be doubtful, however, whether all the persons, whose names
are recorded as having been present when the earlier fines
were levied, were strictly justiciers. It is not improbable
that the writer of the Chirograph sometimes inserted the
namc^ of the officers, as well as the justices, present. Various

172 JUSTICIARIES. Hen. II.

instances of tlic single occurrence of a name seem to warrant
this supposition ; and Hugh Peverel, one of those before
whom a fine was levied in 6 Richard I., was evidently an
officer whose duty it was to make up the rolls and issue the
summonses for the Aids, Hydages, and Tallages over England.
His clerk or writer, Thomas, is recorded as receiving special
remuneration for his assistance.

The following list of justiciers is confined to those who are
mentioned as acting in the Curia Regis or the Exchequer, at
Westminster. As no means exist of ascertaining the date of
their appointments, they are introduced in the years in which
their names first occur.

The chief justiciaries, having been already mentioned, are
omitted : —

XL 1164-5. A charter made in this year between the abbots of St. Al-
ban and Westminster ^ was executed at the Exchequer before the
two chief justiciaries and the following persons, whose names are
preceded by the words " assidentibus Justiciis Kegis : " —
Nigel, Bishop of Ely,

Geoffrey [Ridel], Archdeacon of Canterbury,
Richard [Tocliffe], Archdeacon of Poictiers,
Richard [Fitz-Nigel], the King's Treasurer,
Guy, Dean of Waltham,
Henry Fitz-Gerold,

William Malduit, the King's Chamberlains ;
Simon Fitz-Peter,
Alan de Nevil,
Geoffrey Monachus,

William Fitz-Andelm, the King's Marshalls;
Philip de Davencester.
AVhether the Chamberlains and the Marshalls were included among
the " Justiciis " may, from the construction of the sentence, be
doubtful : but if they were not, in what character did Philip of
Davencester, to whom no title is added, stand ?
XVI. 1169-70. William Fitz-Martin, John Malduit.

They appear on a writ into Lancaster.^
XXI. 1174-5. Thomas Basset, William Fitz-Ralph,

William Basset, Bertram de Verdun.

' Madox's Exch. i. 44. g. ^ Ibid. ii. 253.

1154—1189.

JUSTICIARIES.

173

XXIII. 1176-7. Hugh de Cressi, William Fitz-Stephen,

Walter FItz-Robert, Robert Mantel.
Turstin Fitz-Siraon,
XXV. 1178-9. Roger Fitz-Reinfrey.

The pleas of all these ten are on the Great Rolls of the several
years. Though charging parties in different counties, they are
expressly stated to be " in Curia Regis," or " ad Scaccarium." '

The following six were those who were specially appointed, as
already stated, by the council of Windsor to sit in the Curia Regis
to hear the plaints of the people.

Godfrey de Luci, afterwards Bishop of Winchester,
John Cumin, afterwards Archbishop of Dublin,
Hugh de Gaerst,

Ranulph de Glanville, afterwards Chief Justiciary,
William de Bendlngs,
Alan de Furnellis.'^
The remainder are principally from the Fines.

XXVIII. 1181-2.

XXX. 1183-4.

XXXI. 1184-5.

XXXIII. 1186-7.

William de Auberville,
Michael Belet,
Gilbert de Coleville,
Gervase de Cornhill,
Thomas Fitz -Bernard,
Osbert Fitz-Hervey,
Hugh Bardolf, Dapifer,
Ralph Fitz-Stephen,

Chamberlain,
Robert Marmium,
Nigel Fitz-Alexander,

Ralph de Gedding,
Osbert de Glanville,
William Rufus, Dapifer

Regis,
William Torell.

Hugh de Morewic, Da*

pifer.
Robert de Witefeld.

Hubert Walter, Dean

of York.
Josceline, Archdeacon

of Chichester,
Ralph, Archdeacon of

Hereford.
William, Archdeacon of

Totness.

Thomas de Husseburn,
Robert de Inglesham,
Archdeacon of Glou-
cester,
XXXV. 1188-9. Ralph, Archdeacon of
Colchester,

Dugdale, in his Chronica Series, but without any date, inserts
the name of

Robert Grimbald as a Justiciary under Henry II.
The only apparent ground for doing so is, that his seal is en-
graved with an abstract representation of Justice. As, however,
he is never mentioned in that character in any of the records of
this reign, I entertain great doubts whether he was ever a judge in

' Madox's Exch. i. 94. 103. 21

DiigdHlc's Cliron. Scries.

174 JUSTICES ITINERANT. Hen. XL

the King's Courts ; and I have stated them more fully in the
sketch attached to his name.

Robert Grimbald's seal is considered as affording the
earliest example of legal costume subsequently to the
Conquest ; and even if he was not in fact a judge, and the
figure is only emblematical, there seems no reason why it
should not be accepted as an authentic representation of the
judicial dress of the period.

The system introduced by Henry L, of sending justiciaries
into the different counties to hear and decide the pleas
brought before them which had been interrupted by the
dissensions of Stephen's reign, was partially restored soon
after the accession of Henry II. ; but before the end of the
reign it had been firmly established on an improved basis.

Some instances occur in the earlier years of justices errant
being employed in traversing the country to hear not only
pleas of the crown but also common pleas, and to impose
the assizes and tallages upon the king's demesnes ; and from
12 Henry IL, 1166, there is a regular succession of these
justices, with scarcely any interruption, to the end of the reign.

II. 1155-6. Robert de Beaumont, Earl of Leicester, the Chie
Justiciary, and
Thomas Becket, the Chancellor, both acted in this and

the following year ; and Becket also in the next.
Henry de Essex, the King's Constable; in this and
the two following years.
IX. 1162-3. William Fitz-John ; and in 14 Henry II.
XII. 1165-6. Geoffrey de Mandevil, Earl of Essex,

Richard de Luci, Chief Justiciary ; both of whom acted
also in 13 and 15 Henry II.
XIV. 1167-8. William Basset, Richard, Archdeacon of

Guy Rufus, Dean of Poictiers,

Waltham, Reginald de Warenne.

All of whom also acted in the three following years.
XV. 1168-9. Gervase de Cornhill. John Cumin.

Acting also in subsequent years.

1154—1189. JUSTICES ITINERANT. 175

XVI. 1169-70. Henry Fitz-Gerold the Alan de Nevil, Junior,

Chamberlain, Oger, the Dapifer,

Hugh de Morevill, Robert de Stuteville ;

who all, except Hugh de Morevill, acted in the following year.
Most of the above have been already recorded in the lists of
chief justiciaries or justiciers. The rest were barons or officers
of the court.

XVII. 1170-1. Dugdale gives under this year a list of twelve persons,
whom he designates Justices Itinerant into the counties of Kent,
Surrey, Middlesex, Berks, Oxford, Buckingham, and Bedford, —
upon the authority of Gervas of Canterbury. That author's words,
however, do not support the statement, nor does he style them
justices itinerant. He says that the king appointed certain
abbots, clergy, earls, and knights, to go through the kingdom to
summon the sheriffs of the different counties to appear and answer
certain articles on which they were authorised to inquire. The
above were appointed for the counties specified ; but others were
sent to the rest of the kingdom, and they were called " Inqui-
sitores," and " Barones errantes." The sheriffs in those days were
appointed, not only from among the barons and great men in favour
with the king, but also from among the officers of the court. They
sometimes paid a fine to the king for the appointment, and fre-
quently had no connection with the counties over which they pre-
sided. Several counties also were not uncommonly entrusted to
one man ; who consequently had his underlings to perform the
various duties. This system, and the desire of each to make the
most of his office, had led to oppressive exactions. Loud com-
plaints followed, the truth of which, on their reaching the king's
ear, he took this mode of investigating ; and the result of the in-
quiry was the removal of some of the sheriffs from their office, and
the imposition of fines on others.

They cannot, therefore, be properly considered as justices
itinerant. Their names were —

The Abbot of St. Augustin, Gilbert de Pinkeni,

Canterbury, William Fitz-Helton,

The Abbot of Chertsey, William Fitz-Nigel,

Roger, Earl of Clare, William Fitz-Martin,

William de Abrincis, Ralph de Ilospitali.

Manaserius de Dammartin, Ralph de Dene.
Gerold Fitz-Ralph,
None of them, except William Fitz-]Martin, are ever otherwise
mentioned in a judicial character.

I do not find any justices itinerant specifically appropriated to
the eighteenth year of this reign.

176

JUSTICES ITINERANT.

Hen. II.

From this time, I shall avoid the repetition of any name that
has been previously introduced as a justice itinerant.

XIX. 1172-3.

XX. 1173-4.

Hugh de Bocland,
Turstin Fitz-Simon,
Adam de Gernemue,
Reginald de Luci,
Robert Mantel,
Walter Map,
Richard [Fitz -Nigel],

the treasurer.
Alard Banastre,
William Bastard,
Alexander le Boteler,
William de Braiosa,
John le Clerk,
John le Dover,
Mathew de Escuris,
Philip Fitz-Ernise,
AVilliam Fitz-Ralph,
William Fitz-Richard,
Ralph Fitz- Stephen,

William Rufus.
Sefred, Archdeacon

Chichester.
Nicholas de Sigillo.
Richard de Wilton.
Wimer, the chaplain.

Walter de Hadfield,
John Jukel,
Leonard, a knight

Thomas Basset,
Alured de Lincoln,
Robert de Luci,
John Malduit,
Ilamon Morgan,
Milo de Mucegros,
Const, de Oxenford,
Walter de St. Quintin,
Guy le Strange.

of

of

Hugh de Gundevil,
These were principally appointed by writ of Richard de Luci,
the chief justiciary ; and their duties seem to have been limited
to the assessment of the Tallage ; several of them being sheriffs,
and not acting at any other time as justices itinerant.
XXL 1174-5. Thomas Basset, Ranulph de Glanville,

Hugh de Cressi, William de Lamvallei.

XXIL 1175-6. On January 23, 1176, a council was held at North-
ampton, at which the realm was divided into six parts ; and three
justices itinerant were appointed to administer justice over each;
who were sworn to keep the statutes, which were made at Cla-
rendon, and then renewed.

Of the eighteen justices itinerant then named, the following
nine had previously acted in the same capacity; viz. —

Ranulph de Glanville,
Hugh de Gundevil,
Robert Mantel,
William Rufus ;

William Basset,

Hugh de Cressi,

William Fitz-Ralph,

Turstin Fitz-Simon,

Ralph Fitz- Stephen,
all of whom, except Hugh de Gundevil, appear also as justiciers
in the Curia Regis about the same time ; so likewise do the
following four : —

Roger Fitz-Reinfrid, William Fitz- Stephen,

Walter Fitz-Robert, Bertram de Yerdun.

1154—1189. JUSTICES ITINERANT. 177

The remaining five, who are not known to have acted in tlie
superior court, are, —

Robert Fitz -Bernard, Gilbert Pipard,
Richard Giffard, Robert de Vaux.

Robert Pikenot,
Although the rolls of the four following years contain the pleas
of many of the previous justiciers who were not included in these
eighteen, it does not follow that they had been restored to their
functions; because the entries may, and probably do, refer to
their pleas in former years.

The following are the only new names which occur : —

XXIII. 1176-7. Michael Relet, Gilbert de Cohmibiers.

Ralph Briton,

XXIV. 1177-8. Thomas Fitz-Bernard.

XXV. 1178-9. Another change was made in the judicial arrange-
ment of the kingdom. The king at a great council held at
Windsor at Easter, 1179, divided the realm into four parts;
appointing five justiciers to administer justice in three of the
divisions, and six in the fourth, who were also specially assigned
to hear the plaints of the people in the Curia Regis.
Over the first three of these divisions,

Richard TocliiF, Bishop of Winchester,
Geoffrey Ridel, Bishop of Ely, and
John of Oxford, Bishop of Xorwich
then constituted chief justiciaries of the kingdom, presided. Of
the remainder, the following had previously acted as justices
itinerant, viz. : —

Thomas Basset, Richard [Fitz-Nigel], the

Michael Belet, Treasurer, and

Ralph Briton, Nicholas, the King's Chap-

John Cumin, lain, if he be the same

Ranulph de Glanville, as Nicholas, Archdeacon

Gilbert Pipard^ of Huntingdon.

The remaining ten were new appointments : —

William de Bending, Godfrey de Luci,
Nicholas Fitz-Torold, Hugh Murdac,
Alan de Furnellis, Richard del Pec,

Hugh de Gaerst, Reginald de AVisebec,

Geoffrey Hose, Robert de AVitefeld.

In the remaining years of the reign it is probable that these
justiciers, while they continued in ofiice, varied their circuits as
circumstances required ; as several instances occur of their acting
in different counties from those to which they were first appointed.
Vory few new justices itinerant were nominated before the end
VOL. I. N

178 JUSTICES ITINERANT. Hen. II.

of the rcign : the only additional names that occur are tlic
following : —
XXVI. 11 79-80. Richard Rufus, whose name is mentioned by Madox ;
but there is some doubt whether it is not erroneously substituted
for Richard Giflard.
XXVIII. 1181-2. Samson de Totington, Abbot of St. Edmund's
between 1182 and 1187.
XXXL 1184-5. Thomas de Husseburn, Ralph Murdac,

Hugh de Morewic, William Vavasour.

XXXIII. 1186-7. HughBardolf, Richard, Archdeacon of

William Briwer, Wilts.

Bracton gives the following fomi of the special writ
directed to each itinerant justice : —

" Rex dilecto et fideli suo N. N. saliiteni. Sciatis, quod
constituimus vos justiciarum nostrum, una cum dilectis et
fidelibus nostris A. B. C. ad itinerandum per comitatum W.
(vel comitatus D. S. E,.) de omnibus assisis et placitis, tarn
corona) nostras, quam aliis, secundum quod in Brevi nostro
de generali summonitione inde vobis directo plenius continetur.
Et ideo nobis mandamus, rogantes, quod in fide qua nobis
tenemini, una cum j^ra^dictis sociis vestris, ad ha^c expedienda
fideliter et diligenter intendatis ; ut tarn fidt^m vestram, quam
diligentiam ad hoc appositam debeamus merito commendare.
Teste," &c.

A general writ of summons, as mentioned in the body of
this writ, was also addressed to all the justices appointed for
that circuit.^

The Exchequer is frequently spoken of as the place where
the common pleas were determined in this reign. The chief
justiciary presided, and the same judges sat there as acted in
the other branch of the Curia Regis ; all being called indis-
criminately barons and justices. In a case in Michaelmas,
8 John, in which Robert de Aubeni demanded the town of
Dudcote (Didcot, in Berks) against Geoffrey de la Mare, a

' Dugdale's Orig. Jurld. 52. I am inclined to think that tliis writ is of a
somewhat later date than the reign of Henry II.

1154—1189. EXCHEQUER. 179

charter of Henry II. was produced, giving to Hugh de la
Mara this town, " which Kobert has quit claimed to me in
my court at Westminster, before me and before my barons
and justices then there present, in satisfaction of his great
offence, to wit, for casting a stone, wherewith he, without
provocation, struck me, before the castle of Bedford, he being
befox'C that time my liegeman." ^ The prior and certain of
the monks of Abingdon^ were despatched to Kanulph dc
Glanville, the chief justiciary, on the subject of the king's
seizure of the possessions of the monastery ; and " when
they came to the said Ranulph, then sitting in the Ex-
chequer at Westminster, he, advising with the bishops and
other justices who also sat there, published the judgment of
the court, — that their customs should not be infringed."
An ao-reement on the sale of some lands at Maiden was con-

o

firmed at the Exchequer before Eichard de Luci, the chief
justiciary, " et aliis haronibus de Scaccario ; " and another at
a later period of the reign was recorded there before the
bishops of Winchester, Ely, and Norwich, then chief jus-
ticiaries, " et aliis baronibus, qui tunc ibi aderant." ^

Fines also, which towards the close of this reign became
an established mode of conveying lands, and an almost un-
broken series of which exist from 7 Richard I. till they were
finally abolished in the year 1833, afford some examples that
the terms baron and justice were used without any per-
ceivable distinction. The few that remain of this reign are
generally stated to have been acknowledged " in Curia
llegis ; " but after giving the names of several persons
present, who are known to have been justices, they add
sometimes the words "et ceteris baronibus," and sometimes
"et aliis baronibus et justiciis."^

' INIanning's Serviens ad Legem, 171.
'^ Dugdale's Orig. Jurid. 49, 50.

^ Preface to Fines of Uicliard I. and John, p. xxi. ; Dugdale's Orig. Jurid. 92.

N 2

180 EXCHEQUER. Hen. II.

From the entries on the rolls it is evident that there were
two principal rooms at Westminster for the barons of the
Exchequer to meet in. One of these was called Scaccarium
Baronum, and sometimes Scaccarium in Solio ; which Madox
translates " the Throne-like Exchequer (perhaps because it
was framed like a throne or court) ; " but it more probably
was so styled because a throne was placed there on which the
king sat, when he chose to preside. The other was called
Thalamus Baronum, and in another place Scaccarium Baro-
num in Thalamo Regis. Madox conceives this to have been
a sort of council-chamber. It is not however improbable,
considering that the common pleas were heard in this de-
partment of the court, that one of the chambers was specially
devoted to these trials, while the other was reserved for the
regular business of the Exchequer, that relating to the
revenue.

These entries are principally of payments for woollen cloth
(pannus laneus), probably the chequered cloth to cover
the table, which was supplied twice a year. There are also
charges for benches, and for linen cloth for the windows. In
the next reign a charge occurs for rushes, " pro juncis
cmptis ad cameras baronum, xxxij s. et vij d." Whether these
"cameras" were the two chambers above mentioned, or
rooms used for lodging or otherwise, does not appear; but
the charge seems too large for the former purpose alone.

The Exchequer was held during part of this reign at
Winchester.

The most ancient treatise on the laws of England now
extant is the " Tractatus de Legibus et Consuetudinibus
Kegni Anglise," before alluded to ; the authorship of which
is commonly ascribed to Ranulph de Glanville, the chief jus-
ticiary at the end of this reign. Doubts, however, have been
raised both as to the date of the w^ork, and as to its real
writer. Mr. Hunter, in his able preface to the first volume

1154—1189. GL AN villi:. 181

of Fines, printed under the direction of the Record Com-
mission, expresses a, strong suspicion that the Treatise was
not the work of Ranulph de Glanville, and that it need not
therefore be assigned to a period when he was still alive.
But even were his suspicion well-founded, it would not be
sufficient to warrant his conclusion. Not only the " Pro-
logus" to the Treatise, but several of the writs introduced
into it, in which the words " tempore Regis H. avi niei " are
used, if they do not plainly prove, at least afford a strong
presumption- that the composition was completed before the
death of Henry II. ; and the admission that it must have
been written during the two last years of his reign, neither
diminishes nor increases the probability.

Mr. Hunter further suggests that much of the difficulty as
to the introduction of fines would be removed by transferring
the date of the Treatise to the reign of Richard or of John.
It seems to me, however, tliat the few years that would be
thus attained would add little to the argument on either side,
and would not give any more definite meaning to the words
with which the author opens the subject. These words,
" Contingit autem multotiens," '•' But it often happens," ^
have been cited to show that fines had been long established
at the time when the Treatise was written. They, however,
do not necessarily bear any such interpretation ; and would
be equally applicable to a practice then generally in use,
whether that practice were ten or a hundred years old. In-
deed, it seems more probable that, if the practice had been of
any very long standing, the fact would have been brought
forward more prominently, and its antiquity noticed with
greater particularity. Little doubt now exists that the Fine
was taken from the Roman law, the Pandects of which
were publicly lectured upon in this country in 1147. The

' Glailvilk', lib. viii. cup. I.

N 3

182 GLANVILLE. Hen. II.

great convenience of the Instrument would occasion its early
adoption ; and its use for twenty, or even ten, years >vould
well w^arrant a writer on the law to adopt the words in
question.

The " Prologus " was manifestly written during the reign
of Henry 11. ; to whom only, and certainly to neither of his
successors, Richard I. or John, could the character of the
king mentioned in it, or the incidents adverted to, refer.

Presuming, then, that the reign of Henry is the period of
its composition, what is there to object to the general as-
cription of its authorship to Eanulph de Glanville, con-
sidering that he did not die till 1190, the first year of
Richard's reign ? The principal doubt as to its being pro-
perly attributed to him seems to arise from the title prefixed
to it, Avhich says, " it was composed in the time of Henry II.,
the illustrious Ranulph de Glanville, who of all in those days
was the most skilled in the law and the ancient customs of
the realm, then holding the helm of justice." Undoubtedly,
no author would so describe himself: but this proves no
more than that Glanville did not write the title-page, and it
is evident, from the words used, " eo tempore," that the title
as it now stands was an addition at a subsequent period.

With reference to Mr. Hunter's suggestion, that William
Glanville, who sat in the Curia Regis in the reign of
Richard I., might have written the work, it is to be observed
that there is nothing wdiatever in that judge's life upon
which to found such a probability ; and that the argument
as to the time when fines were introduced, would derive
little assistance from the additional eight or ten years which
would be thus obtained.

It is true that there is no positive evidence that Ranulph
de Glanville was the author : but some weight is to be given
to the tradition which ascribes it to him ; especially when
that is supported by his acknowledged learning, and by the

1154—1189. GLANVILLE. 183

facts that lie had been connected with the Court for many
years, that he had held a judicial position before he was
raised to the office of supreme judge, and that lie occupied
that high post for nearly ten years. That both of the pre-
cedents of fines which are given in the work are dated in
the thirty-third year of Henry's reign, proves nothing as to
the time of its composition^ which might have been, and
probably was, a labour of several years : they only show that
the completion did not take place till about that time, when
it would be quite a matter of ordinary course to introduce
the most recent examples; and they give cogency to the
probability that the work was written either from Glanville's
dictation or under his direction and superintendence.

The contents of the Treatise scarcely justify the general
title which it bears ; being principally devoted to such sub-
jects only as were under the jurisdiction of the Curia Kegis.
The correctness, however, with which the proceedings arc
described, has been substantially proved by the recent pub-
lication of the records of that Court in tlie time of Richard I.
and John, in which they are found precisely to correspond
in every respect.

N 4

184

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES

THE JUDGES UNDER THE IIEIGN OF HENRY II.

ABRINCIS, WILLIAM DE.

?JusT. Itin. 1170.

William de Abrincis, or Averenches, is one of the twelve
barons who are inserted in Dugdale's Chronica Series as
justices itinerant appointed in the year 1170 for the counties
of Kentj Surrey, Middlesex, Berks, Oxford, Buckingham,
and Bedford. It has, however, been already shown ^ that
they cannot be properly so considered ; but that they were
in fact only commissioners appointed to inquire into the
abuses of sheriffs, bailiffs, and other officers.

He was the grandson of a Norman noble of the same name :
who, dying in 1807, was succeeded by his son, Roelandus
de Abrincis, a valiant soldier under Henry L ; whose wife
Maud, the daughter and heir of Nigel de Monville, or
Mundevil, brought him the lordship of Folkestone, in Kent,
with all the lands and honors she inherited from her mother,
Emma, the daughter of William de Arques. The subject of
the present notice was their eldest son.

His possessions were of considerable extent. In 11 Hen. IL
his scutage of Wales amounted to 30/., and in the next year
he paid for twenty-four knights' fees in Kent, on the aid for
marrying the king's daughter.

See ante, p. 175.

1154—1189. WILLIAM DE AUBEIIVILLE. 185

According to the manner of the time, he devoted piirt of
liis property to religious purposes. In 1147 he ratified his
mother's grant of the lordship of Siwelle in Northamptonshire,
to the abbey of St. Andrew in Northampton: and he
gave to the church of our Lady of Merton two sheaves of
his whole lordship, with the tithes of his mill, paunagc,
cheese, calves, colts, lambs, apples, and nuts, in pure almes.
To the monks of Essay, in Normandy, he also gave the
fourth part of the church of St. Saviour, with the tithe of
the chapelry of his own house, and other benefactions.

He died before 2 Richard I., his son Simon being then
in possession of the estates.

The male branch of the family terminated a little before
the year 1235, by the death of another William de Abrincis
without issue. His sister became his heir, and married
Hamon Crevequer, lord of Leeds Castle, in Kent.*

AUBERVJLLE, WILLIAM DE.

Just, 1182.

William de Auberville was descended either from a
baron of the same name, lord of Berlai, in Hertfordshire, or
from Roger de Auberville, or Otherville, who held divers
lordships in Essex and Suffolk ; both of whom flourished in
the time of the Conqueror.

His father was Hugh de Auberville, on whose death, in
31 Henry I., 1130-1, he was a minor, and was placed under
the care of Turgis de Abrincis, who gave three hundred
marks of silver and one of gold, with a courser, for his ward-
ship, and for the marriage of Wynanc, his mother, Hugh's
widow.

He married Matilda, one of the three daughters of Eanulph

• Dugdalc's IJaronage, i. 4(i7. ; Monast v. 190.

186 AYMEK, ABBOT OF CHEUTSEY. Hen. 11.

de Glanville; and avc find him in 1182, 28 Henry IL, pre-
sent with that great justiciary at Westminster at the passing
of two fines there, and evidently acting as a justicier.^

He was alive in 6 Kichard I., 1 194-5, being in that year
a party to a suit relative to the partition of the inheritance
of Kanulph de Glanville, his father-in-law.^ In the year
1192, 3 Richard I., he founded an abbey of white canons of
the Prajmonstratensian Order, removed from Leyston in
Suffolk, at West Langdon, in Kent, and endowed it with
the whole of that manor and with other lands. In his
charter of foundation he mentions a son, William, and a
daughter, Emma : besides whom he had another son, Hugh,
who succeeded him. Hugh's son William left only a daugh-
ter, named Joan, whose husband, Nicholas de Criol, con-
firmed the grants made to the abbey by William de
Auberville.^

AVERENCHES, WILLIAM DE. See Abrincis.
AYMER, or DANIEL, Abbot of Ciiertsey.

?JusT. Itin. 1170.

" The Abbot of Chertsey " is the second of the " Barones
errantes,*' or " Inquisitores," sent by Henry IL, in 1170, to
inquire into the conduct of the sheriffs, whom Dugdale
erroneously designates " Justiciarii Itinerantes."

It is doubtful whether this abbot was Daniel or Aymer.
I am inclined to think it was the latter. The date attached
to the former in Manning and Bray's Surrey is 1149.'' The

' Preface to Fines of Richard I. and John.
2 Rot. Curife Regis, 6 Richard I., 24.

^ Dugdale's Monast. (1S46), vi. 898.; Dugdalc's Baron, i. 499.; Hasted'
Kent, ix. 401.
•■ Vol. iii. 217.

Hot— 11S9. ALARD BANASTRE. 187

Liber Niger Scaccarii proves that the hitter was certainly
abbot in 1175, if not earlier ^ ; but affords no evidence of how
long he had been so. He was succeeded by Bertran, whose
elevation to the abbacy is proved by a passage in the " Cronica
Jocelini de Brakelonda," not to have taken place till after
February, 1182.2

BANASTRE, ALARD.

Just. Itin. 1174.

During this reign sheriffs were frequently added to the
justices itinerant appointed to set the assize or tallage on
the king's demesnes in the counties over which they pre-
sided ; even though they were no otherwise connected with
the court. In these cases, however, their duties seem to
have been confined to that object ; and particularly in the
year in which Alard Banastre is named, separate justiciers
appear to have performed this duty under writs from Kichard
de Luci, the chief justiciary ; while others were regularly
engaged in the administration of criminal justice, and the
hearing of legal pleas.

Alard Banastre was Sheriff of Oxfordshire in 20 & 21
Henry II., 1174-5; and in the former of those years his
name is found as one of the justices itinerant fixing the assize
for that county. But, in reference to the ordinary pro-
ceedings of the court, he is never mentioned ; nor indeed is
any other information given concerning him.

In the four previous years, that sheriffalty was held by
Adam Banastre, probably his father. •'

BANGOR, Bisiiop of. See Guy Rufus.

» Diigdiile's Monast. (I84G), i. 423. " P. IS.

•* Fuller's Worthies, Berkshire; Madox's Exch. i. 124.

188 THOMAS BASSET. Hen. II.

BARDOLF, HUGH.

Just. 1184.

See under the Reigns of Richard I. and John.
BASSET, THOMAS.

Just. Itin. 1168. Just. 1175.

Thomas Basset was the son and heir of Gilbert, a grand-
son, or as Dugdale believes, a younger son of Ralph Basset,
the justiciary in the reign of Henry I. His military services
in divers wars were rewarded by King Henry 11. at an early
period of his reign with the lordship of Hedendon, in Oxford-
shire, together with the hundred of Botendon, and that lying
without the north gate of the city of Oxford. He was
sheriff of that county in 10 Henry II., and in the 14th year
of that reign, 1 1 68, he was one of the justices itinerant for the
counties of Essex and Hertford.^

From the year 1175 his name frequently appears among
the barons acting judicially in the Curia Regis; and the
superior character of his abilities is evident from his being
employed as a justice itinerant for the six following years in
no less than fifteen other counties ; and in his having been
one of those selected by the great council held at Windsor in
25 Henry II., 1179, when the kingdom was divided into
four parts for the better administration of justice. He was
excused from the assessments imposed upon his property, in
the same manner as others acting in the court usually were.

He married Alice, the daughter of . . . de Dunstanville,
and died before 29 Henry IL, 1183, in which year his
eldest son, Gilbert, had come into his possessions, and founded
the priory of Burcester, or Bicester, in Oxfordshire.

Besides Gilbert (who died in 7 John, leaving an only

^ Madox's Excb. i. 587.

11.54 — 1189. WILLIAM BASSET. 189

daughter married to Richard dc Camvill), he had two other
sons, Thomas and Alan, the latter of whom is mentioned
as a justicier under the reign of Henry III. ; and one
daughter, who became the wife of Albert de Grelle.^

BASSET, WILLIAM.

Just. Itin. 1168. Just. 1175.

William Basset, lord of Sapcote in Leicestershire, was a
younger son of Richard Basset, the justiciary in the reign of
Henry I., and Matilda Ridel, his wife ; and consequently
grandson of Ralph Basset, the head of the family.

From 9 to 16 Henry IL, 1163-1170, he executed the
office of sheriiF of the united counties of Warwick and Lei-
cester, and was afterwards fined by the commissioners appointed
in the latter year in the sum of one hundred marks for some
transgressions he had committed in performance of his duties.
Lie, however, afterwards held the sheriffalty of Lincolnshire
in 24 Henry IL, and the six following years.

His pleas as a justice itinerant commence in 14 Henry IL,
1168, and extend till 26 Henry IL, 1180; during which
time he acted in twenty-four different counties.'^ From
21 Henry IL, 1175, he is frequently mentioned as assisting
in the judicial business of the Curia Regis, in which he con-
tinued to sit till 30 Henry IL, 1184.^

He died about the latter date, and was succeeded in the
barony by his son Simon, of whom mention will be made in
the next reign as a justice itinerant.''

• Dugdale's Baronage, i. 383. ; Nicolas's Synopsis of the Peerage ; Madox's
Exch. i. 94. 125. &c. ; Pipe Rolls, 2, 3, 4 Henry U. 114. &c.
» Dugdale's Cliron. Series; Madox's Exch. i. 143. 149. &c.
=" Ibid. i. 94. 103. &c. * Du'^dalc's IJaron. i. 382

190 ROBERT DE BEAUMONT, EARL OF LEICESTER. Hen. IL

BASTARD, WILLIAM.

Just. Itin. 1174.

Five justices itinerant were appointed In 20 Henry IP.,
1174, by writ of Richard de Luci, to set the assize of Hamp-
shire, of whom William Bastard was the third named ^ ; but
who he was I cannot find with sufficient certainty.

BEAUMONT, ROBERT DE, Eael of Leicester.

Just. Angl. 115^.

KoBERT DE Beaumont {de Bello Monte) was the second
Earl of Leicester ; succeeding, as the elder of two twin sons,
his father of the same name, who, as Earl of Mellent in
Normandy, was one of the principal ministers of Henry I.,
and acquired the reputation of being the first statesman in
Europe. He was allied to the family of the Conqueror ;
and accompanying him as a young man in his expedition to
England, he distinguished himself by making the first onset
in the battle of Hastings. His reward was the grant of
above ninety lordships in the counties of Warwick, Leicester,
Wilts, Northampton, and Gloucester. Adhering to King
Henry I. in his contests with his brother Hobert, he was
created Earl of Leicester; and, dying in 1118, Waleran, the
younger of the twins, succeeded to the earldom of Mellent,
and the lands In Normandy ; while those in England, with
the earldom of Leicester, devolved on this Robert, who was
surnamed Bossu.

Although this earl was also In great favour with Henry I.,
and was with him at his death in 1135, he supported King
Stephen in the early part of his reign, and obtained a grant

' Madox's Exch. i. 125.

1154—1189. KOBEIIT DE BEAUMONT, EARL OF LEICESTER. 191

of the town, castle, and county of Hereford. On the arrival,
however, of Henry, Duke of Normandy, lie declared for that
prince, supplied him with necessaries, and assisted him with
powerful military aid. He was a witness to the convention
between the prince and King Stephen, which terminated this
intestine warfare.

On Stephen's death, the earl was among the principal
counsellors of his successor ; and being as eminent for the
qualifications of his mind and his knowledge of the law, as
he had shown himself in state policy and civil affairs, he was
immediately raised by Henry to the office of chief justiciary,
or president of the Exchequer, which he retained during the
remainder of his life. This appointment is said by some to
have been held by him in conjunction with Richard de Luci ;
and there are some writs which seem to show that It was so.

Throughout the king's contest with Becket, he aided his
royal master in maintaining the rights of the state against
the encroachments of the clergy. His prudence was so
great, and his piety so notorious, that even the violent arch-
bishop did not venture to include him in tho sentence of
excommunication which he pronounced against several of the
king's counsellors : although he had been one of the principal
actors, and had joined in prevailing on Becket to sign the
constitutions of Clarendon.

Before that contest was terminated by the murder of
Becket, the Earl of Leicester died In 1167, 13 Henry IL, at
the abbey of Leicester, which he had founded in 1 143. He
is stated to have been a canon regular of that abbey for fif-
teen years before his death ; but if so, his em2)loyments from
the commencement of the reign of Henry II. prove that he
had a dispensation from the observance of the strict rules of
the order. Besides this abbey, he founded three other re-
ligious houses, and was also a liberal benefactor to many
more.

192

THOMAS BECKET.

%

Hek. II.

He married Amicia^ daughter of Ralph dc Waet, Earl of
Norfolk; and had by her, besides Robert, who succeeded
him, two daughters, one of whom married Simon, Earl of
Huntingdon, and the other William, Earl of Gloucester.

His son Robert, surnamed Blanche-Maines, having re-
belled against Henry II., was taken prisoner and kept in
confinement for a great part of his reign. He was after-
wards, however, restored to the king's favour, and in the
next reign accompanied King Richard to the Holy Land ;
in his return from which he died, in 1190. By the death of
his son and successor, Robert Fitz-Parnell, in 1206, the male
branch of the family became extinct : but the title was re-
vived by King John in the person of Simon de Montfort,
who had married his sister Amicia.^

BECKET, THOMAS, Archdeacon of Canterbury,
Provost of Beverley, Archbishop of Canterbury.

Chancellor, 1154.

The biographer of a political or a religious martyr is by no
means to be envied. He is not only perplexed by the con-
flicting and contradictory accounts of panegyrists and de-
tractors; but however unprejudiced he may be, however
anxious to confine himself strictly to the truth, and however
indifferent to the effect which that truth may have on the
character he is describing, he may rest assured that condem-
nation and not applause will be his reward. One party will
abuse him for the omissions of details which he has felt
himself conscientiously bound to reject, and the other for his
candour in judging those facts which cannot be disputed; so
that his careful endeavour to exhibit a perfect neutrality will

» Madox's Exch. i. 34., ii. 138, 394. ; Lord Lyttelton's Henry II., i. 208.
397. 541., ii. 18. 375. 414.; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 84. ; Rapin, &c.

1154—1189. THOMAS BECKET. 193

fail with both parties, because he refuses to adopt exdusively
the opinions of either.

This is peculiarly the case with regard to Thomas Becket.
It began in his own time, since royalty was even more
certain to find partisans than priesthood : it continued after
his death, since his earliest biographers differ in the facts they
relate; it proceeded through succeeding ages, in which his
character has been elevated or debased according to the
extreme views of those who have discussed it ; and even in
the present day, though after the lapse of nearly seven cen-
turies an impartial judgment might be expected, the contest,
o\ving to the revival of influences somewhat similar to those
which operated upon him, is still as rife as ever : and he who
ventures upon it must be content with the alternate censures
of the archbishop's supporters and opponents.

I cannot expect to escape the common fate, even in the
slight sketch which follows : avoiding as irrelevant to its
position here the tender subject of ecclesiastical claims, and
confining itself as much as possible to the mere incidents of
his life and the circumstances of his legal career. But even
in regard to these incidents, difficulties arise in the outset
from the necessity of sifting the truth from those exaggera-
tions with which the memoirs of a hero, whether in the shape
of a martyr or a conqueror, are sure to be embellished.

Thomas Becket was a native of London, having been
born in the parish of St. Mary Colechurch, on the north side
of Cheapside, in the year 1118.^

His ancestors, accta-ding to his own account, were citizens

' Dugdale's IMoiiast. (18^6), vi. 646. In drawing up this sketch I have con-
sulted various authorities; but I have been princijjally indebted to an excellent
article contained in the eleventh and twelfth numbers of the English Review, vi.
37 — 76., and 370—4 1 7. The extensive research, the learned labour, the judicious
criticism, and the scrupulous impartiality which the author displays, cannot
fail to receive the commendation of all who are interested in a temperate investi-
gation of the subject.

VOL. I. O

194 THOMAS BECK ET. Hen. II.

there, somewhat above the lowest rank, "non omiiino Infimi ;"
but the condition of the family had evidently improved in
the time of his father, Gilbert, since he had filled the office of
sheriff or portgrave of the city. His mother's name was
Matilda, and the story of her union with Gilbert, of which
neither Becket nor any of his contemporaries state anything
extraordinary, was enlivened about two centuries after his
death with a romantic addition, which soon after was popu-
larly accepted as an undoubted truth. Gilbert was said to
have become a captive in the Holy Land, and to have inspired
with love his master's daughter, by whose assistance he
escaped : that she followed him to England, and, with no
other knowledge of the English vocabulary than the words
" London " and " Gilbert," was lucky enough to work her
Avay to the metropolis, and to discover the object of her
search : that Gilbert forthwith procured her ba^^tism, at
which six bishops assisted, and rewarded her devotedness by
making her his wife.

Omitting the omens of future greatness by which Thomas's
birth was said to be attended, and the miraculous incidents
which were attributed to his youth, it will be enough to
relate the simple course of his early years.

Intended for the church, he was placed at the age of ten
under Kobert, the prior of Merton ; and afterwards studied
at the schools in London. He next proceeded to Paris to
finish his education, and on his return is said to have been
employed as a clerk to the sheriffs of London ; an occupation
not unlikely for him to obtain, considering that his father
had held that dignity, and was now reduced in his circum-
stances.

The superiority of his parts and the captivating grace of
his manners had already procured him the friendsliip of those
who frequented his father's house. From one of them, a
rich baron, he obtained little more than a zest for the amuse-

1154—1189. THOMAS BECKET. 195

ments to which he \yas introduced ; but to two Norman
ecclesiastics he was indebted for more solid advantages, and
in ftict for the means by which he ultimately raised himself
to his highest position. They procured his admittance about
1145 into the family of Archbishop Theobald; who soon
discerning his abilities, took him into his f^xvour, and obtained
for him canonries in St. Paul's and Lincoln, besides pre-
senting him with the livings of St. Mary-at-Hlll in London ^
and of Otford in Kent. By the primate's kindness, also,
Becket was sent to the schools of Bologna and Auxerre, to
study the canon and civil law : and, returning to England no
mean proficient in them, he w^as employed by his patron in
several embassies to the court of Rome. Among these was
one to obtain the restoration of the legantine power to the
see of Canterbury ; and another to procure a bull prohibiting
the coronation of Eustace, the son of King Stephen. The
abilities which he evinced in these negotiations, and his suc-
cess in both of them, not only confirmed the archbishop's
good will towards him, but formed the ground-work of the
favour wath which Henry, when he ascended the throne, im-
mediately distinguished him.

In the mean time, however, he was rewarded with the
archdeaconry of Canterbury, to which he was appointed on
the elevation of Roger to the archbishoprick of York, about
1153. Whether this dignity was followed or preceded by
the provostship of Beverley, is uncertain : but the date of
1139, as it stands in the lists, is obviously erroneous.

The death of Stephen, on October 25, 1154, enabled King
Henry to shew his appreciation of Becket's talents : and
there seems to me very little doubt that immediately on his
coronation he appointed him his chancellor. Tliynne and

' Not St. Mary-le- Strand, as commonly stated, which was not in London at
all, as Becket's living is described to have been ; and was not then a parish
under that name.

o 2

]96 THOMAS BECKET. Hen. II.

Philipot place John before him ; Oldmlxon, in his " Lives of
the Chancellors," says that Philip held the seal till the third
year of the reign, when Becket succeeded him ; and Dugdale
fixes the date 1157 to his nomination. For John, however,
not the slightest authority is given ; Philip, though chan-
cellor to Stephen, is mentioned by no writer of authority as
holding the office under Henry ; and that Becket must have
done so before Dugdale's date, there is the amplest proof.

The historians are very loose in their dates, seldom naming
more than the year. Roger de Wendover, in speaking of
Becket's appointment, fixes it in 1155, which, considering
that Henry's coronation took place on December 19, 1154,
might be in the first year of the reign. The records afford
the best means of certainty ; and of these the charters and
the Great Rolls are to be preferred as guides. Of thirty-nine
charters, however, in the Monasticon, to which Becket's
name is attached as chancellor, not one has any date, and
though an approximation to the period of their being granted
can be frequently traced, yet none happen to afford the
means of coming to a certain conclusion. The Great Boll of
the first year also is wanting ; so that no positive testimony
by which to decide the precise period of his appointment
exists. But the Great Boll of the second year offers suf-
ficient evidence to warrant an almost conclusive inference
that no chancellor preceded him.

In that roll ^ he is named as chancellor, and no other
chancellor is mentioned. Numerous entries occur of the
chancellor being excused from various amerciaments on his
property ; which, though they were accounted for in the
second year, were some of them probably chargeable in the
first. The payments, also, arising out of the pleas in Essex
and Kent, before him and Henry de Essex, were, with equal

' Pipe Rolls, 2, 3, 4 Henry II., 21.

1154—1189. THOMAS BECKET. 197

probability, imposed in the preceding year, as the sheriff
could seldom collect the money immediately after the charge.
With these probabilities, and in the absence of any evidence
to the contrary, I cannot entertain a doubt that he was the
earliest chancellor of Henry II.

Credit is taken on behalf of that monarch for naming an
Englishman to the office, and thus breaking through the
practice, which had obtained from the time of the Conquest,
of conferring all places of trust and confidence on Normans.
It is, however, impossible not to see that the amalgamation of
the two races, which one hundred years had produced, must
have necessarily tended to destroy the exclusive system ; and
that the reason upon which it was founded no longer existed.
Although the monarch might naturally regard his native
land with affection, he would consider England as his dearest
inheritance ; and the disputed successions of William Rufus,
Henry I., and Stephen must have shown how little ground
there was for fearing opposition from an Anglo-Saxon
claimant. Becket was undoubtedly an Englishman in refe-
rence to his own birth, and probably to that of his father
also; but whether he was of Norman or Saxon descent, is an
undecided question. Though he speaks of his progenitors as
citizens of London, it does not follow necessarily that they
must therefore have been Saxons: and Fitz-Stephen, his
chaplain and biographer, states that a Norman origin was the
bond of connection between Gilbert and Archbishop Theo-
bald. But even were he unquestionably a Saxon by lineage
as well as birth, the mere desire to flatter that race by his
appointment had probably little operation on the mind of
Henry, who was much more likely to be influenced in his
selection by the recommendation of Theobald, by his own
observation of Becket's character, and by his conviction that
his acknowledged abilities and popular manners best qualified
him to meet the exigences of the time.

o 3

198 . THOMAS BECKET. Hen. 11.

During the eight years of Becket's cliancellorship, Robert
de Beaumont, Earl of Leicester, and Bichard de Luci were
chief justiciaries ; and to tlie united efforts of these three,
aided and encouraged by the wisdom of the king, is to be
attributed that amelioration in the state of the country
which became visible before many years of the reign had
elapsed, in the removal of private oppression, the suppression
of robbers, the restoration of property wrongfully withheld,
the improvement of agriculture, and the encouragement of all
peaceful arts.

In the first and second years of the reign we have seen
that tlie chancellor assisted, with Henry de Essex, in ad-
ministering justice in Kent and Essex : another entry re-
cords that he acted in Lincolnshire and Shropshire in con-
junction with the Earl of Leicester ^; and it may be presumed
from the known activity of his disposition, that the rolls of
subsequent years exhibit him as a partaker in similar dvities.

His more laborious occupations were relieved by those
diversions in which the court indulged ; his apparent devo-
tion to which could not but be gratifying to a youthful and
joyous king, and is said by some to have been assumed for
the purpose of riveting the influence he possessed over the
royal mind. Nor are less innocent amusements omitted to
be charged against him, which, on the other side, are met by
an indignant denial. His intimate footing with Henry, how-
ever it may have been gained, is undoubted. The free and
happy intercourse between them, which bore the appearance
of fraternal concord, is enlarged upon by Fit z- Stephen ; w^ho
relates their playfrl contest when the king transferred
Becket's rich cloak to the shoulders of a beggar; and dwells
upon the familiarity with which the king would appear with-
out ceremony at his table, and either take a cup of wine in
passing, or seat himself uninvited as a guest.

» Pipe Rolls, 2, 3, 4 Henry II., 17. 2G. 65. 83. 89. 114.

1154— 11S9. THOMAS BECKET. 199

Henry in these visits could not be ignorant of the extent
of Becket's liberality, nor of his general magnificence and
profusion. He must have seen the extravagance in which he
lived, the number of his attendants, and the gorgeousness of
their ajipointments, the splendour of his furniture, and the
richness of his apparel, the hospitality of his table, and the
luxurious delicacy of his wines and his viands. He must
have been aware that the' expenses of such an establishment
could not be defrayed solely from the profits of the chancery,
and the produce of his ecclesiastical and other preferments ;
and yet the knowledge produced no dissatisfaction, nor any
alteration in Henry's behaviour. On the contrary, he loaded
Becket with new benefits, granting him the prebend of
Hastings and the wardenship of the castles of Eye and Berk-
hampstead, to the former of which one hundred and forty
knights were attached. The custody also of various vacant
bishopricks and abbeys was entrusted to him, from the
proceeds of which much of his lavish expenditure was no
doubt supplied.

The external dignity of the office of chancellor must have
been considerably enhanced by the publicity of Henry's
favour, and by the profuseness of the favourite. They
formed in fact the first step towards that advanced position
which the possessor of the great seal eventually obtained in
the councils of the kingdom. It would almost seem that it
was with some view of promoting such an advance, tliat, in
the embassy Becket undertook to the court of France in
1158 to ask the Princess Margaret in marriage for Henry's
eldest son, he redoubled his habitual magnificence, and ex-
hibited so pompous a cavalcade, the details of which are
minutely described by Fitz-Stcphen, that the inhabitants of
the French towns through which he passed, on hearing that
it accompanied the chancellor of England, loudly speculated
on the power of the master whose officers made such a dis-

o 4

200 THOMAS BECKET. Hen. II.

play. At Paris he pursued the same course. He pre-
vented Louis from paying him the customary compliment of
providing for the ambassador's expenses, by contriving to
anticipate the supply : he distributed his gold and silver, his
jewels and plate, and even his rich apparel, in gifts around
him ; and the sumptuousness of his table surprised even the
Parisians, by whom a dish of eels which cost a hundred
shillings was not soon forgotten. But he attained his object,
and brought back a favourable answer.

In the following year he appeared in a new character.
The war of Toulouse broke out, occasioned by Henry's
claim to that duchy in right of his wife Eleanor, whose
former husband, Louis, King of France, insisted on his side
of his power to dispose of it. It was on this occasion that,
under the advice of Becket, a payment for every knight's fee
under the name of scutage, was first substituted for personal
military service ; and a new element was thus introduced
into national warfare by the employment of mercenaries.
Becket at his own expense led to the field no less than seven
hundred knights, and a numerous and splendid retinue ;
heading them on every enterprise, and performing many acts
of personal bravery. A French knight named Engelram de
Trie was unhorsed by him in single combat, and left his
steed as a trophy to the victor. After the retreat of King
Henry, Becket remained behind, and with the aid of Henry
de Essex took Cahors and other towns, and supported the
king's name by his valour and conduct.

These acts, though somewhat inconsistent Vv^ith his clerical
character, and productive therefore of some remarks among
his contemporaries, do not appear to have detracted from the
general estimation in which he was held, nor to have raised
any doubt as to his being elevated eventually to the highest
ecclesiastical dignity. The advanced age of his patron
Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury, rendered an early

1154— 11S9. TUOMAS BECKET. 201

vaciincy probable ; and on the occurrence of his death in
April, 1161, the king resolved to advance his favourite to
the primacy.

The election, however, did not take place till May in the
following year ; and the delay is attributed by some to
Becket's own repugnance to accept the appointment, and
the conviction he felt that it would place the king and him-
self in collision. By others it is ascribed to the remonstrances
of the English bishops and the Canterbury monks, together
with the warnings of Matilda the Queen-Mother, against the
nomination of a man of so active and resolute a disposition.
Nevertheless the king, who considered that his own views
would be forwarded by this promotion, persisted in his pur-
pose ; and Becket was consecrated on June 3, 1162, having
been ordained priest on the day before.

Henry soon discovered his mistake. He at once lost a
companion, a friend, and a counsellor ; and obtained in their
stead an opponent to his claims, a rival to his greatness, and
a disturber of his peace. To which of the two the blame is
to be principally attached, Avill be decided according to the
views of their several partisans, and as they may consider the
claims of the state or of the church should have the ascend-
ancy.

Whether the sudden change which Becket made in his
mode of life on his attaining the archbishoprick, from a free
enjoyment of the luxuries of the world to a course bordering
on asceticism, extending to the wearing of horsehair and
the infliction of flagellation, which even his contemporaries at-
tribute to him, is or is not to be entirely credited ; there is no
doubt that a considerable alteration in his conduct was soon
apparent. The sacred nature of his oflrice would demand an
abstinence from all that would savour of irregularity, and a
stricter attention to his external demeanour ; and of these
the king was not likely to com[)lain. But it must be allowed

202 THOMAS BECXET. Hen. II.

that he had reason to consider hhnself deceived when, ahnost
without notice and certainly contrary to his expectation,
Becket shortly afterwards sent in his resignation of the chan-
cellorship, on the pretence of his incompetence to perform
the duties of the two offices. As this doubt of his ow^n
powers could not have been the result of experience, inasmuch
as sufficient time had not elapsed to try them ; and as the
two offices could not be considered incompatible, several
bishops having already held the great seal ; Henry might be
justly indignant that Becket, far-sighted as he was, should
not have anticipated the difficulty, and prepared liim for such
a determination. He could not, therefore, avoid suspecting
that it was a foregone conclusion, and that some other cause
had produced it. The stricter course of life which he had
already adopted, and the resumption of some of the church's
ancient rights which he was then beginning to attempt, in
conjunction with his resignation of the great seal, naturally
led the king to fear that instead of the able assistant in his
plans of government which he had expected, the archbishop
was about to become a declared antagonist in all those im-
provements connected with the clerical order which he con-
templated.

The precise time of his retirement from the office of chan-
cellor has not been mentioned ; nor do any of the numerous
charters that bear his name in tliat character affi)rd any
evidence by which the date can be ascertained. To none of
these is his name attached as bearing the two offices of arch-
bisho]) and chancellor; and it is generally believed that he
resigned the latter before the close of the year 1162. The
name of his successor has not been discovered ; and there is
an hiatus of about eleven years in the list of chancellors
which has still to be filled up.

I should be glad, were it possible, to terminate my sketch
at this period of his legal career. The liistory of his after-

1151—1189. THOMAS BECKET. 203

years offers so many problems difficult to solve, even where
both parties agree upon the facts, and so many discrepancies
where they differ, that the pursuit of the enquiry is a thank-
less labour to one indifferent to the pretensions of either of
the combatants ; satisfied that such pretensions can never
again come into controversy, and feeling that, with what-
ever justice each side was originally supported, the contest
eventually became, as mbst contests do, an alternate ex-
hibition of pride, temper, suspicion, and folly on both parts-

That Becket in the first instance claimed privileges for
the church to which no good government could submit, few
will attempt to deny ; but it must also be admitted that
Henry was aiming at a royal independence of papal au-
thority, for which the time was not yet ripe. The first
opposition of Becket no doubt led to an increased demand by
the king, unaccustomed to be thwarted in his views; and
thus those ultimate proceedings were caused, whicli, by the
violence of both parties, introduced the French king for his
own political objects into the contest, and terminated in the
catastrophe, which not only obliged Henry to desist from his
efforts, but made the crown for a time more than ever the
slave of the papal power. Without entering into all the
details of the conflict, it will be enough to notice the principal
incidents in the order of their occurrence.

On Becket's resigning the chancellorship, the king required
him to give up the archdeaconry of Canterbury, whicli he
wished to retain ; but at the same time he continued to
entrust him with the education of prince Henry, his eldest
son, who for several years had been under his care ; and the
l)rince remained with him till the following May, when
Becket proceeded to the Council of Tours.

The archbishop having resolved to resume all the posses-
sions which had ever belonged to his see, claimed among
others the custody of the castle of Kochcster, because it had

204 THOMAS BECKET. Hen. II.

been bestowed on his predecessor ; and required the Earl of
Chire to do him homage for the eastle of Tunbridge, though
it had been held by that family of the crown for nearly a
hundred years. He went further : on the pretence that he had
a right to bestow all churches situated on the manors of his
tenants, he presented one of his clerks, named Lawrence, to
the church of Eynesford. William, the lord of that manor,
however, who was also a tenant of the king, and possessed
the advowson, immediately turned out the intruder, where-
upon the archbishop incontinently excommunicated him ; and
it was not without some hard words between the prelate and
the king that the sent:nce was taken off.

This kind of procedure, violent and intemperate as it was,
would of course be displeasing to the king, and prompt him
to dwell upon and endeavour to restrain other encroachments
of the clergy. That body claimed the privilege of having
every case, in which any member of it was engaged, tried
before its own tribunals, however gross in its character or
however obnoxious to the peace of the community. The
sentence in the ecclesiastical courts was that of deprivation
and loss of orders ; operating, of course, as a very slight
restraint. The consequence was, tliat murders and other
atrocities by claimants of clerical exemption were sadly
numerous. As a remedy for the evil, the king proposed
that clerks should for such offences be subject to the same
jurisdiction as lay offenders ; and that, on conviction, they
should be degraded by tlie church before the secular sentence
was executed. This the archbishop resisted as an innovation,
contending for these immunities as an inherent right of the
church ; but, a horrible case of the kind just then occurring,
Henry determined to bring to issue a question, in which all
who were interested in preserving the pubhc peace joined
in wishing him success. Had he confined his endeavours to
tliat object, he must have overcome all opposition.

1154—1189. THOMAS BECKET. 205

At a meeting of the prelates at Westminster in Oc-
tober, 1163, lie stated his views; and on the bishops, at
the instigation of Becket, hesitating to concur, the king
asked them whether they would obey the customs of his an-
cestors. All of them, save one, Hilary, Bishop of Chichester,
in answering that they were willing to do so, added the words
" saving their order." On hearing this reservation, the king
angrily broke up the council, and deprived the archbishop of
the custody of the castles of Eye and Berkhampstead.

After some little time the bishops withdrew their oppo-
sition, and even Becket consented to retract the objectionable
salvo. A council was accordingly lield at Clarendon in
January, 1164, in order to record their assent. There the
king required that the ancient customs of the kingdom should
be reduced to writing ; and they were forthwith drawn up
in the form now known as the constitutions of Clarendon.
They not only made clerks accused of crimes amenable to the
king's courts, and referred all questions of presentation to
benefices to be decided there, but prohibited all ecclesiastics
from leaving the kingdom Avithout the king's licence, and
forbad excommunication to be pronounced against his tenants
in chief, and the members of his household. They brought
also the patronage of the sees and abbeys more under the
royal control, and gave the king power to compel the arch-
bishop to do justice to the suitors in his court.

The barons gladly adopted them, and the bishops ac-
quiesced. Becket alone resisted for some time ; but eventu-
ally, on the pressing remonstrance of his brethren and others,
went at their head to the king, and promised to keep the
laws " legitime et bona fide." In doing this he can scarcely
be excused from the charge of deliberate perjury, committed,
as he himself previously said, " to be repented hereafter as I
may." His successful solicitation for the pontiffs absolution
from his oath would receive its natural interpretation from

208 THOMAS BECKET. Hex\. IL

the king, and would at once shew the insincerity with Avhich
he joined in the application for the pope's confirmance of the
constitutions.

It is not to be wondered at that Henry should feel indig-
nant at conduct which Becket's warmest admirers do not
pretend to justify ; or that the archbishop's request for an
interview with the kino; at Woodstock should be refused.
The royal displeasure was greatly increased by two attempts
then made by Becket to proceed to Rome in defiance of the
constitutions. On both occasions he was baffled by contrary
winds ; and in a subsequent conference with the king, he was
asked whether one kingdom had not room for both, and was
advised to return to the duties of his province.

His friendly biographer, Herbert of Bosham, shows that
his subsequent proceedings were far from temperate, and
not conducted in a manner to soften the anger of the king.
In a short time they came again into conflict. John the
marshal, an officer of the Exchequer, having a suit in the
archbishop's court relative to the manor of Pageham, in
Sussex, obtained a writ to remove it, requiring Becket to
answer him in the king's court. Instead of appearing per-
sonally according to the law, he sent four knights with
excuses, which the king deemed frivolous and insufficient.^
Another day was appointed, namely the 6th of October
(1164), when a great council of the bishops and barons had
been summoned to meet at Northampton. He was there
charged with treason for his omission ; and was condemned
to be " at the king's mercy," or, in other words, to a forfei-
ture of all his effects ; which was commuted for a fine of 500/.

' One of these excuses was that John had not sworn his oath of the causes of
removal on the Gospels, but on a " Tropaz," "a Book of old Songs," "a Jest
Book," as it is described by various authors. The word, however, is " troparium,"
so called from containing tropes, which were, properly, certain vcrsicles sung
before the intro'.t, in the service of the Mass. English Review, vi. 71.

1154—1189. THOMAS BECKET. 207

Henry was not satisfied with this ; but somewhat unfairly
caused him to be arraigned on other charges, of which, as
far as it appears, he had received no previous notice. He was
called upon to refund 500/. which he had received as con-
stable of the castles of Eye and Berkhampstead. He sub-
mitted, though he alleged that he had spent more in their
repair, and gave security for the amount. It is curious that
one of his bondsmen for this money w^as William de Eynes-
ford ^, the subject of his former excommunication. The
next charge was for 500/. alleged to have been lent to him
by the king during the war of Toulouse. For the payment
of this also, though he declared it was a free gift, he was
obliged to bind himself. And lastly, a demand was made
upon him to account for the monies he had received from the
vacant sees and abbeys while under his charge, the amount of
which is variously stated as 230,000, 30,000, and 44,000
marks. To answer a charge of such magnitude he demanded,
and obtained, a day for deliberation; during which his anxiety
produced an illness which delayed the meeting till the fol-
lowing Tuesday. He then proceeded to the council, bearing
his cross in his own hands ; an unusual proceeding, caused by
foolish reports that violence was intended him. The king,
however, came not into the hall, but sent to him to know his
answer. He declared that he had expended all he had re-
ceived in the king's service ; and that, on being raised to the
primacy, he had been expressly discharged from all secular
liabilities in the name of the king, by Prince Henry and
Kichard de Luci, the chief justiciary. He refused, therefore,
to account, and appealed to the i)ope. The bishops endea-
voured to dissuade him, but he prohibited them from inter-
fering in the cause. Others attempted to intimidate him,
but without effect ; and when the Earl of Leicester, at the

' Rradv's England, i. 385.

208 THOMAS BECKET. 'Hen. II.

bead of the barons, came to pronounce judgment against
bim, Becket interrupted the Earl, and, refusing to bear him,
referred the cause to the pope, and slowly retired from the
ball.

It is impossible to justify these proceedings. Whatever
reason the king might have to be displeased with the bishop's
conduct, this was an unprincely mode of showing his re-
sentment, and looked more like oppression than justice.

On Becket's departure from the ball, he was stigmatized by
several of the courtiers as a perjurer and a traitor; and
showed by his replies that he was by no means deficient in
the grosser language of vituperation. Whether he really
believed that the king would resort to personal violence may
be doubted, but upon this pretence he contrived to escape
in the middle of the night from St. Andrews's Monastery,
where he lodged, and by a circuitous route to reach Sand-
Avich about a fortnight after, where he embarked in a small
boat, and safely landed near Gravel ines.

He first took refuge in the monastery of Clair-Marais, near
St. Omers, and thence went to that of St. Bertin in the
latter town. There Richard de Luci, the chief justiciary,
travelling homeward, had an interview with him, but failed
in his endeavours to quiet Becket's apprehensions.

Both Pope Alexander and King Louis of France attached
themselves to Becket's interests : the one warmly, from po-
litical rivalry ; the other with more caution, lest Henry should
unite himself to the cause of the anti-pope. From both of
them Becket had a most honourable reception; first at
Soissons from Louis, who furnished him with a train of 300
knights to proceed to the pope at Sens. There he is said
by some to have resigned the archbishoprick into the hands of
the pontiff, and to have been immediately reinstated. Alex-
ander committed him to the care of the Abbot of Pontigny,
a Cistercian monastery about twelve leagues from Sens.

1154—1189. THOMAS BECKET. 209

King Heniy, on Becket's fliglit, had sent ambassadors to
Louis to demand that the archbishop should be given up ;
and to Pope Alexander to pray for his deprivation. No
sooner had he heard a report of the failure of both missions,
than he ordered all the archbishop's property and revenues
to be seized, banished all his kindred and attendants, and
deprived the clerks attached to him of the income of their
preferments. These orders were rigorously executed, chiefly
by Ranulph de Broc, an old enemy of Becket ; and the
unfortunate relations, without regard to age or sex, were
transported beyond sea in the depth of winter; but were
hospitably received and provided for in Flanders and France.

Becket remained at Pontigny nearly two years, habited as
a Cistercian monk, but served as became his dignity. Amid
the richer viands, however, w^ere placed the beans and bran
which formed the ordinary meals of the brethren. To these
he is said to have confined himself till the unsuitable diet
produced a fit of illness, after which his mortification was
evinced rather in the scantiness than the plainness of his
food. In this asylum he pursued a course of study ill-suited
for one of his temperament and austere habit of life. Al-
though his friend, John of Salisbury, remonstrated with him,
and, pointing out its inflammatory tendency, recommended the
perusal of the psalms and St. Gregory's Books of Morals,
wisely asking him, " Who ever rises pricked in heart from
reading laws or even canons ? " the prelate still persisted ;
and the fruits were soon apparent.

The correspondence during this period was most volumi-
nous. According to the opinion of one who has read much
of it, it does not " give a favourable idea of the time. There
is abundance of violence, fraud, and insincerity ; mean selfish-
ness and artifice trying to veil themselves under fine profes-
sions and language ; cant, too evidently known to be cant by
those who used it ; strange tossing to and fro of allegorically

VOL. I. P

210 THOMAS BECKET. Hen. II.

misapplied scripture ; duplicity of pope, corruptness of car-
dinals, and other high dignitaries ; intemperance of Becket and
Henry ; hypocrisy of Louis ; politic smoothness of Foliot." ^

A negotiation opened between the king and archbishop
liad failed. It began in smoothness, proceeded in heat, and
ended in threats and fury. Becket had been restrained by
the pope from taking any steps against the king until after
Easter, 1166; and Henry, when that time arrived, thought
it best to anticipate the sentence of excommunication whicli
he expected Becket would pronounce by appealing to the
pope. Envoys were sent to Pontigny to serve the notice of
appeal, but were obliged to content themselves with reading
it aloud, as Becket had gone on a pilgrimage to Soissons.
There he remained a few days, and then proceeded to
Yezelay, where, on the Sunday after Ascension-day, after
preaching at high mass, he, in the presence of a vast con-
course of people, without any previous communication to his
clerks of his intention, pronounced sentence of excommuni-
cation against John of Oxford, Bichard de Luci, and others ;
anathematized six of the constitutions of Clarendon, and all
who should act upon them ; suspended the Bishop of Salis-
bury ; and summoned King Henry to repent on pain of
being anathematized if he should persist in his courses. The
English bishops appealed to the pope, fixing the following
Ascension-day as the term for hearing.

It was not to be supposed that Henry would permit such
a provocation to pass unnoticed ; and accordingly, in the
following September, he caused an intimation to be given at
a general chapter of Cistercians, that if the archbishop
were admitted into any of their monasteries, he would con-
fiscate all the English possessions of their order. The con-
sequence, of course, was his retirement from Pontigny ; and

' English Review, vi. 383.

1154—1189. THOMAS BECKET. 211

the French kln<]c havinor desired him to choose a residence in
his dominions, he selected a monastery near Sens.

The pope had by this time removed to Rome, whither
Henry despatched a mission. At the head of it was John of
Oxford, who contrived not only to procure a reversal of his
excommunication, and a confirmation of his appointment to
the deanery of Salisbury, but also to obtain the nomination
of two cardinal legates, AVilliam of Pavia, and Otho, during
the continuance of whose commission, Becket's power was
entirely inoperative; and the pope prohibited every body
but himself from excommunicating the king. Becket's in-
dignation appears in violent and most offensive letters, in
which the pope himself is not exempted from his vehemence.
The cardinals made some efforts to procure a reconciliiition,
but through the obstinacy of both parties failed, and returned
to Rome.

These proceedings occupied nearly a year; during which
the term assigned for the appeal of the English bishops had
expired. Becket refused a second appeal they wished to
enter, and towards the close of 1167 extended his excom-
munications to the Bishop of London, Geoffrey Ridel, his
own archdeacon (whom, as an instance of his choice of ex-
pressions, he called, in one of his letters, " Archidiabolus
noster "), and a long list of others, among whom were so
many about the court of King Henry, that " there was
hardly one that could offer him the kiss of peace at mass, but
such as were excommunicated either by name or implicitly."

The Roman Pontiff was puzzled what to do between
Henry's remonstrances and Becket's representations, sup-
ported as the latter were by the French king. Irresolute to
act firmly on either side, he took a middle course. He en-
deavoured to effect a reconciliation ; and, dispatching envoys
for the purpose, he suspended the sentence Becket had pro-
nounced till the following Lent; that is, Lent in 1169, for

P 2

212 THOMAS BECKET. Hen. II.

great part of the preceding year had been then exhausted in
the diplomatic negotiations.

The world had now begun to be tired of the quarrel. To
the pope, Becket's pertinacity could be productive of nothing
but annoyance; Henry, feeling that his kingdom and his
clergy were kept in a state of continual anxiety, was sincerely
desirous of some accommodation ; Louis was not unwilling to
get rid of a troublesome guest; and Becket's own friends
and dependents were sighing after a restoration to their
former ease. Becket alone refused to make any concession.
At an interview between Henry and Louis at Montmirail,
in January, 1169, Becket was admitted, when, after la-
menting the differences which had arisen, and throwing him-
self upon the king's mercy, the inflexible archbishop
qualified his submission by the words "salvo honore Dei."
Henry was indignant ; justly considering that the reservation
was intended to, or at least would, warrant any future re-
sistance : but, after reproaching him with his pride and in-
gratitude, declared that he would be satisfied if Becket would
act towards him with the same submission which the greatest
of former primates had shown to the leas^ powerful of his
predecessors. Becket, however, evaded the proposal. Even
the King of France was disgusted ; and the meeting termi-
nated without further colloquy.

Becket accordingly prepared to retire from the French
territory ; when Louis, from a new quarrel with Henry,
again changed his policy. On the termination of Lent,
therefore, Becket resumed hostilities by renewing at Clair-
vaux the excommunications, and including among the de-
nounced the Bishop of Salisbury and others. Notwith-
standing the efforts made to prevent the admission into
England of any letters from Becket, he contrived that the
sentence against Foliot, Bishop of London, should be de-
livered at the altar of St. Paul's on the next Ascension-day.

1151—1189. THOMAS BECKET. 213

The pope was annoyed, and directed that further pro-
ceedings should be stayed till he had tried the effect of
another mission. This led to a second interview between
Becket and the two kings, which took place at Montmartre,
near Paris, on November 18, 1169, and had nearly led to a
friendly result ; w hen Becket demanded the kiss of peace,
which Henry, in consequence of a foolish oath he had taken,
having refused, the treaty was again broken off. Becket
now threatened to place the kingdom under an interdict, and
even to excommunicate the king : and the pope renewed his
efforts to produce a reconciliation. Rotrou, Archbishop of
Rouen, one of the new papal commissionersj absolved the
Bishop of London ; and Becket's letter of complaint shows
that he was as little inclined to pay respect to the pope as to
the king, ^vhen his own cause was not supported. He says,
" in the court of Rome the Lord's side is always sacrificed ;
Barabbas escapes, and Christ is put to death."

Becket soon found a new grievance in the Archbishop of
York having officiated at the coronation of the king's eldest
son Henry, which was solemnized at Westminster, on Sun-
day, June 14, 1170: that privilege rightfully belonging to
him. This, however, did not prevent a meeting taking place
near Freteval, on the 22nd of the following July, between
him and Henry ; when a formal reconciliation was concluded,
the king promising to give him the kiss of peace in his own
dominions. A full restoration of Becket's possessions, and
those of his adherents, the advance of a sum of money to pay
his debts, and amends for the injury he had sustained in the
late coronation, were amoijg the articles agreed on ; and the
archbishop was to return to the exercise of his functions, and
to show all due obedience to his earthly sovereign.

The performance both of the king's promises and Becket's
return was delayed ; but, after two more interviews at
Tours, the last of which was a friendly one, Becket resolved

P 3

214 TH03IAS BECKET. Hen. II.

to set out, although Louis advised him first to insist on
receiving the kiss of peace. Disappointed of meeting Henry
at Kouen, as promised, and of receiving a supply for his
expenses, he was obliged to submit to the escort of his
warmest adversary, John of Oxford, and to borrow 300/.
from the Archbishop of Rouen.

In the mean time he had received from Rome letters
suspending the Archbishop of York and other prelates for
assisting in the coronation, and renewing the excommuni-
cation which had been pronounced against the Bishops of
London and Salisbury. Receiving these after the recon-
ciliation, he might have suppressed them, and little doubt
can exist that had he been acting with sincerity and good
faith, he would have taken measures for the purpose. On
the contrary, however, he forwarded them to England before
he embarked ; thus exhibiting the intolerance of his spirit,
and exciting the greatest exasperation. He sailed from
Witsand, near Calais, and landed on December 1, 1170, at
Sandwich, where John of Oxford protected him from the
threatened interruption of the sheriiF of Kent and others.

His reception at Canterbury, after an absence of more
than six years, was most enthusiastic; and his progress in
the following week to see the young king was something in
the nature of a triumph. His conduct, however, with refer-
ence to the bishops being known, he received orders to
return to his diocese, without obtaining an interview. When
there, he occupied himself till Christmas in exercising his
archiepiscopal functions ; Ranulph de Broc and his other
enemies still offering him every species of annoyance.

On Christmas-day, at high mass, he preached to the people,
and after affecting them by a reference to one martyr among
their archbishops, and the possibility that there might be a
second, he concluded with one of those furious denouncements
by which he dealt " damnation round the land ; " uttering in

1154—1189. THOMAS BECKET. 215

a tone *' fierce, indignant, fiery and bold," a vehement in-
vective against his enemies, and pronouncing sentence of ex-
communication against Ranulph de Broc and his brother
Robert, and also against Nigel de Sackville, a court chaplain.

The Archbishop of York and the excommunicated bishops
had not been idle. They had sailed to Normandy, and
meeting the king near Bayeux, had communicated to him
the recent proceedings of Becket. Henry's anger knew no
bounds, and in the heat of it he unguardedly dropped words
reflectinoj on the cowardice of his courtiers for sufferinor him
to be so long insulted by a turbulent priest. Four knights
then present, Reginald Fitz-Urse, William de Tracy, Hugh
de Moreville, and Kichard Brito, interpreting these unhappy
words too readily, at once embarked for England, and re-
paired to Salt wood, the castle of Kanulph de Broc, where
they arrived on December 28. Henry, on their departure
from the court, suspected their intention, and instantly de-
spatched the Earl of Mandeville and two others with orders
to overtake them, and to arrest the archbishop. But they
did not arrive till the tragedy was completed.

On Tuesday, December 29, the knights arrived at Canter-
bury, and intruding into the chamber of the archbishop, they
demanded of him the withdrawal of the bishops' excommuni-
cation. Becket's answer was proud and firm. He offered to
absolve the Bishops of London and Salisbury if they would
swear to submit to the determination of the church ; but he
said the pope alone had jurisdiction over the archbishop.
On reminding three of the knights that they had been his
vassals, they broke into fury, and the discussion ended with
most violent threats on their retirement from the room.

It was now the hour of vespers ; and the monks and
clergy thinking he would be more safe in the church, hurried
him through the cloisters. But the knights also, regardless
of the sanctity of the place, had obtained an entrance, fully

p 4

216 THOMAS BECKET. Hen. II.

armed; and calling out "Where is the traitor?" and then,
on receiving no answer, " Where is the archbishop?" Becket
replied, " Here I am ; no traitor, but a priest of God."
They repeated their demand for the bishops' absolution,
which he met by a repetition of his denial ; adding that
he was ready to die, but commanding them not to touch
his people. The knights then endeavoured to remove him
from the church, but finding their efforts to drag him away
unavailing, Fitz-Urse struck him on the head with his sword,
wounding at the same time Grim, his cross-bearer and bio-
grapher; and Tracy and Brito repeating the blows, the
archbishop was soon a breathless corpse at their feet. Hugh
de Moreville did not strike Becket, being employed in
keeping off interference; and the four rushing out of the
church, repaired to Hugh de Moreville's castle in Yorkshire.

Though the above four knights only are recorded, other
persons were apparently engaged in the atrocious project.
Robert de Broc, who joined them, pointed out the private
passage to the cloisters ; and Robert Fitz-Ralph, or Fitz-
Ranulph, is spok-en of by Dugdale as having been concerned
in it. William, the son of the latter, was a justicier in this
reign, and will be mentioned in a subsequent page.

Thus terminated the life of one, whose character, though
distinguished by sterling qualities, was alloyed with many
human imperfections : to which the preponderance is to be
given is still, and seems likely to be, a question to be agitated
by historians and biographers. Too frequently they become
the advocates of the one or the other party, instead of being
impartial judges between them; and the difficulty must be
admitted of defining the precise line which divides firmness
from obstinacy, energy from intemperance, and an honest
zeal in claiming the privileges of one order from an insidious
encroachment on the prerogatives of another. Whatever
opinion may be formed of the claims made by Becket on

1104—1189. THOMAS BECKET. 217

behalf of the church, few will praise him for temperance
in his enforcement of them, or consider that he adopted the
wisest course to obtain their recognition : and while none
will deny the extent of his acquirements or the brilliancy of
his talents, many will attribute his canonization more to the
swords of his murderers than to the virtues of his life.

Two years after his assassination he was canonized ; and his
body, which the monks lutd hurriedly buried without cere-
mony in the crypt, from fear that it might otherwise be
exposed to indignity, was removed in 1221 to a chapel
i:)repared for its reception, where his shrine for many
subsequent ages was visited by pilgrims from all parts,
whom the successive popes, to keep alive the natural horror
which his martyrdom had excited, and to connect it with
religious zeal for papal supremacy, assiduously encouraged
by granting them extraordinary indulgences. The riches
which superstition lavished on this shrine were enormous, and
continued to flow in, till Henry YIII., assuming the title of
defender of the ftiith, and deeming Becket's example a pro-
vocation to opposition, ordered the shrine to be destroyed,
seized the accumulated treasures, and, directing his bones to
be burned and his ashes to be scattered to the winds, stig-
matized him as a rebel and traitor to his prince, and struck
his name from the calendar of saints.

Becket had two sisters who survived him. One of them,
Mary, was made Abbess of Barking, in Essex, in 1173^:
and the other, Agnes, was married to Thomas Fitz-Theobald
de Helles ; by whom, about the end of Henry's reign, was
founded a hospital in London, on the land which had belonged
to Gilbert Becket, and where Thomas was born. It was
called the Hospital of St. Thomas the Martyr, of Aeon, and
consisted of a master and several brethren of a particular

' Dugdale's Monast. i. 437.

218 WILLIAM DE BENDINGS. Hen. 11.

order, professing the rule of St. Augustln, about that time
instituted in the Holy Land. It of course did not escape
the dissolution under Henry YIIL, and now belongs to the
Mercers' Company, part of it being called the Mercers'
ChapeL^

BELET, MICHAEL.

Just. Itin. 11 77. Just. 1182.

See under the Reigns of Richard I. and John.
BENDINGS; WILLIAM DE.

Just. 1179.

When the great council, which met at Windsor in 1179, 25
Henry II., divided the kingdom into four districts, and sent
Avise and learned men into each for the administration of
justice, William de Bendings was selected as one of the six
justiciers to whom the northern counties were ajipropriated,
and who were also specially constituted to sit in the Curia
Kegis, to hear the plaints of the people. This seems to have
been the first instance of the nomination of extra judges in
the king's courts ; the prelates and barons of the kingdom,
with the great officers of state, having hitherto acted almost
entirely in that capacity.

His name does not appear as a justicier beyond the fol-
lowing year; but in 29 & 30 Henry II. he held the office
of sheriff of the united counties of Dorset and Somerset.

Previously to his elevation to the Bench, he is mentioned
as one of four commissioners sent to Ireland in 1174 to settle
the differences there, and to bring over Raymond, whom the
king had recalled.

He was alive in the beginning of the reign of Richard I.^

' Dugdale's Monast. vi. 645.

^ Dugdale's Chron. Series; Madox's Exch. i. 94. 138. 285.; Brady's
England, 363. ; Pipe Roll, 1 Richard J.

1154—1189. HUGH DE BOCLAND. 219

BEVERLEY, Pkovost of. See Thomas Becket.
BIDUN, WALTER DE.

? Chakcellor, . . .

DuGDALE is the only writer who names Walter de Bidun
as chancellor to Henry IL ; but on looking to the authority
to which he refers, it seems surprising that he should have
introduced him into the list at all ; but still more so that he
should have placed him in the reign of that king. It is a
grant made to the abbey of Holme-cultria, in Cumberland, by
Henry, son of David, King of Scotland, the second witness
to which is " Gualtero de Bidun, regis Cancellario." Both
King David and his son Henry died before the accession of
King Henry IL : and as David is the only king mentioned
in the grant, the natural inference would be that Walter de
Bidun was chancellor to the Scottish rather than the English
monarch. Adulphus, Bishop of Carlisle (who died in 1156),
is the first witness : and Carlisle had been given by King
Stephen in 1136 to Prince Henry of Scotland, in augmenta-
tion of the honour of Huntingdon. All doubt, howev.er, of
AYalter de Bidun being a Scottish chancellor Avill be removed
by the fact that he is a witness, as chancellor, to a charter
dated Jedworth, of William the Lyon, King of Scotland,
granted to William de Veteri Ponte.^

BOCLAND, HUGH DE.

Just. Itin. 1 173.

The relationship between this Hugh de Bocland and his
namesake mentioned in the reign of Henry I. does not ap-

' Lcland's Coll. iii. 3jy. ; Robertson's Index to Scottish Royal Charters,
179. No. 137.

220 ALEXANDER LE BOTELER. Hen. II.

pear. The first mention I find of him is in 4 Henry II.,
1158, when he was excused from the donum of Berkshire.^
In 12 Henry IL, 1166, he certified that he held two knights'
fees and a half in that county, and was sheriff of it from 16
to 22 Henry IL, 1170 to 1176. He acted as one of the
justices itinerant in 19 Henry IL, 1173, to set the assize on
the king's demesnes in Devonshire ; and in the following
year in his own county of Berks.^

His son William, who was sheriff of Cornwall, died leav-
ing an only daughter named Joane, whose husband paid 500
marks for livery of her lands in the counties of Bedford,
Hertford, Buckingham, Oxford, and Berks.^

BOTELER, ALEXANDER LE, or PINCERNA.

Just. Itin. 1174.

The history of the peerage shows several baronies which
were held by individuals who were called by this name from
the office they filled in the families of royal and noble persons.
The butler of the great Earl of Leicester in the first Henry's
reign, was the founder of the now extinct baronies of Oversley
and Wemme, and the ancestor of the baron of Sudley : and
from the batler of the Earl of Chester in the reign of Hen. IL,
the barony of Werington was derived. In the present Duke
of Norfolk, the blood of William de Albini, the pincerna
or butler of King Henry L, continues to flow ; and five
titles in the English and Irish peerage, commencing with the
Marquis of Ormond, owe their origin to Theobald le Boteler,
the chief butler of Ireland under Henry IL

In what fiimily Alexander le Boteler held that office does
not appear; nor does Madox give any further information
concerning him, than that he, with Ralph Fitz-Stephen

1 Pipe Rolls, 2, 3, 4 Henry II., 124. ^ Madox's Exch. i. 124. 701.

^ Ibid. ii. 236. ; Dugdak's Baronage, i. 680. : Fuller's Worthies, Berks.

1154—1189. RALPH BRITO. 221

the sheriff, and Philip Fitz-Ernise, were the justices errant
to make the assize of the king's demesnes in Gloucestershire
in 20 Henry 11., 1174, to which it appears by the record
they were appointed by a writ of Richard de Luci, the chief
justiciary.^

BRAIOSA, WILLIAM DE.

Just. Itin. 1174.
See under the reign of Richard I.

BRITO, RALPH.

Just. Itin. 1 177.

Ralph Brito had the custody of the honor of Bologne and
of the land of Henry of Essex for many years ; and the rolls
from 15 to 31 Henry II. contain entries of his accounting
forthem.2 In 23 Henry II., 1177, Robert Mantel and he,
as justiciaries, fixed the aid to be paid in the counties of
Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, and Hertford ; and in 25 Henry 11.
he was selected to act as a justice itinerant in one of the four
divisions into which the council of Windsor then apportioned
the kingdom ; he being assigned to the home counties.^

It is curious, however, that in the extracts given by Madox
from the rolls of that and the following years, showing the
names of those who acted in those counties as justices itine-
rant, he is never once mentioned. Notwithstanding this, it
is possible he may have acted, because the words " and
their companions" are often added to those who are named.

By the roll of 1 Richard I. it appears that Lageford and
Chigwell in Essex belonged to him. The manor of Chig-
well descended to his son Robert; and in 2 John an in-
quisition was directed to inquire whether it belonged by

' Madox's Exch. i. 12:J. •: Ibid. i. 2'J3. ^c, ii. 200. &c.

"" Ibid. i. 130.; Dugdale's Chron. Series.

222 ROGER DE CLARE, EARL OF CLARE. Hen. IF.

hereditary right to Robert Brito's son William, then an
infant.^ This William Brito became a justiciary in the
reign of Henry III.

BRIWER, WILLIAM.

Just. Itin. 1187.

See under the reigns of Richard L, John, and Henry III.

CANTERBURY, Archbishops of. See T. Becket,

H. Walter.
CANTERBURY, Archdeacons of. See T. Becket,

G. Ridel.
CHERTSEY, Abbot of. See Aymer.
CHICHESTER, Archdeacons of. See Sefred,

Josceline.
CHICHESTER, Dean and Bishop of. See Sefred.

CLARE, ROGER DE, Earl of Clare and Hertford.
? Just. Itin. 1 170.

The only ground for inserting the name of the Earl of
Clare as an itinerant judge is, that he is among the twelve so
designated in 1170 by Dugdale. The reasons have been
already stated for considering that they did not really bear
that character, but that they were rather inquisitors into the
abuses attributed to the sheriffs and other officers of the king.
The Earl here mentioned was Earl Roger, who succeeded his
brother Gilbert in 16 Stephen, 1151. They were descended
from Richard Fitz-GIlbert, called Richard de Benefacta, or
Bienfait, who has been noticed under the reign of William I.
Among other great possessions granted to him by the Con-
queror was Clare in Suffolk, from whence the family took
their title. Richard was succeeded by his eldest son Gilbert,
surnamed Tunbridge, from the place of his residence ; whose

1 Madox's Exch. i. 434. 703. ; Pipe Roll, I Richard T., 25.

1154—1189. CLAREMBALD, ABBOT OF ST. AUGUSTINe'S. 223

son Richard was created Earl of Hertford ; and, being slain
by the Welsh in 1139, left, among other children, two sons,
the above-mentioned Gilbert, and this Earl Koger.

In 3 Henry II. Earl Koger obtained the king's grant of
all lands he could win in Wales, and accordingly marched a
great army there, and fortified divers castles in the neigh-
bourhood of Cardigan.

One of the first acts of Becket, after he was raised to the
archbishoprick of Canterbury, was to summon the Earl in
9 Henry II., 1163, to do him homage for the castle of Tun-
bridge. He refused to appear, asserting that he held it by
military service of the crown ; and as the king abetted him
in his plea, the archbishop refrained from pursuing the
claim. His grants to religious houses, which were numerous
and munificent, are stated in detail by Dugdale. After his
death in 1173, 19 Henry IL, Matilda his widow, the daugh-
ter of James de St. Hilaire, married William de Albini,
Earl of Arundel, and the earldoms of Clare and Hertford
descended to his son Richard. This Richard and his son
Gilbert, who became Earl of Gloucester jure matris, were
both among the twenty-five barons appointed to enforce the
observance of Magna Charta in the reign of King John.
All the earldoms became extinct in 1313, on the death of
Gilbert, the tenth earl, without issue. ^

CLAREMBALD, Abbot of St. Augustine's,
Canterbury.

? Just. Itin. 1170.

Dugdale places the "Abbot of St. Augustine's, Canter-
bury," at the head of the before-mentioned twelve, whom he
calls " Justiciarii Itinerantes " into certain counties in the

' Dugdale's Baronngc, i. 209. ; Ilasted's Kent, v. 159. 203.

224

JOHN LE CLERK.

Hen. it.

year 1170 ; but who were rather inquisitors into the conduct
of the sheriffs and other officers of the king.

The Abbot of St. Augustine's at that time was Clarembald,
who was either a secular, or, as some say, a fugitive and
apostate monk in Normandy. Obtruded by King Henry
in 1163 on the monks as their abbot, they refused to permit
him to sit in their chapter or to celebrate any of the holy
offices, and so interfered as to prevent him from receiving
the archbishop's benediction. Notwithstanding this opposi-
tion, he contrived to possess himself of the temporalities, and
to retain them for fifteen years, when, on the representation
of the monks that he was a bad man and had wasted the
revenues of the monastery, a papal mandate was directed to
the Bishops of Exeter and Worcester and the Abbot of
Faversham, under which he was deposed in 1176. During
his time the greater part of the abbey was destroyed by a
fire in 1168.»

CLERK, JOHN LE.

Just. Itin. 1174.

In 20 Henry II., 1174, the assize or tallage of the united
counties of Nottingham and Derby was set by the following
itinerant justices; viz. William Basset, John Malduit, "et
Johannem Clericum." ^ Whether this John was a clerk of
the Exchequer sent down to assist, or a clergyman resident
in one of those counties, or a person who bore that designa-
tion as his surname, it would be useless to inquire.

CLEVELAND, Archdeacon of. ^S'^e Hugh Murdac.
COLCHESTER, Archdeacon of. See Ralph.

> Dugdale's Monast. (1846), i. 122. ; Weever, 255. ; Hasted s Kent, xli. 190.
« Madox's Exch. i. 124.

1154—1189. GILBERT DE COLUMBIETIS. 225

COLEVILL, GILBERT DE.

Just. 1182.

There is no other ground for placing Gilbert de Colevill
among the justiciaries of Henry II. than that his name appears
on one occasion in a fine of the twenty-eighth year of that
reign as being present in' the king's court at Westminster,
when it was acknowledged.* As he is not again mentioned
in a judicial character, it is possible that he merely held
some official post there which required his attendance. I
cannot find with any certainty whether he was a member of
the family of Colevill, holding about this time a barony in
Yorkshire, the head of which was summoned to parliament at
the end of the reign of Henry III.

COLUMBIERS, GILBERT DE.

Just. Itin. 1177.

Gilbert de Columbiers, or Columbariis, was of a Nor-
man family, who flourished about this time. He is men-
tioned only once by Madox as a justice itinerant into
Wiltshire on the roll of 23 Henry II., 1177 ^; and, perhaps,
was a sergeant or officer of the court appointed on that occa-
sion to assist the other judges, in the same manner as now
sometimes occurs. He held a fourth part of a knight's fee
in England of William de Roumare : and Philip de Colum-
biers, probably his son, was fermor of the forest of Roumaro,
in Normandy, in 1180.^

' Mr. Hunter's Pref. to Fines of llicliard I. and John, p. xxi. ; Madox's
Exch. i. 113.
» Ibid. i. 131.
' Rot. Scacc. Normanniae ; Stapleton's Observations, ii. clx.

VOL. I. Q

226 GERVASE DE CORNHILL. Hen. II.

CONSTANTIIS, WALTER DE, Archdeacon of
Oxford; afterwards Bishop of Lincoln and
Archbishop of Rouen.

Vice-Chanxellor, 1173.

See under the Reign of Ricliard L
CORNHILL, GERVASE DE.

Just. Itin. 1169. Just. 1182.

Gervase DE CoRNHiLL was SO Called from the ward of
that name in London, where probably he resided. Lie was
clearly a man of high note and authority there, and in
2, 3, 6, & 7 Henry 11. was sheriiF' ; an officer in whom
the temporal government of the city was then vested. After
the latter year he is not noticed in connection with the
metropolis ; but his son Henry was elected one of the first
bailiffs in 1189, 1 Richard L His next residence was
in Surrey, of which county he was appointed sheriff in
10 Henry IL, 1164, and he remained in that office, with the
exception of one year, until 29 Henry IL, 1183. During
the latter year the name of Henry, his son, was added, either
on account of his infirmity or death.

In 15 Henry II. and for the seven succeeding years, he held
the same responsible office in Kent, where he had a seat at
Lukedale, in the parish of Littlebourne. In the second of
these years, Reginald de Warenne was joined with him, and
in the last, Robert Fitz-Bernard.^

He sided so strongly with the king in the contest with
Becket, that the archbishop, previously to his return, was
cautioned that if he landed in Kent, the sheriff, with
Ranulph de Broc and Reginald de Warenne, had publicly
threatened that they would cut off his head. Becket, how-

• Fuller's Worthies, London ; Madox's Exch. i. 204. 602.
^ Fuller's Worthies, Surrey and Kent.

1154—1189. GERVASE DE CORNIIILL. 227

ever, ventured ; and though, on his arrival at Sandwich har-
bour, Gervase and the other two came armed, and accom-
panied by a band of soldiers, their intentions, whatever they
were, were frustrated by John of Oxford, whose interference
prevented them even from searching his luggage for papers.

Among the justices itinerant in the 15, 16, 20, & 23
Henry II. , 1169 — 1177, his name appears as acting in the
counties of Devon, Surrey, Buckingham, Bedford, Sussex,
and Kent.^ It does not clearly appear whether at that time
he performed the same duties in the Curia Regis ; but it is
certain that he attended there in 28 Henry II., 1182, as his
name is inserted as one of the barons and justiciers before
whom fines of that year were taken.^

From the termination of his sheriffalty in Surrey, it may
be presumed that his death occurred in 29 or 30 Henry II.
In the 32d year of that reign, on his son Henry being charged
with 31/. 2s. 5d. for the old ferm of Kent, he alleged that his
father had laid out far more than that sum in liveries and
appointments for ships, and for knights, and for sergeants, by
the express command of the barons of the king's court, in the
time of the war ; and an entry on the roll proves that he
was so employed in 20 Henry 11.^

He left three sons, Henry, Beginald, and Ralph ; the two
former of whom lield the office of sheriff of Kent for several
years. Henry was bailiff of London, as before mentioned,
and also sheriff of Surrey. He was chancellor of St. Paul's,
and had the management of the Mint (Cambium) of England
in 3 Richard I. Reginald will be mentioned as a justice
itinerant in the reign of John.'*

> Madox's Exch. i. 123. 132. 143, 144.

" Ibid. i. 113.; Preface to Fines of Richard I. and Joljn.

' Madox's Exch. i. 220.

* Hasted's Kent, i. 178. ; Lord Lyttelton's Henry XL, ii. 583.

228 HUGH DE CRESSI. Hen. II.

CRESSI, HUGH DE.

Just. Itin. 1175. Just. 1177.

For six successive years of this reign, commencing 21
Henry II., 1175, Hugh cle Cressi was employed as one of the
justices itinerant, his circuits extending over fifteen counties ^ ;
and in 1177 his name appears among the king's regular jus-
ticiers at Westminster.^

He was a Norman by birth, and had been some time pre-
viously attached to the king's service, accompanying him in
1172 to Ireland, where he was a witness to the royal charter
by which the city of Dublin was granted to the men of
Bristol.^ That he added military to his judicial services is
shown by his having the custody of the tower of Rouen in
1180 at a salary of 2001 a year, and by a grant which he
received in 1184, 30 Henry II., of 100/. on the Norman roll,
for the soldiers whom he led in the war of Poictou."^

He married Margaret, the daughter and heir of William
de Cayneto, or Quesnay, who survived him, and afterwards
became the wife of Robert Fitz-Roger, lord of Clavering, in
Essex. According to the chancellor's roll of 3 John, her
second husband in 9 Richard I. fined one hundred marks for
the marriage of the daughter and heir of Hugh de Cressi ^ ;
but this is probably an error, substituting the feminine for
the masculine, as he clearly left a son named Roger, who
was in the wardship of this Robert Fitz-Roger till his
majority, in 1205, when he obtained possession of his father's
lands in Suffolk, Sussex, and Lincoln.^

The barony does not appear to have continued beyond the

* Dugdale's Chron. Series. ^ Madox's Exch. i. 94.
' Lord Lyttelton's Henry II., iv.

* Rot. Scacc. Normanniae, i. 70. 115.; Staplcton's Observations, cxi. cxxxviii.

* Rot. Cane. 3 John, referring to Roll of 9 Richard I.
« Rot. Claus. 7 John, i. 33.

1154—1189. JOHN CUMIN, ARCHBlSHOr OF DUBLIN. 229

fifth generation, finishing with William de Cressi, who was
summoned to parliament by Edward I, in 1294 and 1297,
but not afterwards.^

CUMIN, JOHN, Archbishop of Dublin.

Just. Itin. 1169. Just. 1179.

John Cumin, or Comyn, a monk of Evesham, and then a
canon of St. Paul's, was one of the chaplains of the king, who
employed him in several important embassies. In 1164 he
was sent to the emperor on the subject of the anti-pope, and
by his long stay there caused considerable uneasiness to Pope
Alexander and the adherents of Becket. Again, in 1166,
he was one of the three ministers despatched to Rome, where
they succeeded not only in obtaining the appointment of two
cardinals to hear and to determine the dispute with Becket,
but also in bringing back to the king the letters which
Becket had addressed to the pope, and which any other
person had written in his favour.

In 15 Henry II., 1169, and the five following years, his
'name appears as one of the itinerant justices into the counties
of Dorset, Somerset, Wilts, Devon, Hants, Gloucester, and
Hereford - ; and it seems probable that he held a responsible
office in the Exchequer, as in 1170 he had the custody of
the bishopricks of Hereford and Bath, then vacant ; and in
1180 William Malduit, the chamberlain, and he were cm-
ployed to convey the treasury from Northampton to Notting-
ham ; for the carriage of which the sheriff of the former
county had an allowance of five shillings.^

When the council of Windsor in 1179, 25 Henry II.,
divided the kingdom into four parts for judicial purposes, he

' Dugdale's Baronage, i. lOG. (Clavfiing), and 708. (Crcssi); Nicolas's
Synopsis of the Peerage.

' Madox's Exch. i. 93. &c. ' Ibid. i. 28?.

Q 3

230

MANASEHIUS DE DAMMAIiTiN.

Hen. II.

was one of the six justiclers who were not only appointed to
act In the northern counties, but were also specially consti-
tuted to hear the complaints of the people in the Curia
Kegls. ^ His services were not long unrewarded. Two
years afterwards the king selected him, as one devoted to his
interests, and showing vigour and abilities both for secular
and ecclesiastical affairs, to succeed Laurence O'Toole in the
archbishoi^rlck of Dublin ; to which he was consecrated at
Rome in 1182. Before this ceremony was performed, he
received priest's orders from the poj^e, which, it would seem,
neither his canonry nor his chaplaincy required. There are,
indeed, several instances of persons holding higher rank in
the church without being j^^Iests. Even In this reign,
Thomas Becket, Walter de Constantlls, and Geoffrey Plan-
tagenet, who were respectively Archdeacons of Canterbury,
Oxford, and Lincoln, are examples of this fact ; the two first
not having been ordained priests till raised to the episcopal
bench ; and the latter resigning his see rather than thus
qualify himself for retaining it. In 1184, John Cumin was
present in Ireland performing his episcopal functions ; and in
1186 he presided at a provincial synod, for the better regu-
lation of the manners and discipline of the Irish clergy. He
lived till 1213, when he was succeeded in the archbishoprick
by Henry de London. ^

DAMMARTIN, MANASERIUS DE.

? Just. Itin. 1170.

This is another of the justices itinerant named by Dugdale
under the year 1170, but who have been already shown to

' Dugdale's Chron. Series.

2 Brady's England, 372. ; Lord Lyttelton's Henry II., ii. 390. 442., iii. 417.
490. ; Leland's History of Ireland, i. 138. 195.; Dugdale's Orig. Jurid. 22.

1154—1189. KALPH DE DENE. 231

be rather commissioners to inquire into the abuses of the
sheriffs of the different counties.

Some branches of the family of Dammartin appear to have
been settled in Surrey, and some in Norfolli : but of this
Manaserius I can find nothing further.

DANIEL, Abbot of Chektsey. See Aymer.
DAYENCESTER, PHILIP DE.

Just, 1165.

In 11 Henry II., 1165, a charter between the abbots of
St. Albans and Westminster was executed at the Exchequer,
" assidentibus justiciis Regis," Nigel, Bishop of Ely, and
thirteen others, the last of whom is " Philippo de Daven-
cestrije " (Daventry), without any designation of the office he
held.' He appears to have been sheriff of the counties
of Cambridge and Huntingdon for three years, from 13
Henry 11.^

DENE, RALPH DE.

? Just. Itin. 1 1 70.

The last of the list of twelve inquisitors against the sheriffs
in 1170, for Kent, Surrey, &c., who are called justices
itinerant by Dugdale, is Ralph de Dene. He was of a
Sussex family, in which county he had considerable property,
and held a knight's fee, and half a virgate besides, under the
Bishop of Chichester. He settled some canons of the Pra3-
monstratensian order at Ottham in Sussex ; who were sub-
sequently removed, first to Brockley, in Kent, and then to
Bayham Abbey, in Sussex. His daughter Ela married

* Madox's Exch. i. 44. * Fuller's Worthies, Cambridge.

Q 4

232 JOHN DE DOVER. Hen. II.

Jordan de Saukeville, the grandfather of the justice itinerant
of that name in the reign of Henry III. ^

DERBY, Archdeacon of. See G. de Luci.
DOVER, JOHN DE.

Just. Itin. 1174.

The assize of the king's demesnes in Warwickshire and
Leicestershire, in 20 Henry II., 1174, was made l)y John de
Dover and his companions, who wxre, according to Madox,
the justices errant for those counties.^ By the great roll of
31 Henry II., it appears that he had or claimed lands in
Garcote and Whittesage, in one of those counties. ^

1 am inclined to think that this John de Dover w^as the
son of Hugh de Dover, Lord of Chilham, in Kent, and
father of Fulbert de Dover; although Dugdale does not
name him, but states that Fulbert succeeded to Hugh. An
interval, however, of twenty-six years occurs between the
last incident he mentions of Hugh's life (14 Henry II.,
1168) and the first of that of Fulbert (6 Richard L, 1194),
which requires to be supplied ; and the following entries on
the rolls seem satisfactorily to do so. In that of 18 Henry II.,
1172, John de Dover pays 14Z. for his scutage in Kent, as
one of those who did not go into Ireland, or send money
or knights there.^ That of 10 Eichard I., 1198, proves that
the name of the father of Fulbert was John, and not Hugh,
being an entry of a discharge to Fulbert from debts which
John his father had owed to certain Jevvs.^

The family of Dover commenced in the Conqueror's time

* Madox's Exch. i. 576., ii. 78.; Hasted's Kent, i. 356.; Dugdale's Monast.
(1846), vi. 911.

2 Madox's Exch, i. 125. 3 Ibid, i, 97.

* Ibid. i. 630. 5 xbid. I 252.

1154—1189. HENRY DE ESSEX. 233

with the father of Hugh, also named Fulbcrt de Dover,
Lord of Chilham. It became extinct in the male branch in
the reign of Edward I. ; Isabel, the sister of the last baron,
marrying John, Earl of Athol, in Scotland.'

DUBLIN, Archbishop of. See J. Cumin.

ELY, Archdeacon of. See Richard Fitz-Nigel.

ELY, Bishop of. See Nigel, G. Ridel.

ESCURIS, MATTHEW DE.

Just. Itin. 1174.

Of this person I can find no further information than that
he was one of the five justices errant appointed by writ of
Kichard de Luci to impose the assize in the county of Hants
in 20 Henry IL, 1174.2

ESSEX, HENRY DE*

Just. Itin. 1 156.

SwENE, the grandfather of Henry de Essex, at the time of
the general survey was Lord of Raghley, in Essex, and of no
less than fifty-four other lordships in that county, besides
others in Suffolk and Huntingdonshire. This property
descended to Kobert his son, and from him to Henry.

He was in great favour with King Henry IL, and held the
high office of constable. His pleas as a justice itinerant are
recorded in the rolls of 2, 3, 4 Henry IL, 1156—1158,
in the counties of Somerset, Devon, Hants, Wilts, Sussex,
and Gloucester.^ In the first of those years also ^ he acted in
the same capacity in conjunction with the chancellor (Thomas

' Dugdalu's Baronage,!. 4G1. ; Nicolas's Synopsis of the Peerage.

« Madox's Exch, i. 125.

3 Pipe Rolls, 2, 3, & 4 Henry II., 31. 78. IIG. &c. ■• Ibid. 17.

234 HENRY DE ESSEX. Hen. II,

Becket) in Kent and Essex ; and was likewise sheriff or
fernier of the counties of Bedford and Buckingham for that
and the three following years ; Simon Fitz-Peter acting as
his deputy.

His prosperity, however, was not of long continuance. In
the war which King Henry waged with the Welsh in 1157,
his army, falling into an ambush at Coleshull, in Flintshire,
was thrown into confusion, and the king himself placed in
great danger. Henry de Essex, who bore the king's standard,
instead of hastening to his assistance, was seized with a
sudden panic, and exclaiming that the king was dead, threw
away his banner, and fled from the field. The king with
much difficulty rallied the troops ; and though his army
suffered severely, overlooked the dereliction of his officer,
making allowance probably for the terror of the moment, and
remembering his former services. The subsequent conduct
and bravery of Henry de Essex in the war of Toulouse, in
1159, justified his sovereign's leniency, and tended to wipe
out the stain from Essex's character. The dis^Tace would
probably have been entirely forgotten but for a quarrel
which he had six years afterwards with Robert de Montfort,
who, publicly charging him with the fact, and offering to
prove it in mortal combat, the king had no choice but to
consent to the trial. The duel accordingly took place on the
18th of April, 1163, at a certain island in the neighbourhood
of Reading, in the presence of a vast assembly ; and termi-
nated in the defeat^of Essex. The Chronicle of Bracelonda
says, that being believed to be dead, the king, on the petition
of his relations, permitted his body to be taken to the neigh-
bouring abbey for interment ; and that there he recovered,
and took the habit of the order. This account is stated to
have been narrated by himself to the abbot of St. Edmunds,
on his visit to the abbey of Reading about the year 1196;
so that he had then been thirty-three years in the cloister.

1154—1189. ROBERT FITZ-BERNARD. 235

where. Fuller quaintly observes, " betvveen shame and sanctity
he blushed out the remainder of his life."

By his defeat the whole of his large possessions were con-
fiscated, and several records show that they remained in the
king's hands for many years afterwards.

Before his disgrace he gave the church of Walde to the
nuns of Clerkenwell ; and his lordship of Little Fraincham
to the Knights Templars. Dugdale states that he had two
sons, Henry and Hugh ; and that his widow, Alice, a sister
of Alberic de Yere, afterwards married Boger Fitz-Bichard,
Lord of Warkworth in Northumberland, and of Clavering in
Essex. ^

FITZ-ALDELM, or ALDELIN, WILLIAM.

Just. 1165.

See under the Reign of Richard I.
FITZ- ALEXANDER, NIGEL.

Just. 1185.

See under the Reign of Richard I.
FITZ-BERNARD, ROBERT.

Just. Itin. 1176.

BoBERT Fitz-Bernard and Hugh de Gundevil were ap-
pointed lieutenants under Humphrey de Bohun, in 1172,
when King Henry committed the castle of Waterford to his
charge; and being, with Bobert Fitz-Stephen, ordered the
next year to join the king in Normandy, they passed into
England, where, finding the rebellion raging, they joined
the royal forces, and did good service against the Earl of
Leicester.

' Dugdale's Baronage, i. 463.; Brady's England, 302.; Lord I.yttclton's
Henry II., ii. 73. 76. 224. ; Cronica de Brakelonda, 50. 136., and Pref. p. viii. ;
Leland's Collect, iii. 410.

236

THOMAS FITZ-BERNARD.

HexN. I]

Among the eighteen justices itinerant appointed at the
council of Northampton, held on January 23, 1176, 22
Henry II., to distribute justice throughout the kingdom,
Kobert Fitz-Bernard was placed at the head of the three to
whom the counties of Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Hants, Berks,
and Oxford were entrusted ^ ; he being at that time also
sheriff of the first -named county. His pleas appear upon the
rolls of the four following years in several of these counties ^ :
and he continued Sheriff of Kent till 29 Henry II.

He died about 9 Richard I., the roll of that year stating,
in reference to a debt due from him to the king for arrears of
the ferm of Dover, that the Sheriff of Kent had returned
that he was dead, but that his heirs might be distrained in
Devonshire; the sheriff of which county, however, on the
summons being sent there, returned that Kobert had nothing
in demesne in Devonshire.^ He had been sheriff of that county
also for six years from 11 Henry IL, 1165^

FITZ-BERNARD, THOMAS.

Just. Itin. 1178. Just. 1182.

Thomas Fitz-Bernard was one of the officers of Kinjr
Henry's household; and was twice subjected, in 1166 and
1169, to the sentence of excommunication pronounced against
him by Becket. The archbishop's object was manifestly the
annoyance /)f the king ; his pretence was that Fitz-Bernard
had usurped the goods of the church of Canterbury ; he and
Hugh de St. Clair having obtained the sequestration of those
which the primate had forfeited in his flight from England.
The pope, however, on the king's representation that Fitz-

» Dugdale's Chron. Series. ^ Madox's Exch. i. 129. 134. 137, 13S.

' Ibid. ii. 199.

* Fuller's Worthies, Devon, Kent; Lord Lyttelton's Henry II., iii. 93. 186.

1154—1189. FIIILir FITZ-ERNISE. 237

Bernard and others were in attendance on his person, took
off the ban.

In 1178, 24 Henry 11. , and the two following years, he acted
as a justice itinerant in the counties of Essex, Hertford, Lanca-
shire, Dorset, Somerset, and Cornwall, and in 28 Henry II.,
1182, he is named as one of the justiciers and barons before
whom fines were levied in the Curia Kegis at Westminster.
During the same period also, he performed the functions of
justice of the forest, having succeeded Alan de Nevill in
that office : and from the twenty-fourth to the thirtieth year
of the reign, 1178 to 1184, he held the sheriffalty of North-
amptonshire.

At his death, which occurred about the latter year. King
Henry subjected the forests to new regulations, dividing them
into four districts, with four judges over each, viz. two ec-
clesiastics and two knights.^

FITZ-ERNISE, PHILIP.

Just. Itin. 1174.

All that can be told of this Philip Fitz-Ernise is, that he
and Ealph Fitz- Stephen, the sheriff, and Alexander Pin-
cerna, were the justices itinerant appointed by the writ of
Klchard de Luci to make the assize for the county of Glou-
cester in 20 Henry II., 1174.^ About the same time there
was a Robert Fitz-Ernise in Yorkshire ^ ; but the difficulty
of tracing the son of a Christian name may be readily con-
ceived.

' Lord Lyttelton's Henry IL, ii. 434, 506. 517. iii. 404.; Madox's Exch. i.

133 137.; Pref. to Fines of llicliard I. and John, p. xxi. ; Dugdalc's Orig.

Jurld. 92. ; Fuller's Worthies, Northampton.

» Madox's Exch. i. 123. =* Ihid. i. 210.

238 HENRY FITZ-GEROLD. Hen. II.

FITZ-GEROLD, HENRY.

Just. 1 1 65.

Henry Fitz-Gerold was one of the king's chamberlains,
and as such had a seat in the Curia Regis. He is first
named in that character in 1 1 Henry II., 1 1 64-5, and is one
of the three " Justiciae Kegis " directing an exchange of lands
at Canterbury between the king and one Athellza.^ In 16
& 17 Henry II., 1170-1, he appears to have been a justice
itinerant into Kent, but into no other county.^

Although Dugdale does not name him in treating of the
barony of Fitz-Gerold, yet from what he does relate, and
from other records, there can be little doubt that he was
either the son or brother (probably the former) of Warine
Fitz-Gerold, the third lord he mentions. He calls that
Warine chamberlain to King Henry II., and Madox cites
several records showing he was so in the second year of that
reign.^ Dugdale does not give the date of Warine's death,
but states that he was succeeded by another Warine ; with
no incident of the life of the latter earlier than 2 KIchard I. ;
nor does he mention whether he was his son or grandson.
Now there is no doubt from other records that the first
Warine's successor in the office of chamberlain was this
Henry; and we have seen that he held it in 11 Henry 11.
Another Warine Fitz-Gerold was afterwards chamberlain
with William Malduit, the former associate with Henry in
the office ; and that the name of the heir of Henry was
Warine Fitz-Gerold is proved by the roll of 1 John, where
he is so called, Henry having previously appeared on the roll
during the reign of Richard I."^ The conclusion to be drawn
is, that Henry was the son of the first Warine, and father of
the second Warine mentioned by Dugdale.

' Madox's Exch. i. 204. ^ n^jj i 145

3 Ibid. i. 263. * Ibid. ii. 390.

1154—1189. WILLIAM FITZ-JOIIN. 239

That author refers to only two members of the family
before these ; viz. Robert Fitz-Gerold, who possessed twenty-
five lordships in the Conqueror's time, and his successor,
Alexander Fitz-Gerold, to whom succeeded the first above-
mentioned Warine. The second Warine, son of Henry,
died Avithout male issue. ^

FITZ-HELTON, WILLIAM.

? Just. Itin. 1170.

AYiLLiAM Fitz-Helton, or Fitz-Helt, is another of the
twelve persons named by Dugdale as justices itinerant in 16
Henry II., 1170, but who have been shown to be commis-
sioners of inquiry into the conduct of the sheriffs, &c. A
family of that name is mentioned by Madox as paying
seventy shillings for scutage in Kent ; and by an entry on
the great roll of 1 Richard I., it appears that William Fitz-
Helte and William de Enema attested the account of the
sheriff of that county for money laid out in the works of
Dover Castle.^

FITZ-HERVEY, OSBERT.

Just. 1182.

See under the Reigns of Richard I. and John.
FITZ-JOHN, WILLIAM.

Just. Itin. 1163.

By the roll of 9 Henry II., 1163, it is recorded that
William Fitz- John held pleas in the county of Hereford ;
md by that of 14 Henry II., 1168, that he amerced Samuel,
the priest of Pilton, in Somersetshire.^ There is no other

' Dugdalc's Baronage, i. 4n.

» Madox's Exch. i. 630. ; Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I. 232.

=» Madox's Excl). i. 527., ii. 213.

240 WILLIAM FITZ-MARTIN. Hen. XL

mention of his judicial career ; but it is evident he held some
office about the court, inasmuch as when Richard de Humet,
the chief justiciary of Normandy, was sent to England by
King Henry in 1170 to arrest Becket, with a view to save
him from the mischief which he anticipated from the sudden
absence of four of his knights, William Fitz-John and Hugh
de Gundeville were despatched by Humet to Canterbury for
the purpose; but before their arrival the archbishop's fate
was accomplished.^

It is uncertain to what family he belonged. In this reign
there was one of the name who held a knight's fee of the
Bishop of Chichester ; and another, or perhaps the same, who
held seven knights' fees of the king in capite of the honor of
Moreton^ ; but nothing remains by which he can be identified
with either.

FITZ-MARTIN, WILLIAM.

Just. 1170.

That William Fitz-Martin was a justicier or baron acting
in the Exchequer, appears from a writ in his name and that
of John Malduit, putting the debts of the honor of Lancaster
in charge in 16 Henry IL, 1170. He is also one of the
twelve commissioners, whom Dugdale calls justices itinerant,
who in the same year were sent to inquire into the conduct
of the sheriffs in the several counties of the kingdom. I
have not been able to trace any further mention of him,
except that so early as 4 Henry II. he was excused from the
donum on his land in Hampshire, showing that he was at
that time employed in the Exchequer.^

> Lord Lyttelton's Henry XL, iii. 2. * Madox's Exch. i. 576. 649.

^ Madox's Exch. ii. 253. ; Dugdale's Chron. Series; Pipe Roll, 2, 3, 4 Henry XI.,
172.

1154—1189. SIMON FITZ-PETER. 241

FITZ-NIGEL, or FITZ-NEALE, RICHARD, Arch-
deacon OF Ely, Dean of Lincoln; afterwards
Bishop of London.

Just. 1165.

See under the Reign of Richard L
FITZ-NIGEL, or FITZ-NEALE, WILLIAM.

?J0ST. Itin. 1170.

Among the names of the commissioners appointed in 1170 to
examine into abuses of the sheriffs, &c., whom Dugdale er-
roneously calls justices itinerant, is that of Willielmus filius
NigelH. He was Sheriff of Kent in 1184, 30 Henry IL ;
and in the certificate returned by the Bishop of Chichester
for the aid on marrying the king's daughter in 12 Henry IL,
1166, where he enumerates the feffaments of the knights
who held under that church, he mentions William Fitz-Neale
as holding one knight's fee.

It is not improbable that he was a son of Nigel, Bishop of
Ely. That Richard Fitz-Nigel, the treasurer, and after-
wards Bishop of London, who was undoubtedly the son of
Bishop Nigel, had a brother, and that his name was William,
appears from an ancient MS. book in the possession of the
dean and clm])tcr of London, which contains an entry of
an acknowledgment of non-claim to certain lands made in the
Exchequer in 30 Henry IL, 1184, where, among the barons
present, occur "Ricardus, Decanus Lincolnicnsis Regis
Thcsaurarlus, Willelmus Anglicus, frater Thesaurarii."^

FITZ-PETER, SIMON.

Just. 1 1 65.

The name of Simon Fitz- Peter appears as one of the "assi-
dentes Justiciaj Regis " before whom a charter or contract

' Madox's Exch. i. 215. 516.; Fuller's Worthies, Kent.
VOL. I. II

242 SIMON FITZ-PETER. Hen. II.

was executed at the Exchequer in 11 Henry II., 1165^ ; but
on no other occasion does it occur in connection with the
judicial business of the superior court. It immediately
follows the name of William Malduit^ the chamberlain, and
is the first of four, after whom are the words " Marescallis
Regis." Whether, as Madox seems to infer, these words
apply to all the four, may perhaps admit of question. If,
liowever, he were not one of the marshals, it is clear he held
i?ome office in the court, since his property in Norfolk and
Northamptonshire was exempted on that account from the
Danegeld and other assessments, so early as 2 Henry 11.^
From that year to the sixteenth he was sheriff of the latter
county ; and as Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, the great justiciary in
the next reign (whose father is not mentioned in Dug-
dale's Baronnge), was intrusted with the same sheriffalty for
many succeeding years ^, it does not seem an improbable con-
jecture that this Simon was his father.

Simon Fitz-Peter acted also for four years, commencing
2 Henry IL, as deputy to Henry de Essex, the sheriff of the
counties of Buckingham and Bedford."^ It was probably at
a later period that he was a justice itinerant in the latter
county, when his name is mentioned in connection with
the case of a certain canon of Bedford, named Philip de Brois,
who having been convicted of manslaughter before his bishop,
was merely condemned to make pecuniary compensation to
the relatives of the deceased. In the open court at Dun-
stable, the judge, alluding to the case, called him a murderer ;
whereupon a violent altercation ensued, and the priest's irri-
tation drawing from him expressions of insult and contempt,
the king ordered him to be indicted for this new offence.^

1 Madox 's Exch. i. 44. « Pipe Roll, 2 Henry II., 7.

^ Fuller's Worthies, Noithamptonshire.
"• Fuller's Worthies, Bedfordshire.

•^ Lingard's England, ii. 21 S.; Leland's Collect, iii. 424 , from Fitz- Stephen's
Life of Becket.

1154—1189. WILLIAM FITZ-RALPH. 243

This was one of the grounds of King Henry's attack on
clerical privileges.

FITZ-RALPH, GEROLD.

? Just. Itin. 1 170.

This name appears among the twelve inquisitores in 1170,
16 Henry II., whom Dugdale has mistakingly called justices
itinerant. Who he was I have not been able to discover.

FITZ-RALPH, WILLIAM.

Just. Itin. 1174. Just. 1175.

William Fitz-Kalph, or rather Fitz -Ranulph, succeeded
to the lordships of Alfreton, Norton, and Marnham, in
Derbyshire, on the death of his father, Robert Fitz-Ranulph,
who is supposed by some to have assisted in the assassination
of Archbishop Becket in the year 1170, 16 Henry II., and to
have founded the priory of Beauchief, in that county, in
expiation of his crime. The fact that he retired about that
time from the sheriffalty of the counties of Nottingham and
Derby, which he had held for the four preceding years, in
some degree gives weight to this opinion. His son, this
William, was then placed in that office, and held it for the
eight following years. ^

Whether the father was guilty or not, the son was cer-
tainly not excluded from the court ; but continued to be
employed in places of trust up to the reign of King John.
So early as 18 Henry II., 1172, he and Robert Mantel (a
justicier of this reign) accounted as receivers of the pasnage
of the king's forests throughout England ; an office of consi-
derable im])ortance, as may be inferred from its having after-

' Fuller's Worthies, Derbyshire.
R 2

244 WILLIAM FITZ-RALPn. Hen. II.

wards been filled by Geoffrey Fitz-Peter. In 20 Henry II.,
1174, he was, as sheriff of Nottingham and Derby, joined
with Godfrey de Luci, one of the king's justices, in setting
the assize of those counties : and in the six next years he sat
in the king's court, in which he seems to have held a high
place, as his name appears first of several before whom pleas
and conventions were taken ; and in some instances he is
mentioned thus : " per Willielmum filium Radulfi et Socios
suos," without noting who those companions were. During
those years, also, he went as one of the justices itinerant into
fourteen several counties.^

In 1180, 26 Henry II., he was appointed dapifer or senes-
chall of Normandy, in right of which he had the custody of
tlic castle of Caen, for which a livery of 300Z. per annum was
allowed him.^ This office, which comprehended that of jus-
ticiary, he continued to hold from that time till liis death in
1200. When Richard I. went to tlie Holy Land, he com-
mitted Alice, the King of France's sister, to the custody of
William Fitz-Iialph, who resolutely refused to deliver her
up to her brother, notwithstanding his repeated demands. In
the character of seneschall he is a witness to the charter
granted by King Richard to the church of Rouen, in the 8th
year of his reign, 1196 ; and in 2 John he is so mentioned on
the Norman roll as being present in the king's court at Caen
with the other justices and barons there.^

He gave the church of Blackwell to the canons of Thur-
garton, in Nottinghamshire.

According to Dugdale's Baronage "*, he had, by his wafe
Agnes, one son, Thomas, who siicceeded him, and died with-
out issue ; and three daughters, who thus became his heirs ;

» Madox's Exch. i. 94. 103. 123—138. « Ibid. i. 166.

8 Madox's Exch. i. 53. 156. 166. 169. ; Rot. Scacc. Norm. i. 56. 107. 270. ;
Observations, pp ci. cxiii. cxxxviii., Vol. II. pp. xxxv. ccxix.
•• Dugdale's Baronage, i. 678.

1154—1189. AVILLIAM F1T7.-IIALPII. 245

viz. Alice, married to Sir William de Chaworth ; Joane,
married to Ivobcrt, the son of Richard de Latliom ; and
Lettice, who died unmarried. But, according to a genealogy
in the account of the priory of Beauchief in Dugdale's Monas-
ticon ^ William left a son named Robert, who was the fiither
of Thomas by his wife Agnes. It is curious that Godwin ^
represents Robert, Bishop of Worcester, who was elected in
1190, and died in 1193, .as the only son of William Fitz-
Ralph, seneschall of Normandy. If this were so, it would
prove either that the justicier and the seneschall were two
different persons, or that Kobert the son had married, and had
a son Thomas before he was professed a priest. Neither of
these is impossible. If the first be the case, it affords
another instance of the difficulty of tracing families distin-
guished only by the compound Christian names ; and if the
latter, it relieves the two accounts of Dugdale from some
part of their contradictionv

In the foregoing notice, it has been assumed that the
justicier whom Madox always calls Fitz-Kalph (Jilius Ra-
dulplii) is the same with William Fitz liauulph, the baron of
Alfreton, mentioned by Dugdale.

Madox gives no information as to the family to which he
belonged ; and in the only two families of Fitz-llalph
noticed by Dugdale, no person of the name of William
appears. He, however, mentions another barony which he
calls Fitz-Banulph, beginning In the time of Henry II. with
liobert Fitz-Banulph, before mentioned ; who, as he states,
was succeeded by his son AVilliam. Dugdale, however, in
his notice of this son, makes no allusion to his appointments
of justice Itinerant, sheriff, or seneschall of Normandy ; so
that, beyond the Christian name and the similarity of the
surname, there is nothing in Dugdale's account to identify

3 Dugdale's Monnst. (184G), vl. 882. » Go:hvin do Prccsul. 458.

246 WILLIAM FITZ-KANULPII. Hen. IL

the two individuals. A little further investigation, however,
seems to prove that they are identical.

Eobert Fitz-Eanulph was sheriff of the counties of Not-
tingham and Derby, according to Dugdale, from the 12th
to the middle of the 16th Henry II., 1178. William,
accordins: to Madox, was sheriff there in the 21 and 22
Henry II., without naming what other years he held the
office. Fuller, however, from the records, gives a complete list
of sheriffs, and corroborates Dugdale as to Robert, making
William his immediate successor in 16 Henry II., and for
eight years afterwards; but he calls each of them ^'Jilius
RadulphV^

This, therefore, identifies Dugdale's Robert Fitz-Ranulph
with Fuller's Robert Fitz-Ralph. That the identity of
William follows, is made more clear by the practice of the
times, which frequently continued the sheriffalty in one
family for several generations ; and which would make it a
natural presumption that the son William would succeed the
father Robert in the office. If Robert, also, were indeed
concerned in the murder of Becket (an act which, though not
authorized by the king, cannot be supposed to have been
disagreeable to him), the reason of Robert's retirement in the
16th year (when the murder occurred) would be at once
explained ; since this would be a sacrifice which respect for
the feelings of the times required, but which would not
extend to the exclusion of the son, who was not implicated in
the crim.e.

It is well known that, when a man was called " Filius
Radulphi," or " Filius Bernardi," &c., it did not necessarily
follow that his father's name was Radulphus or Bernardus,
&c. ; either because the designation might have been adopted
as a family name, by the heir of some previous member of it,
who had made himself famous, or who had greatly increased
his possessions, or from the inconvenience which was found

1154—1189. WILLIAM FITZ-RANULPII. 247

to result from the perpetual change in the name. Of these
we have examples in the names of Fitz-Alan, Fitz-Herbert,
Fitz- William, &c. But it may be with certainty inferred
that one or other of his ancestors bore the Christian name
from which the designation comes. Thus, in this family of
Fitz-Ranulph or Fitz-Kalph, none of those mentioned by
Dugdale bore that Christian name ; Robert's son William
was not styled Fitz-Robprt, nor was William's son named
Fitz- William ; but all were called Fitz-Kalph or Fitz-Ka-
nulph. There must, however, have been a progenitor so
baptized ; and in Fuller's list of the sheriffs of those counties
it will accordingly be seen that the immediate predecessor of
liobert was Radulfus filius Engelrami, who held the office
from the second to the twelfth year of Henry II. From
him, then, who was no doubt the father of Robert, we have the
family surname. And, further, the name Radulphus in this
Radulphus filius Engelrami, and in this Rohertus filius Ra-
dulphus, is called by Madox Ra?2dulphus, quoting respectively
the rolls of 9 and 19 Henry 11.^ Thus it appears that
Ranulphus and Radulphus are both abbreviations of, or de-
rived from, Randulphus, and that they, in fact, are all three
one and the same name. The name of the great justiciary,
Glanville, familiarly called sometimes Ralph, and sometimes
Ranulph, though usually styled in the rolls as Randulphus,
is a sufficient example of the indiscriminate use of the three
names, and makes it more difficult to account for Dugdale's
drawing a distinction between them in this instance. But it
seems impossible to come to any other conclusion tlian that
AVilliam Fitz-Ralph the justicier, named by both Dugdale
and Madox, is the baron mentioned by the former under the
designation of William Fitz-Ranulph.

' Madox's Exch. i. 297. 1336.

248

TUKSTIN FITZ-SIMON.

Hen. II.

FITZ-REINFRID, ROGER.

Just. Itin. 117G. Just. 1179.

See under the Reign of Ricliard I.
FITZ-RICHARD, WILLIAM.

Just. Itin. 1174.

See under the Reign of John.

FITZ-ROBERT, WALTER.

Just. Itin. 1176. Just. 1177.
See under the Reign of Richard I.

FITZ-SIMON, TURSTIN,

Just. Itin. 1173. Just. 1176.

TuRSTiN FiTZ-SiMON probably held some office in the
Exchequer so early as 4 Henry II., as he was excused in
that year from the donum assessed on his property in the
counties of Oxford and Hereford.^ After the murder of
Becket, he was one of the custodes of the archbishoprick of
Canterbury, John Malduit being the other; and they ac-
counted for its scutage in 18 & 19 Henry 11.^

In the latter year, 1173, he was a justice itinerant for
setting the assize or tallage in Gloucestershire ; and having
been selected in 1176, 22 Henry II., as one of the eighteen
justices appointed to administer justice throughout the king-
dom, his pleas are recorded, in that and the two following
years, on the rolls not only of the four counties at first
appropriated to him and his two coadjutors, but also to six
others. In 1177, Ke is mentioned as holding pleas in the
Exchequer.^

He lived beyond the end of the reign, as he appears

' Pipe Rolls, 2, 3, 4 Henry II., 144. 150.
* Madox's Exch. i. 309. 631.

Ibid. i. 127. 211. 701. 732. &c.

1154— 1189. ALAN DE FURNELLIS. 249

to have had the custody of the Castle of Ludlow in 1
Richard L^

FITZ. STEPHEN, RALPH.

Just, Itin. 1174. Just. 1184.

See under the Reign of Richard I.
FITZ-STEPHEN, WILLIAM.

Just. Itik. 1176. Just. 1177.
See under the Reign of Richard I.

FITZ-TOROLD, NICHOLAS.

Just. Itin. 1 179.

Nicholas Fitz-Torold was one of those selected by the
council held at Windsor in 25 Henry II., 1179, as a justice
itinerant in one of the four divisions then established for the
purpose of administering justice throughout the kingdom.^
It does not appear that he had been previously so employed,
nor does his name afterwards occur as a justice itinerant,
except in the roll of the following year. It is probable,
however, that he acted subsequently, because, among the
pleas of Godfrey de Luci and his companions in Berkshire,
entered on the roll of 1 Richard L, there Is an entry which
seems to have reference to his misconduct in office ; viz.
"Nicholas fillus Turoldi redd. Comp. de 45/. 13^.4^. pro
falsa p'sent. plac. Corone et pro falso clam, de averils detentis."^

FURNELLIS, or FURNAUS, ALAN DE.

Just. 1179.

Alan de Furnellis, or Furnaus, does not appear to have
acted as a justicier previous to 1179, 25 Henry II., when

' Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I.

* Dugdale's Cliroii. Series; Madox's Excli. i. 79. 1:39.

^ ripe Roll, 1 Richard L, 181.

250

HUGH DE GAERST.

Hen. 11.

the kingdom was divided by the council held at Windsor
into four parts, and certain wise men were selected to ad-
minister justice in each. He was one of the six who were
specially appointed to hear the complaints of the people in
the Curia Kegis itself; and the northern counties were also
appropriated to them for their circuit. It is probable, how-
ever, that the different lists then formed were not confined
in future years to the districts to which they were first
named ; as Alan de Furnellis and two of his companions are
found in the very next year performing their judicial duties
in Gloucestershire.

The roll of 1 Richard I., 1189, records some of the
charges arising from his pleas in the counties of Lincoln,
Warwick, and Leicester : but they are evidently arrears of
former years, inasmuch as the same roll contains the entry of
his death, and of his son Geoffrey accounting for money
received by him in Oxfordshire. Of this latter county Alan
had been sheriff from 31 to 33 Henry II. ; as he had been of
Cornwall also from the twenty-seventli to the thirtieth year
of that reign. The family, how^ever, appear to have been
more specially connected with Devonshire, as a Geoffrey dc
Furnellis was sheriff of that county at the end of the reign of
Henry I. and the beginning of that of Henry II.; Alan
himself was joined in that sheriffalty in 21 Henry II. ; and
Henry de Furnellis held it during the last nine years of the
reign of Richard I.^

GAERST, HUGH DE.

Just. 1179.

Of Hugh de Gaerst I can find no other mention than that
he was a justicier appointed by the great council held at

> Dugdale's Chron. Series; Madox's Exch. i. 94. 139. 276. 328., il. 220.;
Fuller's Worthies J Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., 58. 105, 106, 107. 118. 131.

1154—1189. IIANULPII DE GEDDING. 251

Windsor in 1179, 25 Henry II., when England was arranged
into four judicial divisions. He must have been held in
some considerable estimation, as he was one of the six to
whom not only the northern counties were appropriated, but
who were also assigned to hear the complaints of the people
in the Curia Re^is.^

GEDDING, RANULPH DE.

Just. 1182.

Among the justiciers and barons before whom fines were
acknowledged in the Curia Regis in 28 Henry II., 1182,
and the two following years, Ranulph de Gedding is men-
tioned^; but as his name is not among the justices itinerant
of that reign, and does not occur in any other judicial matter,
it may be a question whether his attendance on these oc-
casions did not arise merely from his holding an office
connected with the Exchequer. Some likelihood that this
was the case results from the fact, that he and Henry de
Cornhill in the last of those years were paid out of the issues
of the honor of the constabulary, divers sums expended by
them for cordage, instruments, and other necessaries for the
ship of Henry de Schornis, when it sailed to Spain for the
infanta of Portugal.^

The Great Roll of 31 Henry II., 1185 (Norfolk and
Suffolk), contains a curious instance of the pretences made
in those times for bringing money into the king's Exchequer.
William de Beaumont, it seems, had contracted to marry the
daughter of Ranulph de Gedding, but altering his mind, had
taken to wife the daughter of Maurice de Barsham : where-

' Dugdale's Chron. Scries. ; Madox's Exch. i. 93. 138.

* Hunter's Pref. to Fines of Richard I. and John, p. xxi. ; Madox's Exch. i.
82. 113. 213.

^ Madox's Baron. An^l. 75.

252

ADAM I)E GERKEMUE.

Hen. II.

upon the faithless William was fined fifty marks, while his
manocuvering father-in-law, not having the excuse of love,
was fined in double that amount for permitting the breach of
contract.^

GERNEMUE, ADAM DE.

Just. Itin. 1173.

Adam de Gernemue (Yarmouth) was one of the justices
itinerant who, in 19 Henry II., 1173, fixed the tallage or
assize for the counties of Essex and Hertford, and in the
next year for those of Norfolk and Suffolk.- He probably
held some office in the king's court or household ; for Ave
find him one of the four commissioners, whom the king in
1174 sent over to Ireland to settle the affairs of that country,
and to bring Raymond over to England.^

Camden relates a story of Adam de Gernemue, who, being
clerk of the signet, was summoned before Henry I. by
Thurstan le Despencer, or steward, for refusing to sign
a bill he had without a fee, as was the custom among the
officers of the court. Upon Adam's answering that he
merely desired him to bestow two spice cakes made for
the king's own mouth, the king compelled Thurston to put
off his cloak and to go and bring the two cakes on a
white napkin, and with a low curtesey to present them to
Adam. He then made them friends, observing, that
" officers of the court must gratifie and shew cast of their
office, not only one to another, but also to strangers, when-
ever need shall require.""^

Madox's Exch. i. 513.
Brady's England, 363-

2 Ibid. i. 124. 701.

* Camden's Remains, 247.

1154—1189. OSBERT DE GLANVILLE. 253

GIFFARD, RICHARD.

Just. Itin. 1 176.

KiCHARD GiFFARD was onc of the eiglitecn justices itinerant
who were appointed to administer justiee throughout the
kingdom by the council of Northampton, 22 Henry II.,
1176.^ During the next- three years liis name appears on
the rolls as holding pleas in some of the counties to which he
was appointed^; but tlie entries, perhaps, refer only to the
arrears of his first circuit. In 1180 we find him bailiff
of the Oximin, in Normandy, and receiving 200Z. per
annum as custos of the castle of Falaise. To the hospital of
the latter town he was a benefactor.^

GLANVILLE, OSBERT DE.

Just. 1182.

The only mention I find of Osbcrt de Glanville as a jus-
t icier is that ho was present? when fines were levied in the
Curia Regis in the 28th and 35th years of King Henry's
reign, 1182, 1189.^^ As the former of these years was soon
after the appointment of Ranulph de Glanville to the office of
chief justiciary, and the latter just before his retirement
from it, it is probable that Osbert was in some way related
to him, and had been brought into the court under his
auspices. This is rendered still more likely by tlie fact,
that he was one of the witnesses to the justiciary's charter to
the priory of Butlcy.'^

' Dugdale's Chron. Series, * Matlox's Exch. *i. 1 2G — 135.

^ Hot. Scaec. Norm. i. 41. ; Observations, pp. xii. xciv. xcvi.

* Hunter's Pref. to Fines of llichard I. aiul ,Io!in, pp. xxi. xxiii.

* Diijidale's MniiMst. MHlfJ), vi. :3S().

254 ROBERT GRIMBALD. Hen. II.

GLANVILLE, RANULPH DE.

Just. Itin. 1175. Just. 1179. Just. Angl. 1180.

See under the Reign of Ricliard I.
GLOUCESTER, Archdeacon of. See R. de Inglesham.

GRIMBALD, ROBERT.

? Just. . .

DUGDALE, in his Chronica Series, inserts the name of Robert
Grimbald as a justicier in this reign ; and both in his Origines
and in the Monasticon Anglicanum ^ , gives an impression of
his seal, calling it in the margin the seal of Robert Grimbald,
one of the justiciers of King Henry IL It represents a
figure in the robes of a judge, with the sword of Justice in
one hand, and that of Mercy in the other; and the in-
scription is simply " Sigillum Roberti Grimbald." In the
multiplicity of names of justiciers in the rolls of this reign,
quoted by Madox and others, that of Robert Grimbald never
occurs, although it does forty years afterwards in that of
Henry III. As there seems at least as much probability
that this signet should be an abstract representation of
Justice, as that it should be intended as a portraiture of
himself, the question naturally arises whether it affords
sufficient ground, without other evidence, for inserting his
name in the list. The document to which the seal is
attached is a charter granting certain lands in Dunnington to
the priory of Osulveston in Leicestershire ; and there are four
others of the same description. " R. Bishop of Lincoln," in his
charter of confirmation, calls him simply " venerabilis vir,"
and in none of the others is there any addition to his name
at all designating a judicial character. It appears, however,
that he was united with Paganus from the 2 to the 8 Henry IL,

> Dugdale's Origines, 100.; Monast. (184G), vi. 425.

1154—1189. nUGII DE GUNDEVILLE. 255

1156-1162, in the sberlfFalty of Cambridge and Hunting-
don^; and, recollecting the judicial duties which apper-
tained to that office, such a seal as the above would be in no
degree inappropriate. This Bishop of Lincoln was Robert de
Querceto, Avho was consecrated in 1147, and died in 1166.

Robert Grimbald's residence appears to have been in North-
amptonshire, since in that county he is charged with the
ferm of Huntingdon froi;n 2 to 4 Henry II. He married
Matilda, daughter and heir of Paganus de Hocton, who was
probably the sheriff with whom he was associated ; and it
would appear that she afterwards married Richard del Pec.
Two of the witnesses of the above-mentioned charter are his
brothers Hugh and William.

GUNDEVILLE, HUGH DE.

Just. Itin. 1174.

The rolls afford ample evidence that at the beginning of this
reign Hugh de Gundeville filled some responsible office in
the Exchequer, or in the king's household ; payments being
made by him and by his order in the 2d, 3rd, and 4th years,
and his Danegeld and other impositions in the counties in
which he possessed property, being remitted during the same
period.^ The rolls of the subsequent years are not published ;
but they probably contain similar entries, because there is
no doubt that he continued in the same employment. In
1170, 16 Henry II., he was despatched with William Fitz-
John to arrest Becket, whose fate, however, was sealed before
their arrival at Canterbury: and in 1172 he and Robert
Fitz-Bernard were appointed lieutenants under Humphrey
de Bohun in the government of the city of Waterford. In
the latter year, also, he was one of the witnesses to King

' Fuller's Worthies, Cambridge.

* Pipe Rolls, 2, 3, 4 Henry II., :U)_1H2.

loti

AVALTER DE IIADFIELD.

Hen. II.

Henry's charter, dated at Dublin, by wlilch he granted tliat
city to the men of Bristol.^ He held the sheriffalty of
Hampshire from 16 Henry 11. for ten years; that of North-
amptonshire from 21 Henry 11. for three years; and that
of Devonshire in the 24th and 25th years of that reign. ^

In 20 Henry IL, 1174, he was appointed, by writ of
Kichard de Luci, the chief justiciary, one of the five justices
itinerant to fix the tallage of Hampshire, no doubt as sheriff
of that county ; but soon afterwards he was called upon to
exercise the more regular functions of that judicial office,
being selected in 1176 by the council of Northampton as one
of the eighteen justices itinerant who were sent round
England ; a certain number of counties being appropriated
to each three. His pleas while engaged in this employment
are noticed in the rolls of the four following years.^ The
entries, however. In the last of these years, 26 Henry II.,
1180, probably refer to his pleas of the preceding year ; the
new judicial arrangement of the kingdom into four divisions
having then taken place. He died about the end of this
reign, the l^3ll of 1 Hichard I. referring to property which
had been his.''

IIADFIELD, WALTER DE.

•TusT. Itin. 1 174.

The justices itinerant who set the assize on the king's
demesnes In Essex and Hertfordshire in 20 Henry IL, 1174,
were Robert Mantel, the sheriff, and John de Hadfield.^
The manor of Writell in Essex was granted to him and
John Fitz- William in 4 Richard I., 1192-3 ^; between which
date and 3 John, 1201-2, he died, the chancellor's roll of the

* Lord Lyttelton's Henry II., iii. 2. 93., iv. [1.]

2 Fuller's Worthies. ^ Madox's Excli. i. 125 — 138.

" Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., 213. ^ Madox's Exch. i. 124.

« Ibid. ii. 167.

1154—1189. GEOFFREY HOSE. 257

latter year speaking in reference to the same manor of
Walter his son.^

HEREFORD, Archdeacon of. See Ralph.
HOSE, GEOFFREY.

Just. Itin. 1179.

Geoffrey Hose, or Hoese, was the son of Henry, and held
a barony in the county of Wilts. He was sheriff of Oxford-
shire in 26 Henry II. and two following years.^ In 25
Henry II., 1179, he was one of the persons selected by the
council of Windsor to act as justices itinerant in certain
counties forming one of the four divisions into which England
was then arranged : and his pleas appear on the roll of the
following year, but not subsequently.^

The extent of his lands may be estimated by the amount
of the fine of 33/. 65. 8<^. paid to King Richard that he might
enjoy them in peace during his life, and dispose of them after-
wards as he should think fit."* He gave the church of Little
Fageham to the canons of St. Dionysius in Southampton,
and some lands to the monks of Stanley in Wiltshire.^

He died in 1 John, 1199, when his wife, Gundred de
Warenne, gave two hundred marks for the custody of Geoffrey,
his heir, and all his lands until he was of age : but by a writ
from the chief justiciary, the fine is directed to be demanded
from Kobert de Tresgoz, because he had the custody of the
heir and land ; and in 3 John the said Robert accordingly
accounts for the scutage thereon both in Herefordshire and
Wiltshire.'^

' Rot. Cancel larii, 3 John. * Fuller's Worthies, Oxford.

' Dugdale's Chron. Series; Madox's Exch. i. 1:38.

* Pipe Roll, I Richard 1., 176.

* Dugdale's Baronage, i. 622.

« Madox's Exch. i. 202. ; Rot. Cuncell. 3 John, 111. 226. 229.

VOL. I. S

I

258 JOHN. Hen. II.

HOSPITALI, RALPH DE.

?JusT. Itin. 1170.

Ralph de Hospitali was another of the " inquisltores "
against the sheriffs in 1170, 16 Henry II. In the great roll
of 31 Henry II., he and Hugh Cophin render an account of
the proceeds of the abbey of Tavistock, then in the king's
hands.* He held a prebend in Exeter Cathedral, and the
chapel of Walingford, both of which he resigned in 9 John,
1207.2

HUNTINGDON, Archdeacon or. See N. de Sigillo.
HUSSEBURN, THOMAS DE.

Just. 1187.

See under the Reigns of Richard I. and John.

JNGLESHAM, ROBERT DE, Archdeacon of Glou-
cester.

Just. 1187.

See under the Reign of Richard L
JOHN.

? Chancellor. . .

It is provoking, in works that profess to give correct lists of
the chancellors, to find a name introduced among them with
no reference to justify the insertion : and on tracing it to its
source to discover that it is founded on the most vague and
unsatisfactory assertions. Error is thus perpetuated, which
a little investigation would remove; and authority is thus
given to a name, which ought at least to be marked with
some expression of doubt in order to stimulate future in-
quirers.

The place held by John in Hardy's and Lord Campbell's

' Madox's Exch. i. 311. « Rot. Pat. 9 John, i. 75. 81.

1154—1189. JOHN JUKEIv. 259

lists of Chancellors will illustrate these remarks. They
insert him on the authority of Philipot and Spelman, who,
however, differ in the position they assign to him, the former
placing him before, and the latter after Becket. Spelraan's
list is avowedly formed from Thynne, of whom Philipot's
book is a mere servile copy ; leaving out any passage where
it suits him. On referring to Thynne, this is all that is said
of John.

" John, Chancellor of England in the time of King Henrie
the Second, but what he was or in what year of King Henrie
he lived I doo not know, and therefore leaue it to him that
both can and ought to giue life to these persons whom he
imprisoneth in the east castcll of London ; not doubting but
in time he will doo his countrie good, and correct other men ;
though now he be so streict-laced, as that he will not procure
anie furtherance of other men's trauels." And yet, on such
a loose account as this, the name is still continued as un-
questionable. Dugdale does not notice him, nor do I find
any history which does ; neither have I discovered any record
in which his name occurs.

JOSCELINE, Archdeacon of Chichester,

Just. 1187.

See under the Reign of Richard I.
JUKEL, JOHN.

Just. Itin. 1174.

This name appears as the last in the list of justices itinerant
in 20 Henry II., 1174, appointed to make the assize of the
county of Hants, by virtue of the writ of Richard de Lucy ^ ;
but I cannot discover who he was.

' Madox's Exch. i. 123.

S 2

260 WILLIAM DE LAMVALLEI. Hen. II.

LAMVALLET, WILLIAM DE.

Just, Itin. 1 175.

Although the great roll of 21 Henry IL, 1175, and those
of the five following years ^, all refer to the pleas of AVilliam
dc Lamvallei, or Lanvellei, for the name is spelled both ways,
little doubt can be entertained, on a consideration of the entries,
that he did not act as a justice itinerant beyond the first of those
years, and that the entries in the roll of the five subsequent
years have reference only to the arrears due on the pleas of
the first year. In that year his pleas are as usual called
" Nova Placita et Novas Conventiones." In the next year,
22 Henry IL, 1176, which was that in which the kingdom
was divided into six judicial portions, the words " Nova
Placita, &c." are aj") plied to the pleas of those three justiciers,
to whom the counties in which he had previously acted had been
then appointed ; while William de Lamvallei's pleas precede
them, and are then called simply " Placita," having clearly
reference to a preceding year. And so on through the whole
five years, the arrears gradually diminishing and the distance
from the " Nova Placita," or pleas of the current year,
gradually increasing ; the interval being filled with the pleas
of each successive series of justices who had acted in the
interim. Again, in none of the last five years does his name
appear in any other county than the fifteen to which he was
first appointed ; and, lastly, he is always mentioned in con-
nection with Thomas Basset, his first and only coadjutor.
Until by a close observation these facts had been ascertained,
it seemed surprising that the name of one acting through so
many years as a justice itinerant should not appear in any
of the proceedings of the Court at Westminster. But the
result of the investigation solves the difficulty.

» Madox's Exch. i. 125—139.

1154—1189. WILLIAM DE LAMVALLEL 261

William de Lamvallei was a baron holding lands in Essex ;
and his attendance on the court is shown by his being one of
the witnesses to the king's charter, in the tenth year of his
reign. The rolls of 2 Henry II., and two following years,
show that he was excused from the Danegeld and other
assessments on the land he possessed. He was selected, as
others were, previous to the appointment of regular judges,
to take his turn in these itinera, and associated with one, viz.
Thomas Basset, experienced in the laws.

Nothing further is related of him during the rest of Henry's
reign : but in that of Richard he lost the royal favour and
his lands ; recovering both, however, by a timely fine of one
hundred marks. Under John, although he never acted as
a justicier, he is so described in the letters sent by Baldwin
de Betun as security for the fine on the charter of liberties
granted to the burgesses of Heddun.^ In the same year he was,
for a fine of two hundred marks, entrusted with the custody of
Colchester Castle and of the forest up to Chehnsford Bridge,
as he formerly held them in Richard's reign. But he again
forfeited the royal favour, for in 3 John he paid seventy
marks for the king's " benevolentiam ; " and in 6 John,
Geoifrey Fitz- Peter had the custody of his lands in Essex.^

Dying in 12 John, he left by his wife, Hawyse, a son
William, who had no other children than a daughter, married
to John, son and heir of Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent.^

He had a sister, Gunnora, who married William de
Bellocarapo, to whom he gave as a marriage portion the
town of Bromcley, with the advowson of the chui-ch there.'^

LEICESTER, Earl of. See Robert de Beaumont.

Rot. de Oblatis, 2 John, 89. ; Rot. Chart. 99.

Rot. (le Finibus, 6" John, 279.

Dugdale's Baronage, i. G33. ; Nicolas's Synopsis of the Peerage.

Rot. Chart. 9 John, 1 67.

8 3

262 ALUKED DE LINCOLN. Hen. II.

LEONARD, A Knight of Thomas Basset.

Just. Itin. 1174.

Here is a remarkable instance to prove that those, who
were appointed justices itinerant to impose tlie tallages on
the different counties were not always selected from the
members or officers of the Curia Regis. The two who
acted for Berkshire in 20 Henry II., 1174, were the sheriff
of the county, Hugh de Bocland, and this Leonard, who is
simply described as " a knight of Thomas Basset." ^ He
thus probably was a resident in the county, and was well
acquainted with the various properties.

LINCOLN, ALURED DE.

Just. Itin. 1174.

Alueed de Lincoln is another instance of a sheriff being
appointed a justice itinerant to fix the assize on the demesnes
of the crown in the county under his jurisdiction. He is one
of those who were so employed in 20 Henry II., 1174, for
Dorsetshire and Somersetshire ^5 of which he held the sheriff-
alty for six years, commencing 16 Henry 11.^

His grandfather of the same name, at the general survey,
possessed Wimentone in Bedfordshire, and fifty-one lordships
in Lincolnshire. His father was Robert, who held the
castle of Wareham, for the empress Maud, against Stephen.

Alured died 10 Richard I., 1199, leaving by his wife,
Albreda, a son, also named Alured, who was a justice itine-
rant under Henry III.'*

LINCOLN, Bishops of. Seje Geoffrey Plantagenet,
Walter de Constanths.

> Madox's Exch. i. 124. ^ i\y\^^ i i23.

^ Fuller's Worthies, Dorset. * Dugdale's Baronage, i, 412,

1154—1189. REGINALD DE LUCI. 263

LINCOLN, Dean of. See Richard Fitz-Nigel.
LINCOLN, Precentor of. See Walter JNIap.
LONDON, Bishop of. See Richard Fitz-Nigel.
LUCI, GODFREY DE, Archdeacon of Derby ; after-
wards Bishop of Winchester.

Just. 1179.
See under the Reign of Richard L

LUCI, REGINALD DE.

Just. Itin. 1173.

DuGDALE has been unable to discover the parentage of
Kcginald de Luci. The honour of Egremont, v/ith land in
the mountainous territory of Copland, in Cumberland, was
brought to him by his wife Annabel, the second of the three
daughters and heirs of William Fitz-Duncan, Earl of Murray
in Scotland.

In 19 Henry II., 1173, he was one of the justices itinerant
to set the assize for the united counties of Nottingham
and Derby : and he is mentioned in the same character in
the two following years. ^ He was no doubt appointed to
perform these duties because he, at that time, was governor
of Nottingham for the king, in the rebellion of the Earl of
Leicester and others on behalf of Henry, the king's son.

He attended with the rest of the barons at the coronation
of King Kichard I., and died soon after.

His son Richard succeeded him, and died, leaving two
daughters, one of whom married Alan de Multon, whose son
assumed the name of Luci, and his descendants were sum-
moned to parliament. The barony passed, through females,
into the family of Percy, Earls of Northumberland, and ul-
timately became extinct in 1670.^

' Madox's Exch. i. 123. 125. 701.

* Dugdale's Baronage, i. 566. 612. ; Nicolas's Synopsis of tlic Peerage.

8 4

264 EICHARD DE LLCI. Hen. IL

LUCI, RICHARD DE.

Just. Angl. 1154.
See under the Reign of Stephen.

The ancestors of this eminent man held lands in Kent,
Norfolk, and Suffolk, for which they performed the service
of castle-guard at Dover. The first fact that history records
of Richard de Luci is that King Henry I. granted to him
the lordship of Disce, now Diss, in Norfolk ; and it is said in
the Testa de Nevil that it was not known whether he re-
ceived it as his inheritance or for his services. Bloomfield,
however, has no doubt it was for the latter, because that
manor had been always demesne of the crown.

Under King Stephen, he was entrusted with the govern-
ment of Falaisc in Normandy, which, in the third year of
that reign, he resolutely defended against the attacks of
Geoffi-ey, Earl of Anjou, the husband of the Empress Ma-
tilda. In the contest between her and the king, he dis-
tinguished himself on various occasions in support of the
latter; and so high did he stand in the estimation of the
contending parties, that on the solemn agreement made by
King Stephen with Henry, the son of the empress, in 1158,
the tower of London and the castle of Windsor were both
put into his hands, by the desire of the whole clergy; he
swearing to deliver them up to Henry on the death of Stephen,
and giving his son as a hostage for his performance of the
trust. To this convention he is one of the witnesses.

Madox quotes a writ, addressed " Ricardo de Luci, Justic.
et Yicecomiti de Essexa," to prove that he was chief jus-
ticiary in the reign of Stephen. ^ But it affords no evidence
to that extent. It would simply prove that he was a justicier,
a term which in those days was almost synonymous with that

' Madox's Exch. i. 33.

1154—1189. RICHARD DE LUCI. 265

of baron: as wlicn the king covenanted with Milo of
Gloucester, " sicut justiciario et harone meo.'''' In this in-
stance, the word is used as a mere designation, and the writ
is addressed to him, not as justicier or baron, but simply as
Sheriff of Essex, to lands in which county it has reference.

He was sheriff of the united counties of Essex and Hert-
ford, not only at the above period, but also in 2 Henry II. :
and about the same time he likewise held the sheriffalty of
Berkshire.

Under Henry II. there is full evidence that he was placed
in the high office of chief justiciary ; though some doubt
exists as to the precise period of his appointment. He was
the sole witness to the charter of liberties granted by the
king at London in the first year of his reign ; and though
this is not positive, it is strong presumptive evidence that,
if not the chief, he was tlien one of the king's principal
ministers. It is, however, known that at a very early
period Robert de Beaumont, Earl of Leicester, and he held
the office jointly ; and their separate precepts occurring in
the rolls of the 2nd, 3d, and 4th years of the reign, shew
that each had high power. When King Henry, in 1161,
being then in Normandy, was exerting himself to procure the
election of Becket to the archbishopiick of Canterbury, he is
stated to have said to his justiciary, Richard de Luci, on
sending him to England with his mandate to the monks and
suffragan bishops, "Richard, if I were now lying dead,
would not you endeavour to raise my eldest son to the
throne ? " — and upon Richard answering that he would, to
the utmost of his power, the king added, " Endeavour equally
to raise my chancellor Becket to the see of Canterbury."
This fact, though it shows that he was justiciary, does not
prove that he was the sole one, but rather affords a contrary
presumption ; as it would be extremely vuilikely that a king
of Henry's known prudence would, during his own absence.

266 RICHARD DE LUCI. Hen. 11.

leave England without any one to direct the government.
This duty was performed by the Earl of Leicester, while
Kichard de Luci accompanied his sovereign into Normandy.
Another instance of Richard's being employed by the king
abroad occurs in 1164, when he was sent on some secret
mission to the Earl of Flanders, and availed himself of the
opportunity to visit Becket, then taking refuge in the abbey
of St. Bertin, and to oiFer his mediation and intercession for
the royal pardon. Yet in the preceding year, 9 Henry II.,
a writ issued in the joint names of the Earl of Leicester and
Richard de Luci, authorising the payment of some royal
expenses ^ ; plainly proving that they then held the office
together. In the rolls of the 13th year of the reign, there is
evidence of their acting separately ; that for Berkshire citing
a writ of the Earl of Leicester alone, and that for Suffolk a
writ of Richard de Luci alone. ^ It must be remembered,
however, that, though thus cited in the roll of that year, it
does not follow that the writs did not bear a previous date.
This is not unlikely with respect to that of the Earl of
Leicester, as he died in that same year.

From a writ on the roll of the previous year, 12 Henry 11.^,
addressed to the sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk, and tested
by Geoffrey Mandevil, Earl of Essex, and Richard de
Luci, precisely in the same manner, it might be inferred that
these two were also joint chief justiciaries. But the difficulty
is at once explained by the fact that in that year they
travelled together as justices itinerant through most part
of England, and, among other counties, into Norfolk and
Suffolk. The writ, therefore, arises from their duties on
that circuit.

After the death of the Earl of Leicester, Richard de Luci
became, without any question, sole chief justiciary. From

^ Madox's Exch. i. 201. * Ibid. i. 200.

3 Ibid. i. 205.

1154—1189. KICHARD DE LUCI. 267

that year till 24 Henry II., 1178, numerous writs in his own
name, some of them being grounded on a king's writ de ultra
mare, and the confirmation in the Exchequer of a convention
relative to certain land, made " coram Ricardo de Luci et aliis
baronibus,^^ plainly prove that he then held the highest
judicial place in the Curia Regis. During this period,
besides the circuits which he took with Earl Geoffrey, we
find him holding pleas in Northumberland, 14 Henry II. ; in
Yorkshire, 15 Henry II.; in Staffordshire, 17 Henry II.; and
again in Yorkshire, 19 Henry II., on his return from his
expedition to Scotland. ^

Of his judicial acts as chief justiciary, little is recorded
beyond the committal of some London rioters to prison : but
the above entries afford sufficient evidence of his activity and
diligence in the execution of the legal branch of his office, at
the same time that he showed no negligence in his ministerial
and political duties.

The preparation of the celebrated Constitutions of Claren-
don, in January, 1164, was entrusted to him and to Joscelinc
de Baliol; and they were accordingly subjected to the
rancour of Becket, who two years afterwards pronounced
sentence of excommunication against them, as the favourers
of the king's tyranny, and the contrivers of those heretical
pravities. This sentence was repeated by Becket, in 1169,
against him and others; but it does not appear to have
produced much effect on the laymen included in it.

In 1167, on the threat of an invasion by the Earls of
Boulogne and Flanders, Richard de Luci made such pre-
parations of defence as effectually to deter them. His con-
duct and valour as a warrior were brought more actively
forward in 1173, when the king's sons raised the standard
of rebellion against their father. The Earl of Leicester,

' Mudox's Exch. i. 14G. 215. 558. 702.

268 RICHARD DE LUCI. Hen. II.

the son of his late coadjutor, having joined their party,
Richard de Luci besieged the town and castle of Leicester,
and soon reducing the former, and demolishing its fortifi-
cations, he granted a truce to the garrison of the latter, in
order to march against William, king of Scotland, who had
invaded Cumberland, and was besieging Carlisle. Joined by
Humphrey de Bohun, the king's constable, he not only
forced the Scots and Galwegians to retire, but in revenge for
their horrible devastations, he set fire to Berwick, and
ravaged Lothian. The Earl of Leicester during this time
had arrived in England with a large body of Flemings ; but
Kichard de Luci and Humphrey de Bohun, concluding a
truce with the Scottish king, marched immediately against
them, and giving them battle at Fernham in Suffolk, on
November 1, 1173, not only defeated them with great
slaughter, but took the Earl of Leicester and his countess
prisoners. The justiciary's activity was not less prominent
during the succeeding year, in opposing the Earls of Derby
and Himtingdon ; and the return of King Henry to Eng-
land, and the capture of William, King of Scotland, occurring
about the same time, the rebellion was effectually suppressed
before the end of the year.

His services were not unrewarded by the king, who gave
him the Hundred of Ongar in Essex, with Stanford and
Greensteed, and many broad lands in that county and in
Kent.

After a life devoted to his country, he prepared himself a
retirement at its close, by founding, in 1178, an abbey at
Lesnes or Westwood, in the parish of Erith in Kent, for
canons regular of the order of St. Augustine, endowing
it nobly with half of his possessions there. Resisting the
entreaties of his sovereign, who knew how to appreciate his
abilities, he resigned his office at the commencement of the
following year ; and assuming the habit of one of the canons

I

1154—1189. RICIIAKD DE LUCI. 269

of the house, withdrew from the turmoil of the world to
devote the remainder of his days to piety. His seclusion,
however, was not of long duration, for on July 14, 1179,
25 Henry IL, he terminated his career, and was buried in
a sumptuous tomb in the choir of his church.

Few persons have ever held so high and responsible a
position for so long a period without incurring some blame,
or giving ground for some detraction. Against him, how-
ever, with the exception of Becket's malicious fulminations,
not a word of charge can be found. But his talents as a
lawyer and a judge are universally well spoken of; and as a
statesman and a soldier, his bravery and wisdom are par-
ticularly distinguished. To the integrity of his character,
the best testimony is afforded by the conduct of his sovereign,
who, though finding him in arms against himself, and highly
in the confidence of his opponent, wisely showed his admi-
ration of fidelity and worth even in an enemy, by admitting
him into his own counsels, and entrusting him with the sole
administration of the realm.

By his wife, Rohaise, he had two sons and two daughters.
Of his two sons, Geoffrey and Herbert, the elder died in his
father's lifetime, leaving Hichard, his son, who afterwards
died without issue ; and the younger died unmarried. Of his
two daughters, to whom their father's possessions ultimately
descended, Maude, the elder, was married to Walter Fitz-
Robert, of whom some account will be given in the next
reign ; and Bohaise, the younger, was married to Fulbert, the
son of John de Dover, Lord of Chilham, noticed in a pre-
ceding article. Such is the account of the family given by
Dugdale ; but Francis Thynne, according to Weever, says
that he had only one son, Godfrey, afterwards Bishop of
Winchester ; and three daughters : 1. Maud, the wife of
Robert Fitz- Walter ; 2. Aveline, the wife of Richard Rivers,
Lord of Stanford-Rivers, in Essex ; and 3. Rose, the wife

270 JOHN MALDUIT. Hen, IT.

of Richard, the natural son of King John. Another account
adds a fourth daughter, Dionysia, married to Arnold de
Monteney, Knight.^

LUCI, ROBERT DE.

Just. Itin. 1 174.

Robert de Luci was probably a relative of the great
Richard de Luci, but in what manner does not appear. He
was joined to Richard de Wilton, the sheriff of Wiltshire,
as justice itinerant to set the assize or tallage for that county,
in 20 Henry II., 1174. In the following year he was
sheriff of the county of Worcester -, beyond which no further
information occurs.

MALDUIT, JOHN.

Just. 1170.

John Malduit held a place in the Curia Regis or Exchequer
in 16 Henry II., 1170, a writ in his name and that of
William Fitz-Martin as to the king's debts in the honor of
Lancaster occurring in that year.^ Two years afterwards, he
and Turstin Fitz- Simon accounted for the profits of the see
of Canterbury, which had been committed to their care on
the murder of Becket.*

In 20 Henry II., 1174, he was one of the justices itinerant
for setting the assize in the counties of Nottingham and
Lincoln, in the latter of which he is also mentioned on the
rolls of 22 & 23 Henry II. ^ ; but the entries there may

* Dugdale's Baronage, i. 563. ; Weever, 777. ; Bloomfield's Norfolk, i. 2. ;
Morant's Essex, i. 127., ii. 115. ; Lord Lyttelton's Henry II., i. 405. 539., ii.
and iii. passim; Pipe Rolls, 2, 3, 4 Henry II.

2 Madox's Exch. i. 124. 546. ^ Ibid. ii. 253.

* Ibid. i. 309. 631. '^ Ibid. i. 123. 127. 129.

1154—1189. WILLIAM MALDUIT. 271

probably have reference only to the uncollected debts of the
former year.

It may be presumed that he was a branch of the same
family as that of the undermentioned William Malduit, the
chamberlain ; inasmuch as by an entry on the great roll of
5 Kichard I., it appears that John, the son of John Malduit,
released to William Malduit, the chamberlain, all his right in
a certain tenement in Northamptonshire, which he held under
William. >

Probably, therefore, this John died just previously to that
date ; and it was his son John whose death occurred about
12 John, in the roll of which year^ there is an entry re-
cording a partition of the free tenement, which was of John
Malduit, between Flandrina, the wife of Robert de Lega, and
Avia, her sister, who no doubt were his daughters and heirs.

MALDUIT, WILLIAM.

Just. 1165.

There are only two instances in which I find the name of
William Malduit mentioned as a baron acting judicially.
These are in 11 & 30 Henry IL, 1165 and 1184: and in both
cases he is represented as being present among those sitting
in the Exchequer when charters or agreements relative to
land were executed or acknowledged there.^ On each of
these occasions he is described as chamberlain, in which
character he would have a seat in that court. He does not
appear to have been employed as a justice itinerant ; although
Henry Fitz-Gerold, who was also chamberlain at the same
time, has been already shown to have so acted.

William Malduit, or Mauduit (Maledoctus), succeeded to
the office of chamberlain on the death of his elder brother,

* Madox's Exch. i. 59. ■ Ibid. i. 506.

" Ibid. i. 44. 215.

272 AVILLIAM MALDUIT. Hen. II.

Robert, about 31 Henry I., 1130-1. The roll of that year
(formerly supposed to be that of 5 Stephen) notices the pay-
ment of a fine of one thousand marks by William de Pontearch
for the ministry or office, and also for the daughter, of Robert
Malduit, showing that his death had just previously occurred;
and it is known that this William de Ponteal"ch acted as
chamberlain a few years afterwards under King Stephen.
But the same roll also contains an entry of a payment made
to William Malduit " ad Cameram Curias " : thus proving
that he also acted at that time in the office.^

Robert and William were the sons of William Mauduit,
who is mentioned in Domesday Book as possessing seven
lordships in Hampshire ; and who was afterwards appointed
chamberlain to Henry I., from whom he received in marriage
Maud, the daughter of Michael de Hanslape, with the lands
of which he died possessed.

It is evident that there were several chamberlains in the
King's Court ; and that there was one at the head of all,
called Magistra Cameraria, which was an hereditary office.
Whatever were their duties in the king's household, it is
certain that they were officially connected with the Exchequer,
and had the care of the receipts and payments of the revenue.
They also sat at this time as barons or justices in the Ex-
chequer.

That there was some interval during the reign of Stephen,
in which William Malduit did not enjoy the office, or that
some doubt existed as to the right of possession, seems likely,
from his obtaining from Henry II., while Duke of Normandy,
a grant of the inheritance of the office of chamberlain of his
Exchequer, with the castle of Porchester, and all the lands to
the chamberlainship and the castle appertaining, both in
England and Normandy, in as full a manner as William his

' Madox's Exch. i. 58. 263.

1154—1189. GEOFFREY DE MANDEVILLE. 273

father, or Robert his brother, ever held them. He likewise
received other valuable gifts and possessions in reward for
services rendered to the duke. All these were confirmed to
him when Henry II. attained the crown ; and it appears from
the rolls of that reign, that the Danegeld and other assess-
ments on his property were remitted " per breve Regis ; " as
was then the practice with regard to the officers of the Ex-
chequer.

He held the sheriffalty of Rutland from 26 Henry II. till
the end of the reign ; and his name is recorded as chamber-
lain up to 7 Richard I., 1195; soon after which he probably
died, having in the previous year joined an expedition into
Normandy.

He was succeeded by his son Robert, of whom mention
will be made under the reign of King John.^

MANDEVILLE, GEOFFREY DE, Earl of Essex.

Just. Ttin. 1166,

Geoffrey de Mandeville, corrupted from Magnaville,
a town in Normandy belonging to his ancestors, was the
second Earl of Essex after the Conquest. His great-grand-
father, of the same name, was one of the companions of the
Conqueror in his expedition against England; and for his
achievements on that occasion was rewarded with many broad
lands and lordships, of which no less than one hundred and
nineteen are noted in Domesday Book. Besides these, the
Conqueror granted him the custody of the Tower of London,
with the hereditary sheriffalty of London and Middlesex and
Hertfordshire. His son William succeeded him, and married
Margaret, the sole daughter of Eudo the Dapifer ; by whom
he had a son, named Geoffrey, who, in 31 Henry I., had

' Dugdale's Baronage, i. 398. ; Pipe Rolls, 2, 3, 4 Henry II. and 1 Richard I. ;
Madox's Exch. i. 59. i:}9. 687., ii. 14. 295.
VOL. I. T

274 GEOFFREY DE MANDEVILLE. Hen. II.

livery of liis iiilicritance, and was steward of Normandy by
descent of his mother. King Stephen raised him to the
dignity of Earl of Essex ; but the Empress Maud won him
over to her party by a still more ample charter^, confirming
to him all the rights and honours and lands which any of
his ancestors had held, and making to him most extensive
grants. Plis future prowess was disgraced by so many
savage outrages, that, although he had founded the abbey of
Walden in Essex, and had made several gifts for pious
uses, he was excommunicated ; and being in 1144 mortally
wounded in battle, the rights of sepulture were refused to
his body. By his wife, E-ohese, the daughter of Alberic de
Yere, Earl of Oxford, he had several sons, viz. : 1. Ernulph,
who was banished and disinherited ; 2. Geoffrey, the subject
of the present notice ; 3. William ; and 4. Robert.

Henry II. created this Geoifrey, the son. Earl of Essex,
giving to him the third penny of the assessments in that
county, and restoring to him all the lands of his family ; the
extent of which may be estimated from his certificate in
12 Henry II., on the assessment to the aid for marrying
the king's daughter, that he had ninety-seven knights' fees
de veteri feoffamento, and sixty de novo. His talents were
considerable, and were employed by his sovereign both in the
council and the field.

He and Richard de Luci were sent both in 12 & 13 Hen. IL,
1166-7, as justices itinerant to hear criminal and common
pleas throughout England^; and they were also entrusted
with the expedition against the Welsh, during which the
earl fell sick at Chester, and died there on the 12 calends of
November (October 21), 1167, 13 Henry II. It is true that
the Great Roll of 15 Henry IL contains entries of his pleas
in Yorkshire and Northamptonshire^, but these are doubt-
less the debts remaining due on the pleas of the former years.

1 Madox's Exch. i. 148, H9. Ibid. i. 143.

I

1154—1189. WALTER MAP. 2/5

He was buried in the abbey of Walden, notwithstanding
the attempts of Koheso, his mother, to have his body removed
to the priory of Chicksand, in Bedfordshire, whicli she had
founded. Leaving no children, he was succeeded by his
brotlier William, of whom some account will be given as
chief justiciary in the next reign. ^

MANTELL, ROBERT.

Just. Itin. 1173. Just. 1176.

For twelve years from 16 Henry IL, 1170, Eobert Mantell
was sheriff of the united counties of Essex and Hertford.^
In 19 Henry IL, 1173, and in the six following years, he
acted as a justice itinerant, not only in those counties, but
also in eight others^; and his name appears as one of the
justiciers in the Curia Kegis in 23 Henry IL, 1177."*
Besides these duties, he seems likewise to have been employed
as a justice of the forest in 17 & 18 Henry II. % and again
in 1 Richard I.^

I find no mention made of his parentage : but in 30 Hen. IL,
1184, his son Matthew came before the Exchequer as his
" future heir," and acknowledged that he had no claim to a
certain field called Holm.^

MAP, WALTER, Precentor of Lincoln, and
Archdeacon of Oxford.

Just. Itin. 1 173.

AYalter Map, or Mapes, as he is more commonly though
erroneously called, the facetious poet and satirist, was one of

' Madox's Exch. i. 49. 28.; ii. 138. 1G4. ; Dugdale's 13aronage, i. 201 ;
Nicolas's Synopsis of the Peerage.

* Fuller's Worthies.

3 Madox's Exch. i. 123. 126. 129. 132. 135. 701.

* Ibid. i. 94. » Ibid. i. 344., ii. 131.

" Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I. p. 79. ' Madox's Exch. i. 215.

T 2

276 WALTER MAr. Hen. II.

the justices Itinerant in this reign. Madox names hini in
that character in 19 Henry II., 1173, as joined with John
Cumin and Turstin Fitz-SImon in setting the assize for the
king's demesnes in Gloucestershire*, in which county he
held the living of Westbury.^ Giraldus Cambrensis, who
was his intimate friend, in his Speculum EcclesicB, an inedited
work among the Cottonian MSS., says of him, '^ pluriesque jus-
ticiariis errantibus ad jura regni tuenda justlclamque reglam
exercendam assoclatus essct."^ But as Madox, though his
subsequent list of the justlciers is sufficiently extensive, does
not again name him, the " oftentimes " of Giraldus is probably
nothing more than a friendly exaggeration of the author.
Indeed, the sequel of the passage satisfactorily accounts for
his being omitted in future years, inasmuch as it states that
Walter always insisted on adding to the accustomed oath
required to be taken by his colleagues and himself that
they would administer right to every one, an exception
against the Jews and white monks. His hostility against
the latter originated, according to Giraldus, in the encroach-
ments made by the Cistercians of Newenham on the rights
and property of his church of Westbury ; and was exhibited
against the whole order in various Latin compositions, both
in prose and verse, highly humorous and severe. None of
them, however, remain ; those which have been preserved
being of a more general character.

He was born on the Marches of Wales, probably in the
county of Hereford ; but of his parents he states nothing,
except that they had rendered important services to King
Henry both before and after his accession to the throne.

* Madox's Exch. i. 701.

^ In an argument in Michaelmas Term, 30 Edward III., it is stated that
Walter Mape was presented to the church of Westbury in the time of King
John. Year Book, Edward III. : sed qu. ?

^ Quoted in the appendix to the introduction (p. xxxi.) to " The Latin Poems
ommonly attributed to Walter Mapes," Camden Society.

llo4— 1189. AVALTEK MAP. 277

He studied at Paris, and attended the school of Gerard la
Pucelle, who lectured there about 1160. Distinguished as
well by his wit and learning as by his courtly manners, he
became on his return a favourite of the king ; and he repeats
conversations he had with Becket before he was made arch-
bishop in 1162. He was employed by the king in missions
to the courts of France and Rome, and at the latter he was
selected by Pope Alexander III. to examine and argue with
the deputies of the then rising sect of the Waldenses. AVith
these proofs of the consideration in which he was held, he
received substantial marks of the royal favour. Besides
several smaller ecclesiastical preferm.ents, he held at various
periods canonries in the churches of Salisbury and St. Paul's,
was Precentor of Lincoln, and ultimately Archdeacon of Ox-
ford, to which he was advanced about the year 1 196. He was
alive in 9 John, 1207-8, as in that year the custodes of the
abbey of Eynsham were ordered to pay him his accustomed rent
of five marks per annum from that abbey ^ ; but he certainly
died before Giraldus Cambrensis wrote the preface to his
Hibernia Expugnata, which was dedicated to King John.

Some of his writings, which were composed in short
rhyming verse, were so popular in his day, that the copies
of them were greatly multiplied ; and any effusions which
were remarkable for their wit and sprightliness were at-
tributed to his pen. Among the numerous compositions
which go under his name, it is difficult to ascertain with
certainty how many he really wrote. In the introduction to
the Collection of Poems attributed to him, published by the
Camden Society, Mr. Wright gives satisfactory proof that
several of those which appeared under the name of Golias
Episcopus were written by Map ; and that Golias was no
real person, as some writers have believed, but a mere fanciful
appellation given to the burlesque representative of the cc-

' Hot. Clans., John I., 100'.
r 3

278 GEOFFREY MONACIIUS. Hex. II.

clesiastical order, and the instrument of holding up to ridicule
the vices of the Komish Church. The jovial character of
some of these poems has caused him to be considered as a
toper, but there is no other evidence to support such an
imputation ; and the drinking-song which is ascribed to him,
commencing thus,

" Meum est propositum in taberna mori,"

is a compilation of a much later period, from some lines in the
Confessio GolicB, containing a mock confession of his three
vices, of which one was his love of wine.

His prose works are a treatise De Nuyis Curialium, and
a tract intitled Valerius ad Rufinum de non ducenda Uxore ;
neither of which have been printed.^

MARMION, ROBERT.

Just. 1165.
See under the Reigns of Richard I. and John.

MONACHUS, GEOFFREY.

Just. 1 165.

Among the " assidentes Justiciae Regis " present in the
Exchequer in 11 Henry II., 1165, on the execution of a
charter between the abbots of St. Alban's and Westminster,
the names " Gaufrido Monacho et Willielmo filio Andelmi,
Marescallis Regis," appear. That he held an office in the
chamber of the Exchequer in 2, 3, and 4 Henry II. is evi-
denced by entries on the rolls of those years recording many
payments made to and by him on the king's account.

It may be presumed that he was a monk no otherwise than
in name, from the fact that he held lands in the counties of

' Introduction to Latin Poems, attributed to Walter Mapes. Edited by
Thomas Wright, and published by the Camden Society. Biographia Britannica
Litcraria, by Thomas Wright, ii. 295-

1154—1189. HUGH DE MOIIEVILLE. 279

Essex, Somerset, Dorset, Gloucester, and Wilts ; and that
the Danegcld and other assessments from which he was
relieved as one of the officers of the court, amounted in one
year to the sum of six pounds eleven shillings and three
pence. '

MOREVILLE, HUGH DE.

JirsT. Itin. 1170.

The barony of Burgh-on-the-Sands, in Cumberland, and
other possessions in that and the neighbouring counties, be-
longed to Hugh de Moreville, as successor to his father Roger,
and his grandfather Simon ; the latter of whom had acquired
them by his marriage with Ada, daughter of William de
Engaine. Hugh was also forester of Cumberland, and added
to his property that of his wife, Helewise de Stuteville, a
relative, probably a sister, of the Baron Robert de Stute-
ville.

In conjunction with the latter, he was a justice itinerant
for the counties of Northumberland and Cumberland in
16 Henry IL, 1170 2; but although Robert de Stuteville
acted in the same capacity in the following year, the name of
Hugh de Moreville no longer appears as his associate. His
discontinuance in this honourable office arose from the part
he took in December, 1170, in the murder of Becket, which
has been related in a former page. ^ After the assassination,
he and his colleagues retired without interruption, and
repaired to a castle at Knaresborough which belonged to
Hugh de Moreville, where they stayed many montlis, not
daring to return to Henry's court. It is added by William
of Newbury, " that being stung with remorse, they willingly
went to Rome, and were sent by the pope to Jerusalem,

• Madox's Exch. i. 4 1. ; Pipe Ilolls, I, 2, 3 Henry II. 17—180.

• Madox's Exch. i. Ml. ^ See p. 215.

r 4

280 HUGH DE MOKEWIC. HexN. If.

where, after they had for some years performed not remissly
the penance enjoined them, they all ended then- lives."
However this may be with regard to the others, it certainly
is not true in reference to Hugh de Moreville's death.

During the remainder of the reign of Henry II., and the
whole of that of Richard I., no mention is made of his name ;
but in the first year of King John he is recorded as paying
fifteen marks and three good palfreys for holding his court
with his liberties " de Tol et Theam, et Infangenetheif, et
Furto, et de Judicio Ferri et Aquas," as long as Helewise
his wife should continue in a secular habit. ^ He died shortly
afterwards, leaving two daughters, one of whom, Ada, he
had previously married to Richard de Luci, son of Reginald
of Egremont, for the king's consent to which he had fined
two complete horses. She after Richard's death married
Thomas de Muleton, the justicler in the reign of Henry III.
Joane, the other daughter, with her inheritance and the oflSce
of forester, was placed under the wardship of William Bri-
wer in 3 John, for a fine of 500 marks, with a power to
marry her either to his son Richard, or to his nephew Richard
de Gernum.^ The latter became her husband, and upon a
partition of their father's lands in 6 John, the king's treasury
w^as benefited by two further fines ; one of 900 marks and
five palfreys from Richard de Luci, and the other of 600
marks from Richard de Gernum.^

MOREWIC, HUGH DE.

Just. 1184.

Hugh de Moreavic, the son of Ernulf de Morewic, held
the manor of Chidington, in Northumberland, by the service

' Rot. de Oblatis, 1 John, 54. ^ ji^j^j g j^j^^^ jg^

3 Dugdale's Baronage, i. 612. ; Lord Lyttelton's Henry II., ii. 3. 101. 589. ;
Hasted's Kent, xii. 331.

1154—1189. HAMON MOEGAN. 281

of one knight's fee. He was in attendance on the king at
Waltham in 1182, whose will then made he witnessed. In
30 Henry II., 1184, he was one of the justiciers and barons
before whom a fine was acknowledged in the king's court at
Westminster ^ ; and he afterwards acted as a justice itinerant
in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire, his pleas in those counties
being recorded on the roll of 1 Kichard I.^ They are evi-
dently, however, the arrears of a previous year. He held the
sheriffalty of Cumberland in 31 Henry 11. and two following
years.

On the fine he is styled "dapifer regis," an office which he
held with Hugh Bardolf. It is not improbable that they
were dapifers of Xormandy, since an allowance was made to
them in the Norman roll of that year, for 100/. disbursed for
the king's expenses when he was at Gisors.'^

His death occurred about 2 Kichard II., 1190, when his
brother Nicholas paid two hundred marks for the wardship of
his son Hugh, This Hugh had a son of the same name,
who died in 45 Henry HI., leaving only three daughters.'^

MORGAN, HAMON.

Just. Itin. 1 1 74.

Hamon Morgan, although one of the justices itinerant who
actually fixed the assize of the county of Hants in 20
Henry II., 1174, by virtue of the writ of Richard de Luci,
does not seem to have been originally appointed ; the words
" qui fuit in loco constabularii " being added to his name.'
The constable at that time was either Henry or Mabel, sons

' Preface to Fines of Richard I. and John.

' Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., GO. 78.

3 Madox's Exch. i. 1G8. * Dugdale's Baronage, i. 678.

* Madox's Exch. i. 125.

282 HUGH MURDAC. Hen. II.

of Milo cle Gloucester, Earl of Hereford ; but why named
for the performance of this duty does not appear.

MUCEGROS, MILO DE.

Just. Itin. 1174.

No other mention occurs of Milo de Mucegros than that he
was one of the justices itinerant, in conjunction with Wil-
liam de Braiosa, to settle the assize of Herefordshire in
20 Henry IL, 1174 ^ ; and that he was sheriff of the county
with William Torell in the twenty-ninth year of that reign.2

MURDAC, HUGH, afterwards Archdeacon of Cleveland.

Just. Itin. 1179.

Hugh Murdac was a chaplain of King Henry IL, and
doubtless of the same family as Henry Murdac, abbot of
Fountains, who was raised to the archbishoprick of York in
1146, and died in 1153. He was one of the justices itine-
rant selected by the king at the council of Windsor in 25
Henry IL, 1179, and was appointed with four others to ex-
ercise judicial functions in the counties of the home district ^ ;
in which he acted also in the following year.'* Madox quotes
an entry in a book in the possession of the dean and chapter
of London, showing that he was present in the Exchequer in
30 Hen. IL, when an acknowledgment as to certain lands was
made there ^ : whether as a baron or an officer is not apparent.
In the next year he had the custody of the abbey of Selby,
then in the kino-'s hands.^

The archdeaconry of Cleveland w^as given to him in 1200,

1 Madox's Exch. i. 124. « Fuller's Worthies.

3 Dugdale's Chron. Series. * Madox's Excli. i. 138.

5 Ibid. i. 215. « Ibid. i. 309.

1154—1189. ALAN DE NEVILLE. 283

2 John, on tlic rot^lgnation of John de Gray ; and he held it
till 1204.1

MURDAC, RALPH.

Just. Itin. 1184.
See under the Reign of Richard I.

NEVILLE, ALAN DE.

Just. 1165.

Alan de Neville (Nova-villa) is mentioned as one of the
" assidentes Justiciie Regis " in the Exchequer in 11 Hen. II.,
1165, before whom a charter was executed between the
abbots of St. Alban's and Westminster.^ He is the second
of four, after whose names the designation of " Alarescallis
Regis " is added ; but whether these words apply to all the
four, or only to the last two, is not clear. From 12 Henry II.,
however, he for many years filled the office of justice of the
forests throughout all England.^

According to Dugdale, Alan de Neville was the brother of
Gilbert de Neville of Lincolnshire, Rutland, and Oxfordshire.
He has distinguished this Gilbert from Gilbert de Neville, the
admiral of the Conqueror, and ancestor of the Nevilles of
Raby ; and yet has afterwards confused them together,
making the former Gilbert the ancestor of the latter's family,
and representing him in one instance as the father, and in
another as the grandfather, of Isabel, who married Robert
Fitz-Maldred, the lord of Raby.

Dugdale also mistakes in calling this Alan a justice itine-
rant in 16 Henry II., the roll clearly showing that it was his
son, Alan de ^QyiWa junior.'^

He held the forest of Savernac, in Wiltshire, from the rent

• Le Neve, .328. ; Rot. Chart. 2 John, 103.

» Madox's Exch. i. 'M. ^ ji^jj j 1,14^ ^^

« Ibid. i. Ml.

281: NIGEL, BISHOP OF ELY. Hen. IL

of which the king, in the ninth year of his reign, commanded
that lie should be excused. He was one of those lords of the
council who, for the energy of his measures in support of the
king against Bccket, was excommunicated in 12 Henry II.,
11()6; but he afterwards received absolution from Gilbert
Foliot, Bishop of London, on condition that he should go to
Rome and submit himself to the pope. Whether he did this
is not mentioned ; and no other circumstance is recorded of
him but that he died in 2 Richard I., leaving two sons, the
under-mentioned Alan, and GeoiFrey.^

NEVILLE, ALAN DE, Junior.

Just. Itin. 1 1 70.

Alan de Neville junior was employed as a justice itinerant
during his father's life, being so called in the great rolls,
which mention his pleas in twelve counties from the 16 to 25
Henry II., 1170-1179. He seems to have acted also as
justice of the forest, perhaps as deputy to his father. This
office was afterwards possessed by several members of the
family ; but the account which Dugdale gives is too indis-
tinct to decide on the precise relationship they bore to this
justicier.^

NIGEL, Bishop of Ely.

Just. 1156. ? Chancellor. . .

Nigel ^vas the nephew of Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, the
great justiciary of Henry I. The influence of that prelate
procured for him, first, the office of Treasurer of England ;
and next, the bishoprick of Ely, to which see he was elected
in May, 1133.

On the death of King Henry, historians differ as to the

' Dugdale's Baronage, i. 287. ; Rapin.

* Madox's Exch. i. 133. 144., &c. ; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 287.

1154—1189. NIGEL, BISHOr OF ELY. 285

part he took in the usurpation of Steplicn. There is little
doubt, however, that the king suspected his fidelity, and
that, thousch for a short time at the beo:Innino; of that rei^rn
he was continued in the office of treasurer, his detention was
intended when his uncle Roger, and his cousin Alexander,
Bishop of Lincoln, wxre seized at the council of Oxford, in
1139. His escape to the castle of Devizes, and his refusal
to deliver it into the king\ hands until his uncle had been
subjected to three days' fast, have already been related in
the account of Koger, Bishop of Salisbury. Nigel's suspen-
sion or ejection from his bishoprick for several years, was
the consequence of his resistance.

With the accession of Henry II. his prosperity returned.
He probably resumed the office of treasurer, until he pur-
chased it for his son Richard, whom Alexander Swereford
describes as his successor. That at an early period he held a
high judicial position, appears from a writ being directed in
his name alone to the sheriff of Gloucester.^ In it he is styled
" Baro de Scaccario," and the witnesses to it are William
Cumin and John Marescall, who acted frequently together
about 2 Henry II., 1156. In the 11th year, 1165, his name
stands the first of those before whom a charter or contract
between the abbots of St. Alban's and Westminster was
executed, in which they are described as " assldentlbus Jus-
tlclls Regis." -^ At this time Richard, his reputed son, was
treasurer, and is so called in the charter. This Richard, who
was afterwards Bishop of Lincoln, is supposed to have been
the author of that valuable " DIalogus de Scaccario " which
Madox has printed at the end of his History of the Ex-
chequer. In that work a high character is given of Nigel,
as most learned in his office : representing him as having an
incomparable knowledge of the business of the Exchequer,

' INIadox's Exch. i. 209. » Ibid. i. -M.

285 OGER THE DAPIFER. Hen. II.

and as restoring the science and renewing the forms which
had been almost lost in the struggles of the preceding reign.
It adds also that his suggestions for the raising of money
Avere distino'uislied for their mildness.^

Hardy introduces his name in his Catalogue of Chancellors
immediately following that of Geoffrey Plantagenet. This,
however, could not be the case, as Nigel was dead before
Geoffrey was chancellor ; and it seems to me that his intro-
duction at all as chancellor is founded on a mistake in trans-
cribing the charter which is the only authority brought
forward, as I have endeavoured to show in a previous page.^

For three years before his death, which happened on the
29th or 30th of May, 1169, 15 Henry H., he was afflicted
with paralysis. His public cares are stated to have rendered
him inattentive to his pastoral duties ; but that he did not
altogether disregard them is proved by his foundation of a
hospital for regular canons at Cambridge, on the site where
St. John's College now stands.^

NORWICH, Bisnop of. See John of Oxford.

OGER THE Dapifek.

Just. Itin. 1170.

Oger was one of the dapifers of the household, of whom so
many are noticed among the justiciers of this reign : viz.,
Hugh Bardolf, William Fitz-Aldelm, Hugh de Morewic, and
William Fitz -Ralph. Besides these names, several others
occur. The office is believed to be the same as seneschall
or steward; and as there were several at the same time,
some perhaps were of England and others of Normandy. In

' Madox's Exch. ii. .S37. 388. * See ante, p. 166.

3 Madox's Exch. i. 5G. 78. ; Angl. Sac. i. 618.; Godwin de Prtesul. 250.
340.

1154—1189. CONSTANTILS DE OXFOllD 287

14 Henry II. the honour of Eye was comniitted to his charge,
and he accounted for the scutage of its ninety knights' fees
and a half.^ He was then sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk,
and held that office from 10 Henry II. for several years. '^

His name appears in 16 & 17 Henry II., 1170-1, as one
of the justices itinerant in those counties with Guy the
Dean ^ ; but as he is not shown to have acted in that capacity
in any other part of England, he probably was only so em-
ployed as sheriff, as was common at that time, for the purpose
of assisting in settling the assessments to the tallages and aids
then imposed.

He was the father of Oger Fitz-Oger, whose name will
appear in the next reign.

OXFORD, Akciideacons of. See Walter de
CoNSTANTiis, Walter Map.

OXFORD, CONSTANTIUS DE.

Just. Itin. 1174.

The name of a man's native place, or that of his residence,
or even of his studies, so frequently in these times was
adopted by him or those who spoke of him, that, unless
peculiar circumstances were connected with his history, it is
seldom possible to trace the identical individual who bears a
local designation.

Constantius de Oxford, a justice itinerant appointed by
the writ of Kichard de Luci, in conjunction with Alard
Banastre, the sheriff, to assess the tallage on the county of
Oxford in 20 Henry II., 1174^*, was probably a priest, or
other ecclesiastical person of that city ; for the religious
orders very commonly cast off their family names, and

' Madox's Exch. i. 573. » Fiillci'^ Worthies.

« Madox's Exch. i. 144, M5. ■• Ibid. i. li>4.

288 JOHN OF OXFORD. Hen. II.

adopted either that of the monastery to which they belonged,
or the locaUty in which their clerical duties were exercised.

OXFORD, JOHN OF, Dean of Salisbury, Bishop
OF Norwich.

Just. Angl. 1179.

John of Oxford was so called from the place of his birth,
being son of a burgess of that city, named Henry. Educated
for the ecclesiastical profession, he was appointed one of the
king's chaplains, in which office he must soon have distin-
guished himself; since, though holding no higher dignity, he
presided at the famous council of Clarendon in Januaiy, 1164,
and was afterwards sent with Geoffrey Ridel to the pope to
obtain his confirmation of the ancient customs of the realm
as tliey were there propounded.

In this embassy they of course failed ; but in the follow-
ing year he was again despatched with another associate, and
in their w^ay to Rome they attended a diet at Wurzburgh,
wdiich had been assembled for the acknowledgment of the
opposition pope, Pascall III. They are charged with having
undertaken that the king should support this pope ; a charge
which, though they denied it, was made the pretence by
Becket, in 1166, for excommunicating John of Oxford, and
for excluding him from the deanery of Salisbury, to which
he had been just previously admitted. John, however, being
again sent to Rome in the same year, succeeded so well in
exculpating himself, that the pope reinstated him in his
deanery, and absolved him from Becket's sentence. The
negotiation for his sovereign also he conducted with equal
ability and success ; obtaining from the pontiff the appoint-
ment of two cardinals as legates a latere to hear and deter-
mine the dispute with Becket, which was in fact a suspension
of tlie legantine power previously granted to him; and

Ii:;4-1K^9. JOHN OF OXFORD. 289

bringing liomc, in addition, the pope's dispensation for Prince
Geoffrey to marry his third cousin, the heiress of Bretagne.
So high was his credit with Henry, that in 1167 he was
entrusted with a confidential embassy to the Empress ^laud,
tlie king's mother, to counteract the efforts which Becket was
then making to induce her to interfere in his quarrel ; efforts
which were rendered of no avail, by her death towards the
end of the year. In the year 1170 he was again employed
in another embassy to the papal court, then at Beneventum,
in reference to Becket's affair ; and when the agreement be-
tween the king and that prelate was at last effected, he was,
to the great annoyance of the latter, appointed to accompany
him to England. This duty he performed in good faith, and
prevented the interruption to his landing at Sandwich,
threatened by Gervase de Cornhill, the sheriff of Kent, and
others.

On December 14, 1175, he received the reward of his
services by being consecrated bishop of Norwich ; and in the
next year was sent to accompany the king's daughter, Jane,
to her intended husband, the King of Sicily.

In 1179, he with three other English bishops attended the
Lateran council held against schismatics. On his return he
was one of the three prelates to whom, on the retreat of
Kichard de Luci to the abbey of Lesnes, the execution of the
office of chief justiciary was entrusted ; the other two being
Richard Tocliffe, Bishop of Winchester, and Geoffrey Ridel,
Bishop of Ely. They were at the same time placed at the
head of three of the four divisions ^ in which England was
then arranged for the administration of justice. It is curious
that this appointment was in direct opposition to one of the
canons of the Lateran council, from which John of Oxford
had just returned ; and naturally produced a remonstrance

' Dugdale's Orig. Jurid. 20. ; and Chron. Series.
VOL, I. U

290 JOHN OF OXFOKD. Hen. II.

from the pope, wliich led to a justification by the archbishop
of Canterbury of their acceptance of the office. Whatever
may have been the cause, however, it is certain that the
bishops were soon removed from the presidency of the court,
which, in the course of the following year, was conferred on
Ranulph de Glanville, one of their lay associates. That John
of Oxford continued to perform judicial duties after this
event is evident from the roll of Richard I., which proves
that he acted either in that or the preceding year as a justice
itinerant in several counties.^

Seized with the mania of the age, he devoted himself to
the Crusade in 1189; but being attacked by robbers on his
way to the Holy Land, and despoiled of all his property, he
turned his steps to liome, where, representing the inadequacy
of his means to support the expense of the undertaking, he
procured an absolution from his vow.

The remainder of his life was devoted to his episcopal
duties, and to the restoration of his church, which had been in-
jured by a fire. Many houses also which had been destroyed
at the same time he caused to be rebuilt ; and to his other
benefactions to the poor, he added the erection of a hospital.

He died on June 2, 1200, and was buried in his own
cathedral. The history of his life supports the character he
acquired of being an able negotiator, a graceful orator, and a
man of sound judgment and quick discernment. To his
other occupations he added that of an author, having written
a history of all the kings of Britain ; besides some occasional
works, among which were a book " Pro Rege Henrico
contra S. Thomam Cantuariensum ; " an account of his
journey into Sicily ; and some orations and epistles to
Richard, Archbishop of Canterbury.^

» Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., 27. 50. 211. 238.

2 Godwin de Prassul. 428. ; Weever, 789. ; Angl. Sac. i. 409. ; Lord Lyt-
telton's Henry II., ii. 362. 416. &c., iv. 100.; Ilic. Divisiensis, 12.

I

1151—1189. GILBERT DE PINKEKl. 291

PEC, RICH-ARD DEL.

Just. Itin. 1179.
See under the Reign of Ricliard I.

PIKENOT, ROBERT.

Just. Itin. 1176.

Egbert Pikenot is the last named of the eighteen justices
itinerant to whose judicial superintendence the six divisions into
which the kingdom was apportioned in 22 Henry IL, 1176,
was submitted ; the northern counties being allotted to him
and two others.^ His name does not occur in any subsequent
year.

PINCERNA, ALEXANDER. 6'ee Boteler.
PINKENI, GILBERT DE.

Just. Itin. 1170.

Gilbert de Pinkeni, or Pincheni, was a baron whose
property lay in Northamptonshire and Berkshire. Having
succeeded his father Ralph, he held the sheriffalty of Berk-
shire in 4 Henry IL and two following years ; and on the
assessment levied in 12 Henry IL on the aid for marrying
the king's daughter, his knights' fees de antiquo feoffamento
were eleven, and those de novo were three and a half.

His appearance in this catalogue arises solely from his
being one of the twelve named by Dugdale as justices
itinerant in 16 Henry IL, 1170, but whose real office Avas
to inquire into the abuses of the sheriffs, and had nothing to
do with the ordinary legal proceedings.

He died about the end of that king's reign, leaving a son
named Henry, who succeeded to his possessions. The ninth

' Uiigdale's Cliron. Series; Mudox's Excli. i. I'iH.
V 2

292 GILBERT PirAKD. Hen. II.

baron, Henry de Pinkney, was summoned to parliament by
Edward I., as Dominus de Wedon ; but the barony became
extinct on his death without issue. ^

PIPARD, GILBERT.

Just. Itin. 1176.

!n 14 Henry II., and for the three following years, Gilbert
Pipard held the sheriiFalty of Gloucestershire, succeeding
William Pipard, probably his father, who had been sheriff
for the four previous years. At the distribution of England,
in 22 Henry II., 1176, among the eighteen justices itinerant
appointed by the council of Northampton, he was the last
of the three to whom the counties of Wilts, Dorset, Somer-
set, Devon, and Cornwall were appropriated. In the sub-
sequent arrangement also, made by the council of Windsor
in 25 Henry II., 1179, when England was divided into four
parts, he was selected to administer justice in one of them.^
Some of the charges arising from his pleas in Herefordshire
occur so late as 1 Richard I.^, but they evidently have
reference to an iter in a previous year.

The following counties, in addition to that of Gloucester,
were entrusted to his superintendence tis sheriff: — Hereford-
shire, in 18 & 19 Henry 11. ; Cheshire, in 30 Henry II.,
and Lancashire in 1 Richard I.^ In 1180 he Avas employed
in Normandy, being the custos of the castle of Exmes and
fermor of the Vicomte : and in that year he accounts for the
issues of the forests of Moulin-la-Marche and Bonmoulins.^

' Dugdale's Baronage, i. 556. ; Pipe Rolls, 2, 3, 4 Henry II., 123. ; Nicolas's
Synopsis of the Peerage.

« Dugdale's Chron. Series; Madox's Exch. i. 128—137.

» Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., 143.

* Fuller's Worthies, Cheshire, Gloucester, Hereford ; Madox, i. 205.

5 Rot. Scacc. Norm. i. 50. 103, 104.

1154—1189. GEOFFREY PLANTAGENET. 293

PLANTAGENET, GEOFFREY, Bishop of Lincoln,
and Archbishop of Yokk.

Chancellor^ 1181.

Geoffrey Plantagenet was the younger of the two sons
of Henry 11. by Fair Rosamond, one of tlie daughters of
Walter de Clifford, a baron of Herefordshire. The date of
his birth, like the whole ot his mother's history, is involved
in some doubt. If, when he was elected Bishop of Lincoln
in 1173, he had, as is said by Giraldus Cambrensis, scarcely
completed his fourth lustre, he must have been born in 1153
or 1154. This might have been the case had he been the
elder son, as his ftither was in England in the first of these
two years. But as the other son, William Longsword,
afterwards Earl of Salisbury, was his senior, the period of
Geoffrey's birth must have been later, unless Henry's con-
nection with Fair Rosamond had commenced in his first visit
to England in 1149, when he was only sixteen years of age,
^vhich was not a very likely occurrence. The date of 1158
or 1159, which other writers give of his birth, seems more
probable, especially as on his seal, attached, after his election
as bishop, to a grant of certain churches to the priory of
Burlington, in Lincolnshire, an impression from which is
published in the Archajologia, voh xxi. p. 31, he is repre-
sented as a boy, which he would scarcely have permitted had
he attained his twentieth year.

Notwithstanding his youth and the irregularity of his
birth, Henry easily obtained the confirmation of the English
bishops, and contrived also to procure a dispensation from
the pope from those impediments. Although, previously to
his election to the bishoprick, he had held an archdeaconry
in the same cathedral, he was not of course admitted into
priest's orders ; so that he could not yet be consecrated nor
enter on his pastoral duties. It is stated that his father sent

u 3

294 GEOFFREY PLANTAGENET. Hen. II.

him to Tours to prepare himself in the schools there for
undertaking his episcopal charge.

This was probably at a somewhat later period ; because he
took an active part in 1174 in aiding his father, when his
sons raised the standard of rebellion against him. With this
view he had applied to, and obtained frcSm the gentry and
people of his diocese, a considerable sum of money as a free
contribution ; but on being apprised that it was deemed an
exaction, he at once returned the whole. By this popular
act he found liimself at the head of a large body of volun-
teers, with whom, throwing off his ecclesiastical character, he
surprised and levelled to the ground the castle of Kinards-
ferry, a strong fortress in the Isle of Axholme, belonging to
Roger de Mowbray. He then, at the request of Ranulph de
Glanville, the sheriff of Yorkshire, raised another fine army,
and marching into that county, took and demolished the
castle of Malepart, or Malesart, which Roger de Mowbray
had built, about twenty miles from York. On joining his
father shortly afterwards at Huntingdon, the king welcomed
him Avith affection, and declared that his other children were
bastards, and he alone had shown himself his true and legiti-
mate son.

The tendency of his inclinations being thus exhibited
towards a military, rather than a clerical, career, it is not
surprising, when the Pope, in 1181, insisted that he should
either take priest's orders, and be consecrated, or renounce
the see of Lincoln, the profits of which he had received
without performing its duties, that he should voluntarily
resign his bishoprick. In his letter of resignation he calls
himself chancellor, to which office the king had i:)reviously ap-
pointed him ; granting him also a salary of five hundred marks
in England, and the like sum in Normandy. This office he
continued to hold during the remainder of his father's reign ^ ;

* Dugdale's Chron. Series; Dugdale's Monast. (1846), v. 588., vi. 938.

1154— 11 89. GEOFFREY PLANTAGENET. 295

and he is said to have acted in it, notwithstanding his youth,
with extraordinary equity and discretion. The affection of
his father for him may be seen as well in the charters as in
his will, in all of which he is called " my son and chancellor."

In 1187 his native talents as a military commander were
again called into exercise by the king's placing him at the
head of one of the divisions of the army he had raised in
Normandy ; and his affectionate adherence to his father in
all his troubles was strongly evidenced in the last war in
which the king was engaged. Philip Augustus of France
had attacked Mans, the capital of Maine, into which Henry,
with Geoffrey, had thrown himself. On the town taking
fire, Geoffrey in vain aided the attempts to extinguish the
flames ; but was obhged to fly with the king, and taking
refuge in the castle of Fresnelles, he offered to remain
without, as a guard against the expected attacks of the
pursuers. Henry, however, not willing that, exhausted with
the fatigues he had undergone, he should expose himself
further, insisted on his entering the castle and sharing his
own bed. He distinguished himself greatly during the short
remainder of the war ; and w^hen the peace was concluded on
June 28, 1189, and the ingratitude of Prince John, which
was then exposed, had so severely stung his father's heart
as to produce the fever from which he never recovered, he
continued with him in tlie last trying moments, and soothed
him with that affection and respect which his other sons had
never shown him. Among the last wishes expressed by the
king was his desire that Geoffrey should resume his clerical
character, and obtain either the bishoprick of Winchester or the
archbishoprick of York ; and giving him two rings of great
value as a mark of his love, he died at Cliinon on July 6.

The roll of the first year of Richard's reign mentions
Geoffrey as chancellor ; but as part of the accounts in that
roll necessarily refer to the last year of Henry's life, it affords

U 4

296 GEOFFREY PLANTAGENET. Hen. II .

no proof tluit lie continued in the office after his father's de-
cease. Kichard ^vas at that time abroad, and there is evidence
that both before and immediately after his coronation William
de Longchamp was acting as his chancellor.

King Richard, however, treated Geoffrey with the kind-
ness he deserved, and in compliance with Henry's wish
nominated him to the vacant archbishoprick of York even
before his arrival in England ; requiring, however, from him
at the same time a contribution of three thousand marks to-
wards the expenses of the crusade. A subsequent quarrel with
the king, and difficulties started by Baldwin, Archbishop
of Canterbury, for some time delayed his consecration ; but
accommodating the former and disregarding the latter, he at
last procured ordination from a Scotch bishop, and having
been confirmed by the pope, was consecrated by the Arch-
bishop of Tours in August, 1191.

Sailing for England, he landed at Dover on the 14th of
September, and took up his residence at the priory of St.
Martin. There the sheriff of the county, by order of the
chancellor, William de Longchamp, now Bishop of Ely, to
whom Eichard had entrusted the government of the kingdom
during his absence in the Holy Land, kept him in siege for
several days, and then obtaining entrance, on September 19,
had him violently dragged from the altar itself; and on his
refusal to return to Flanders, carried him to the castle
prison, and detained him in custody there for eight days.
On the Bishop of London's interference, and marks of public
indignation appearing, the chancellor thought proper to order
his liberation. The precise cause of this outrage is uncer-
tain ; but it possibly arose from a dispute which seems to
have occurred between the king and the archbishop as to the
appointment of certain officers of his church. Be this as it
may, the king was soon after compelled, for this and other
causes, to consent to the removal of the chancellor.

1154—1189. GEOFFREY PLANTAGENET. 297

Hoveden relates that Geoffrey outbid the chancellor for
the sheriffalty of Yorkshire, offering three thousand marks for
it. Possibly this may be the money which the king is sup-
posed to have claimed as the price of the archbishoprick ; but
the roll of 10 Richard I. proves that it was not paid even
at that time. Geoffrey's reception by the clergy and people
after his imprisonment, was a triumph both in London and
York ; and for some years he appears to have quietly em-
ployed himself in the affairs of his province, and to have
refrained from interfering in politics.

Soon after the death of Kichai'd, Geoffrey fell under the
displeasure of King John ; the principal cause of which was
his refusal to permit the carucage, which had been generally
granted to the king throughout the rest of England, to be
collected in his province. The immediate effect of this was
the seizure of all his manors and other possessions ; and
though the archbishop did not hesitate to punish James de
Poterna, the sheriff, and all others engaged in it, with those
who had excited the king's anger against him, he succeeded
in effecting a reconciliation with the monarch which lasted
for several years. In 1207, however, he resisted the pay-
ment of the thirteenth penny which the king had imposed,
and found it necessary to retire privately from England, in
order to avoid the royal resentment. In this exile he con-
tinued nearly seven years, and at last died at Gromont, in
Normandy, on December 18, 1213.

The affectionate duty which he showed to his father. King
Henry, must incline us to a favourable interpretation of his
conduct in the two succeeding reigns, and induce us to
attribute his misfortunes to the irritability of Kichard and
the overbearing tyranny of John, each of whom his indepen-
dence of character and his strict sense of justice would,
though in a different manner, excite. His military inclina-
tions do not appear to liave prevented him from being a

298 RICHARD, ARCHDEACON OF WILTS. Hen. II.

good bishop; nor do some minor dissensions between him
and the canons of his cathedral at all detract from the
character he must ever hold in history as a valiant soldier,
an able commander, a wise counsellor, and an excellent son.^

POICTIERS, Archdeacon of. See Kichard Tocliffe.
RALPH, Archdeacon of Colchester.

Just. 1189.

See under the Reign of Richard I.
RALPH, Archdeacon of Hereford.

Just. 1187.
See under the Reign of Richard L

RICHARD, Archdeacon of Wilts.

Just. Itin. 118. .

Although the pleas of Richard, Archdeacon of Wilts, and
his companions are mentioned on the roll of 1 Kichard I., for
the county of Cornwall, they evidently refer to an iter in a
previous year ; as they are immediately followed on the same
roll by two other series of pleas, the last of which are entitled
" nova placita," and were taken before other justiciers in that
year. ^ In 31 Henry II., 1185, he and two others were the
custodes of the see of Exeter while it was in the king's
hands'-*; and it was probably while he had that charge that
he acted as a justice itinerant in the diocese.

Plis death occurred previous to, or in the year 1203,
5 John ; a royal confirmation being given by a patent of that
year of a grant made to Wymundus, the sub-dean, " de
domibus illis quae fuerunt Ricardi, Archidi. Wiltesiri."^

' Godwin de Prajsul. 286. 675. ; Rich. Divis. 15. 34. ; Madox's Exch. i. 35.
87. 459., ii. 139. ; Rog. de Wendover, ii. 370. 379. 409., iii. 2. 9. 20. 38. 50.
128. 154. 210. 242. ; Lord Lyttelton's Henry II., ii. 150., iii. 134. 428. 449.
508., &c.

* Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., 112. ^ Madox's Exch. i. 310.

" Le Neve, 276.

11 -.4— 1189. GEOFFREY RIDEL. 299

RIDEL, GEOFFREY, Archdeacon of Canterbury,
Bishop of Ely.

Just. 1165. Just. Angl. 1179.

The family connection, if any, between this Geoffrey Kidel
and his namesake, the justiciary of Henry I., is not stated.
From the account of one^ writer, it would appear that he was
a younger brother of Eustace Fitz- John, mentioned in that
reign ^ ; but the authority is not sufficiently distinct to be
entirely depended on.

Whatever were his origin, he was one of the chaplains of
Henry II., and so much in the royal favour, that, after
Becket's elevation to the primacy, he was appointed his suc-
cessor as archdeacon of Canterbury, about Christmas, 1162,
8 Henry II, He probably continued to be employed at
court, for his name stands second (that of Nigel, Bishop of
Ely, being the first) of the "assidentes Justicioe Kegis," before
whom, in 11 Henry II., 1165, a charter between the abbots
of St. Alban's and Westminster was executed in the Ex-
chequer.^ He took a prominent part in the king's contest
with the archbishop, and was sent with John of Oxford, in
1164, to the pope, to obtain his confirmation of the ancient
customs and dignities of the realm; and again, in 1169, he
was one of the ambassadors to the court of France, with the
king's request that Beckct, who had withdrawn there, might
not be permitted to remain. Both embassies were unsuc-
cessful ; but his activity in the king's behalf was not likely to
pass unnoticed. The irritated primate included him in the
excommunication which he pronounced, in 1169, against
several of the bishops and chief men of the kingdom ; and
in announcing the sentence to the bishop of Hereford,
he designated the archdeacon " archidiabolum ct Antichristi

' Allen's Yorkshire, vi. 151. ■ Madox's Exch. i. 4-1.

300 GEOFFREY RIDEL, BISHOP OF El.Y. Hen. II.

membrum." On Henry's remonstrance, however, the pope's
nuncios found it necessary to absolve him before the end of
the year, he being one of those who personally attended the
king. Geoffrey's favour at court increased with Becket's
oppression, and, accordingly, in the same year, on the death
of Nigel, Bishop of Ely, the custody of that see was placed
in his hands, and so I'emained during its vacancy, which
lasted about four years. In 1173, the bishoprick itself w^as
given to him ; but he was not admitted to it until he had
made his solemn protestation, in the chapel of St. Catherine
in Westminster, that he had been in no ways knowingly
accessary to the murder of the archbishop ; an accusation not
unnaturally made against him, from the active part he was
known to have taken in the king's proceedings. He was
then solemnly enthroned ; but his consecration did not take
place, the see of Canterbury being vacant, until October,
1174.

On the retirement of Richard de Luci, in 1179, Bishop
Geoffrey was appointed, with the bishops of Winchester and
Norwich, to fill the office of chief justiciary ; and on the
division of the kingdom by the council of Windsor into four
judicial circuits, these prelates were respectively placed at the
head of three of them.* They were superseded the next
year by the appointment of Ranulph de Glanville as sole
justiciary. Geoffrey appears, however, to have acted sub-
sequently in court, as he was one of the justiciers before
whom a fine was levied in 28 Henry II., 1182.^

In the roll of 1 Richard I. his pleas are recorded as a
justice itinerant in no less than five counties.'^ As, however,
he died on August 21, 1189, in the interval between the
death of King Henry and the coronation of King Richard,

* Dugdale's Orig. Jurid. 20.; and Chron. Ser.
^ Pref, to Fines of Richard I. and John.
3 pipg i^o]i^ 1 Richard I. 67., &c.

1154—1189. GUY RUFUS, BISHOP OF BANGOR. 301

this circuit probably took place during the last months of
Plenry's reign.

After the coronation of King Richard, which happened
within thirteen days of the bishop's death, that monarch,
finding that he had died intestate, appropriated to the ex-
penses of the ceremony the treasure he found in his coffers,
amounting to 3060 silver marks, and 205 golden ones: no
very vast accumulation^ after ruling so rich a diocese for
nearly fifteen years. He had, however, devoted a large sum
during his life to the improvement of his cathedral and the
erection of the two towers from the foundation.

The cognomen " superbus," which he acquired, is stated
to have been given from the arrogance of his disposition and
his want of affability.

The history of Ely relates that his tomb was violated, and
that his successor, William de Longchamp, on the day of his
enthronisation, ascended the pulpit, and, with the other
bishops present, excommunicated all those who had committed
or consented to the sacrilege.^

ROUEN, Archbishop of. See Walter de Constanths.

RUFUS, GUY, Dean of Waltham, Bishop of Bangor.

Just. 1165.

Guy (Guido or Wido), surnamed Rufus, was presented to
the church of Swinestead by Robert de Gant, brother of
Gilbert, Earl of Lincoln, before the year 1152. Some time
afterwards, but before 1165, he became dean of Waltham, in
Essex, and was the last who bore that title ; King Henry, in
1177, altering King Harold's foundation, by substituting an
abbot and twenty regular canons for a dean and eleven
seculars.

' Godwin de Praesul. 251.; Angl. Sac. i. G.Sl. ; Mado.v's Exch. i. 307.;
Hasted's Kent; Lord Ljttellon's Ilunry II., 36'J. 50G. 517.

302

KICHARD RUFUS.

Hen. II.

So early as 11 Heniy IL, 1164-5, being then called dean,
he is named as one of the justices sitting in the Exchequer ;
and again, in a subsequent year, soon after Kichard de Luci
became sole chief justiciary. From the 14 to the 23
Henry IL, 1168-1177, he was actively employed as a justice
itinerant, his pleas being recorded in at least sixteen counties.

On July 1, 1177, he was consecrated bishop of Bangor, to
which see Henry no doubt raised him for the purpose of
facilitating the above-mentioned change in the foundation of
Waltham. He died about the year 1190, and does not
appear to have acted in a judicial character after his elevation
to the bishoprick.^

RUFUS, EICHARD.

Just. Itin. 1180.

Richard Rufus, or RufFus, was one of the king's chamber-
lains in 14 Henry IL, 1168^, and held the office during the
reign of Richard I., and until his death, about 5 John. It
is not therefore unlikely that he should have been employed
as a justice itinerant, and his name appears in that character
on the roll of 26 Henry IL, 1180, for Oxfordshire.^ But the
pleas there accounted for evidently, from their position, are
those of a former year; and there seems reason to doubt
whether his name has not been erroneously substituted by
the transcriber for that of Richard GifFard, who is inserted
on the previous roll as justicier for that county, and is
omitted on the corresponding entries of this. And this sus-
picion derives greater weight from the fact, that this is the

^ Madox's Exch. i. 44. 123. 143. 149.215.701. ; Dugdale's Monast. (1846),
vi. 57. ; Browne Willis's Mitred Abbeys ; Le Neve, 25. ; Paper on the Holy
Trinity Priory, York, 37, 38, 311. in Archasol. Proceedings at York, 1846.

2 Madox's Exch. i. 581. ^ Ibid. i. 137.

1154—1189. AVILLIAM RUFUS. 303

only occasion on which Richard Rufus's name is so intro-
duced.

In 1 Richard I. he was custos of the honor of Berkhamp-
stead; and also held the manors of the county of Oxford
under the king.^ The property which King Henry gave him
to be held by the service of the chamber, was in Wiltshire,
and of considerable amount. He left it between his two
nephews, Thomas and Richard Rufus, and his grant to each
of them is confirmed by two charters in July, 5 John, 1203,
in the latter of which Richard the nephew is described as
chamberlain.2 There was another Richard Rufus, who was
Archdeacon of Essex from about 1142 to 1162.

RUFUS, Wn^LIAM.

Just. Itin. 1173. Just. 1182.

William Rufus, often spelled RufFus, was one of the sons
of Ralph de Rufus, whose father, also Ralph, was a Norman
knight in the train of the Conqueror. His mother was the
daughter of Asceline de Yvery. He acted as a justice
itinerant from the 19 to 26 Henry II., 1173-1180^, and was
one of the justiciers present at Westminster before whom
fines were levied in 28 and 35 Henry II., 1182-1189, in the
latter of which years he is styled Dapifer Regis.'' This
office is supposed to be the same as seneschall, or steward ;
but if so, from the number mentioned in this reign, there
must have been several at one time, probably holding different
grades, with one above them all. He was one of the wit-
nesses to the will which the king executed at Waltham

* Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., 32. lOG. 149,
« Rot. Chart. John, 107. 109.

3 Madox's Exch. i. 128, 130. 133. I3G. 139. 701.

* Tref, to Fines of Richard I. and John.

304 V/ ALTER DE ST. QUIA TIN. Hen. II.

in 1182.^ He also held the office of sheriff of Devonshire in
22 & 23 Henry II., and of the united counties of Bedford
and Buckingham from 26 Henry II. (with an interruption of
a year or two) to 6 Richard I.^ The honors of Arundel and
Petworth, and the lands of William de Curci, Eobert de
Praeriis, and Hugh de Gundevil, were under his custody in
1 Richard I.^

His death would seem to have been a violent one, and to
have occurred in 6 or 7 Richard I., for, by the roll of the
latter year, the hundred of Redderbrugg in Sussex was fined
forty shillings " pro concelamento retatorum de niorti Willelmi
Ruffi."^

His descendants flourished in a long succession under the
name of Rous, among whom several distinguished themselves
as knights, sheriffs, and members of the legislature ; and the
family is now lineally represented by Thomas Bates Rous,
Esq., of Courtyrala, in Glamorganshire.^

ST. AUGUSTINE'S, CANXEUBURr, Abbot of. See Cla-

REMBALD.

ST. EDMUND'S, Abbot of. See Samson de Totington.

ST. QUINTIN, WALTER DE.

Just. Itin. ] 1 74.

The only mention which is made of the name of Walter de
St. Quintin, is as one of the justices itinerant fixing the assize
or tallage in Dorsetshire and Somersetshire in 20 Henry II.,
1174, in conjunction with Alured de Lincoln, the sheriff.''

' Lord Lyttelton's Henry II., iv. [14,]

« Fuller's Worthies, Devon, Bucks. « Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., 7. 207.

* Madox's Exch. i. 544. ^ Burke's Landed Gentry, art. Rous.

« Madox's Exch. i. 123.

1154—1189. NICHOLAS DE SIGILLO. 305

SALISBURY, Bishop op. See Hubert Walter.

SEFRED, Archdeacon, Dean, and afterwards Bishop
OF Chichester.

Just. Itin. 1173.

Sefred, who, from being^a canon, was appointed Archdeacon,
of Chichester, was from 19 to 23 Henry II., 1173-1177, em-
ployed as a justice itinerant in the counties of Cambridge,
Huntingdon, Essex, Hertford, Norfolk, and Suffolk; many
pleas of him and his companions being recorded on the
rolls.' He was then advanced to the deanery, and appears to
have held both dignities in October, 1 180, when he was raised
to the bishoprick of that see.^ The cathedral and episcopal
palace having been, with great part of the city, destroyed
by fire on October 19, 1187, he rebuilt and restored them
to their former splendour.

He was present at the coronation of King John on May 27,
] 199, and died on March 17, 1204.^

SIGILLO, NICHOLAS DE, Archdeacon of Huntingdon.

Just. Itin. 1173.

Among the justices itinerant of this reign, the name of
Nicholas occurs three times ; and, though distinguished on
each occasion by different appellations, it is probable they all
belong to the same individual.

First, in 19 Henry IL, 1173, "Nicholas de Sigillo et
Kicardus Thasaurarius " set the assize on the king's demesnes
in Oxfordshire'*; and as his name is placed before the king's
treasurer, it may be presumed he held a high rank.

• Ibid. i. 123, 124. 700. « Le Neve, 56. GO. 65.

' Godwin de Pra?sul. 503. * Madox's Exch. i. 701.

VOL. I. X

306 NICHOLAS DE SIGILLO. Hen. TI.

Again, in the roll of 20 Henry II., 1174, the assizes set
by Nicholas the archdeacon " et socios suos " in Buckingham-
shire and Bedfordshire appear^; and they are clearly assizes
made of a foiTaer year, as the new assize for that year is
made by other justices. Le Neve says that Nicholas de
Sigillo was Archdeacon of Huntingdon as early as 1155.^
It appears, therefore, by the first of these entries, that it was
not always the custom to designate the clerical dignity.

And thirdly, when the kingdom was divided by the council
of Windsor in 25 Henry II., 1179, into four districts for
judicial purposes, and judges were sent into each, " Nicholaus,
Capellanus Regis" was the second of five (the first being
Geoffrey, Bishop of Ely) appointed to act in Cambridgeshire
and eight other counties.^ It is not unlikely that the title
of king's chaplain may have been considered equal, if not
superior, to that of archdeacon ; and we have already seen
that the latter was not always used.

The official position of Nicholas de Sigillo was no doubt
the same as that held under Henry I. by Robert de Sigillo,
afterwards Bishop of London. It was called Clericus or
Magister Scriptorii, and in the Red Book of the Exchequer
is placed next in order to the chancellor, with considerable
allowances, which that king increased for Robert de Sigillo to
two shillings a day, with one sextary of household wine, one
seasoned simnel, one taper, and twenty-four pieces of candle.''

In 2 Henry II., 1156, Nicholas de Sigillo accounted
for two hawks in Lincolnshire^, being probably his fine
for his archdeaconry, which was in that diocese ; and other
entries in that and the two following years plainly prove
that he was connected with the Exchequer.^ In 1172,

' Madox's Exch. i. 123. » Le Neve, 158.

3 Dugdale's Chron. Series. * Madox's Exch. i. 195.

5 Ibid. i. QTS.

" Pipe Rolls, 2, 3, 4 Henry II., 25. 32. 171. 175., &c.

1154—1189. GUY LE STRANGE. 307

18 Henry II., Nicholas, the king's chaplain, was sent to
assist at the council of the clergy, held at Cassil, in Ire-
land. ^

He is mentioned in the first year of the reign of Richard I.,
1189^, but probably died soon after, as the archdeaconry was
held by liobert de Hardrel in 1191.

STRANGE, GUY LE.

Just. Itix. 1174.

Guy LE Strange {Extraneus, VEstrange), the father of
this Guy, and the first of the family who were so called, is
believed to have been a younger son of the Duke de Bre-
tagne in the latter part of the Conqueror's reign.

To Guy the son, King Henry II. gave the lordships of
Weston and Alvithele in Shropshire, and appointed him
sheriff of that county at two periods : the one in the sixth
year of his reign, for six years ; and the other in the seven-
teenth year, for nine years.^ It was in this character that he
acted in 20 Henry II., 1174, as justice itinerant for setting
the assize or tallage on the king's demesnes there.'*

He died between 6 Richard I., 1194, and 1 John, 1199,
leaving a son, named Ralph, and three daughters, who, upon
their brother's death without issue, became heirs of the
property.

Guy had two brothers, Hamon and John : the former of
whom died without issue ; and the latter was grandfather of
Roger le Strange, of Ellesmere, who was a justice itinerant
in the reign of Edward I.^

' Brady's England, 360. « Pipe Roll, 1 Rich.ard I., 200.

^ Fuller's Worthies. * Madox's Exch. i 124.

^ Dugdale's Baronage, i. 66^. ; Nicolas's Synopsis of the Peerage.

X 2

308 ROBERT DE STUTEVILLE. Hen. II.

STUTEVILLE, ROBERT DE.

Just. Itin. ] 170.

A Norman noble of this name, surnamed Grandeboef, or
Fronteboef, after the death of the two Williams, joined the
fortunes of Robert, the eldest son of the Conqueror, against
his younger brother, Henry; and, being captured at the
disastrous battle of Tenchebray, in 1106, shared his prince's
fate, and was imprisoned for life. His son, Robert de Stute-
ville, was one of the valiant northern barons who distinguished
themselves in the Battle of the Standard, fought against the
Scots in August, 1138.

Robert de StuteviJle was employed in 16 Henry IL, 1170,
as justice itinerant in the counties of Cumberland and North-
umberland, in conjunction with Hugh de Moreville, and acted
alone in the same capacity in the following year.^ He was
then likewise Sheriff of Yorkshire, an office which he retained
for a few years afterwards ; and was succeeded in it by Ra-
nulph de Glanville. In 1175 he had an allowance for the
sums he had expended for the knights and sergeants, horse and
foot, which he had with him in the king's service in the war^;
having in the previous year assisted Ranulph de Glan-
ville at the battle near Alnwick, where the Scottish army
was routed, and William, their king, taken prisoner.

Dugdale attributes these facts to Robert, the son, and
even carries him down to 23 Henry IL, 1177, as a witness
to the arbitrament between the kings of Castile and Navarre.
He makes him the father of another Robert, his successor, of
w^hom he relates no events, but that he gave certain lands to the
monks of Rievaulx, and that he married twice. Now, seeing
that the first Robert was imprisoned for life in 1106 ; — that
the battle in which the next Robert distinguished himself

> Madox's Exch. i. 144 146. » Ibid. i. 370. 702., ii. 157. 200.

1154—1189. RICHARD TOCUFF. 309

was in 1138, when he may be supposed to have been between
forty and fifty years of age ; — that the third battle was in
1174, when, if it were the same person he must have been
between eighty and ninety ; — it seems not improbable that
Dugdale has confounded the incidents of two lives. This is
rendered more likely from his omission of all dates with
regard to the third Robert ; and from the fact that he places
William, the third Robert's successor, in the prominent
situation of governor of Topclive Castle, in Yorkshire, so
early as the 20 Henry IL, 1174; a date previous to the
assigned termination of the second Robert's career. For
these reasons it seems more correct to make the justice
itinerant the third, and not the second baron.

The second baron married Erneburga, and besides the
third Robert, had another son, named Osmund. The third
Robert married two wives : by the first, Helewise, he had
one son, the before-mentioned William (who will be noticed as
a justice itinerant in the next reign), and two daughters ; by
the second, Sibilla, sister of Philip de Valoines, he had one
son, named Eustace. One or other of these two Roberts, and
I think the last, founded two monasteries for nuns; one at
Rossedale, the other at Keldholme, in Yorkshire; besides
making several rich benefactions to Rievaulx Abbey, and to
the monks of St. Mary's, in York,^

TOGLIFF, RICHARD, Archdeacon of Poictiers,
Bisnop ob^ Winchester.

Just. 1165. Just. Angl. 1179.

Richard Tocliff, who is called by some Richard More,
and by others Richard of Ilchester, was, according to Ralph
de Diceto, born at Soc, in the diocese of Bath. Brought up

' Dugdale's Baronage, i. 455.
X 3

310 RICHARD TOCLIFF. Hen. II.

to the clerical profession, he at an early period of his life
obtained an inferior situation in the king's court, where it
was his duty to make copies of all the summonses issued
from it, and to write the writs and the entries on the rolls.
In this office he showed so much diligence and care, and his
ability and industry were so prominent, that he was gradually
advanced, until at last a place was assigned to him in the
Exchequer on the right hand of the chief justicier, in order
that he might be next to the treasurer, assist in the accounts,
and carefully superintend the writer of the roll.^ Thus he
was regularly present in the court at its sittings, and at
length assisting in its deliberations, became one of the justi-
ciers. Under this character he is named with several others
as sitting in the Exchequer in 11 Henry II., 1165% and in
a subsequent year. He is then called Archdeacon of Poic-
tiers, to which preferment he had been advanced. That the
position he held in the Curia Regis was a very high one, is
evident from his always being named first in the pleas of the
several counties in which he acted as a justice itinerant,
from 14 Henry II. until the 20th year of that reign, 1174.^

The roll of 23 Henry II. also mentions pleas before him
under the name of Richard, Archdeacon of Poictiers "* ; but
it has reference to arrears due on pleas of former years.
This is evident not only from the mode of entry, which refers
to subsequent pleas of other years before different judges ;
but also because he was in 20 Henry II. raised to the epis-
copal bench, being consecrated Bishop of Winchester on
October 6, 1174. Of this see, as well as that of Lincoln and
also of the abbey of Glastonbury, he had been the custos
while they were in the king's hands.

King Henry during his contest with Becket, having em-
ployed him in an embassy to the pope in 1165, with John of

^ Dialogus de Scaccario ; Madox, ii. 362. * Madox's Excli. i. 44.

3 Ibid. i. 123. 143, 144, 145. 149. * Ibid. i. 129.

1154-1189. WILLIAM TORELL. 311

Oxford, they went by the way of Wurzburgh, where they
attended a diet assembled for the solemn acknowledgment
of the anti-pope, Pascal III. They were charged with hav-
injT there sworn that the kino; should take the same side ; and
their denial did not prevent Becket from excommunicating
both. In 1174, soon after his election to the bishoprick, he
was the chosen emissary of Richard de Luci to the king in
Normandy to represent^ to him the dangerous state of the
kingdom and the necessity of his immediate presence ; which
resulted in the quick suppression of the rebellion.

In 1176 he was appointed chief justiciary of Normandy ;
and on the retirement of Richard de Luci in 1179, the same
high office in England was entrusted to him jointly with the
Bishops of Ely and Norwich ; and they w^ere respectively
placed at the head of three of the four circuits into which
England was then divided by the council of Windsor.^
Ranulph de Glanville succeeded them in the following year,
in consequence, as some state, of a remonstrance from the
pope disapproving of ecclesiastics being so employed. That
he acted, however, after this in the judicial business of the
court, is evident from his name appearing as one of the justi-
ciers before whom fines where levied in 28 Henry II., 1182.'^

To his see he gave the manors of Hamm and Groel; and
after presiding over it above fourteen years, he died in
December, 1188, and was buried in his cathedral.^

TORELL, WILLIAM.

Just. 1182.

That William Torcll held some office in the court so early
as 4 Henry II., 1158, appears from his being then excused

' Dugdale's Orig. Jurid. 20. ; and Chron. Series.
* Pref. to Fines of Richard L and John.

3 Godwin de Praesul. 21G. ; Lord Lytteltou's Henry II., ii. 416. '13-1.,
iii. 138.

X 4

312 SAMSON DE TOTINGTON. Hkn. II.

the doniim on his property in Herefordshire in the same
manner that others resident at the Exchequer were reheved.^
His name occurs in two fines of 28 Henry IL, 1182, and in
another supposed to be about the same year, as one of the
persons before whom they were acknowledged in the Curia
Regis at Westminster. 2 He is not, however, named on any
other occasion with a judicial character. It may be possible,
therefore, that he was not a justicier, as in this early period
of the adoption of fines it is not unlikely that the officer who
filled up the instrument may have thought it necessary to
insert the names of all who were present, whether attending
judicially or officially.

His position was certainly a prominent one, since the
sheriffalty at the two counties of Gloucester and Hereford
was entrusted to him, in conjunction with Miles de Mucegros,
in 29 Henry 11. , and to him alone in the following year.^

Yeovil and Odecumb, in Somersetshire, belonged to him,
and by the great roll of 1 Richard I., it appears that he died
about that time."*

There was another William Torell, perhaps his son, who in
9 John gave forty marks to have the office of the king's
napery.^

TOXmaXON, SAMSON de, Abbot of St. Edmund's

Bury.

Just. Itin. 118. .

Neitpier Dugdale nor Madox introduce this abbot into
their lists of justices itinerant ; but he is expressly stated to
have filled that office by Joceline de Brakelonda, who was

» Pipe Rolls, 2, 3, 4 Henry II., 144.

* Hunter's Pref. to Fines of Richard I. and John, p. xxi.

« Fuller's Worthies. •♦ Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., 147. 149. 1.54. &c.

* Madox's Exch. i. 461.

1154— 118'J. SAMSON DE TOTINGTON. 313

his chaplain, and may be called his biographer. His words
are, (and he no doubt means to be humorous when he uses
them), "factus est justiciarius errans, sed ab errore et devio
se custodlens." The precise date is not mentioned ; but in the
arrangement of the chronicle the fact occurs between 1182
and 1187. In the Monasticon it is asserted that he was made
one of the king's justiciaries in 6 Hichard I., but no autho-
rity is cited, nor is there kny other evidence of the fact.

Samson de Toting ton was so called from a place of that
name in the hundred of Weyland in Norfolk, of which he
was a native.^ He became a monk in the abbey of St. Ed-
mund's in 1166 ; and in process of time was appointed master
of the novices, and afterwards sub-sacrist. At the death of
Abbot Hugo, a curious mode of electing his successor was
adopted. The king having summoned the prior and twelve
of the monks to Waltham for that purpose, Samson recom-
mended that, in order to prevent disagreement, the six
seniors of the convent should, before their departure, select
three whom they considered best fitted for the office ; and
should seal up their names in a packet which was not to be
opened until the king gave the deputation liberty to choose.
On their arrival at Waltham, the king having granted them
that permission, the three names mentioned in the packet
were produced, of whom Samson was found to be one ; but
none of the higher dignitaries were among them. The king
declared that he knew none of these ^, and desired the monks
to name three others of their convent ; when the prior, the
sacristan, and another were offered. To these were added,
by the king's command, three more from other houses. Nine
persons being thus nominated, the king directed them to
strike out three, when they immediately removed the three

' His surname is sometimes erroneously written Botington.
' Tliis would prove that Samson had never been, as is stated by some, the
confessor of Henry 1 1.

'M4 SAMSON DE TOTINGTON. Hen. II.

foreigners from the list. The sacristan next withdrew his
own name, and two more were then removed from the re-
maining five ; then one from the three, leaving at last only
the prior and Samson. When called upon to say which of
these they preferred, they after a little complimentary hesita-
tion fixed on Samson, who thereupon was accepted by the
king. The wisdom of the choice was soon apparent. By
his prudence and energy the affairs of the convent were ex-
tricated in a short time from the disorder into which the
weakness and indolence of his predecessor had plunged them.

He repaired the dilapidated buildings, visited his manors,
and cleared off the debt which pressed on the revenue. He
repressed the irregularities of the monks ; successfully resisted
the encroachments of the knights and towns-people ; stood
up in every way for the rights of his house, whether against
prince or peer ; and yet found favour in the sight of his
sovereign. In a short time after his election the pope ap-
pointed him a judge " de causis cognoscendis^^ and not long
afterwards he was constituted by the king one of the justices
itinerant. Joceline dwells with pride on the admiration
which his judicial powers excited ; and relates that one of
the suitors cursed his court, where, he complained, neither
gold nor silver would avail to confound his adversary. Os-
bert Fitz-Hervey (himself a judge) said, " That abbot is a
shrewd fellow ; if he go on as he begins, he will cut out every
lawyer of us."

In 1188, he was desirous of joining those who had assumed
the cross ; but King Henry foimd him so useful in the king-
dom, that he would not permit his departure. The fall of
Jerusalem afflicted him so heavily, that he put on hair
garments, and abstained from flesh during the rest of his life.
In the year 1190, he procured the banishment of the Jews
from St. Edmund's Bury.

During King Richard's absence, he supported the royal

1154—1189. ROBERT DE VAUX. 315

authority against Prince John ; and when Richard was de-
tained in Germany, he offered to go in search of him, and
actually, when his prison was discovered, went to him with
rich gifts.

He obtained many privileges for his house from Popes
Lucius III., Urban III., and Clement III., and illustrated
his rule by founding the hospital of Bab well, or St. Saviour's;
repurchasing from the crown the manor of Mildenhall for a
thousand marks, and building the schools of St. Edmund's
Bury. He presented many valuable oniaments to the con-
vent, and covered the roofs of several chapels with lead ;
besides rebuilding the great altar, and repairing and beauti-
fying the shrine itself, which had been damaged by fire.
Little is mentioned of his proceedings in the reign of King
John, except that he received that monarch at the abbey
soon after his coronation, and again in 1203. His death
occurred on the night after the feast of St. Thomas the
Martyr, December 30, 121 1.^

TOTNESS, Archdeacon of. See William.
VAVASOUR, WILLIAM.

Just. Itin. 1187.
See under the Reign of Richard I.

VAUX, ROBERT DE.

Just. Itin. 1176.

Egbert de Vaux, or de Vallibus, was the son of Hubert
de Vaux, to whom Kanulph de Meschines granted the barony
of Gillcsland, in Cumberland ; and of Grajcia his wife.'^ In
19 Henry II., 1173, he was governor of the castle of Car-

' Chronica Jocelini de Brakeloiulu (Caindcn Soc), passim; Dugdalu's Mo-
nasticon (1846), iii. 104.

• Dugdale's Baronage, i. 525.

316 ROBERT DE VAUX. Hen. II.

lisle, with an allowance on the roll of that year of 20/. for
the knights he kept there for its defence.^ Wilham, King of
Scots, in 1174, having laid siege to it, he made so brave a
defence, that the kino; was obliged to turn the siege into a
blockade. Pressed for provisions, Robert de Vaux agreed to
surrender, if he was not relieved by Michaelmas ; but before
that period, the Scottish king was by the gallantry of
Ranulph de Glanville defeated and taken prisoner before
Alnwick. 2 He also held the sheriffalty of that county from
21 to 30 Henry II. ^ : and during some of those years, viz.
from 22 to 26 Henry II., he acted as one of the justices
itinerant for the northern counties, in conjunction with
Ranulph de Glanville and Robert Pikenot, having been
selected for that duty when the council of Northampton
made the judicial division of the kingdom in 1176.*

There is an entry on the Pipe Roll of 1 Richard I. of a
fine of one hundred marks which he incurred for allowing cer-
tain prisoners to escape out of his custody, and for permitting,
during his sheriffalty, the currency of the old coin after it had
been prohibited.^

He married Ada, the daughter and heir of William de
Engaine ; and afterwards had a secofld Avife, named Alice.
He founded the priory of Lanercost, in Cumberland ^ and
gave the church of Helton to the canons of Carlisle. His
death occurred just before or just after the accession of King
John, his lands being in the third year of that reign in the
custody of the archbishop of Canterbury.'^

He had two sons, Robert and Ranulph, who in turn suc-
ceeded him ; but Hubert, the grandson of the latter, leaving

' Madox's Exch. ii. 205.

* Lord Lyttelton's Henry II., iii. 134. ^ Fuller's Worthies.

* Dugdale's Chron. Series; Madox's Exch. i. 130 — 138.

5 Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., 137. « Dugdale's Monast. (1846), vi. 228.

' Rot. Cancell. 3 John, 71

1154—1189. BERTRAM DE VERDUN. 317

only a daughter, Maud, she carried the barony of Gillesland
to her husband, Thomas de Muleton^ the son of the justicier
in the reign of Henry III.

VERDUN, BERTRAM DE.

Just, 1175.

Bertram de Verdun was a powerful baron, who signalised
himself both in a civil and military capacity ; acting as a
judge and counsellor under Henry IL, and doing his devoir
as a soldier under his lion-hearted successor, Richard.

His grandfather, of the same name, was of French ex-
traction, probably coming over with the Conqueror ; as in his
time he was possessed of Farnham-Royal, in Buckingham-
shire, which he held by the service of providing a glove, on
the day of the king's coronation, for his right hand, and of
supporting his right arm while he held the royal sceptre.
This service is now attached to the lord of the manor of
V^orksop, in Nottinghamshire, that estate having been
granted by letters patent of King Henry VIII., dated No-
vember 26, 1541, to Francis, Earl of Shrewsbury, then the
proprietor of Farnham-Royal, in exchange for the latter, and
upon the same tenure.

His f^ither was Norman de Verdun, who possessed Lutter^
worth, in Leicestershire, and. in right of his wife, Luceline,
the daughter of Geoffrey de Clinton, chamberlain to
Henry I., acquired the lordship of Brandon, in Warwick-
shire.

When Bertram de Verdun came into the possession of hU
property does not appear; but from his stating in tlic charter
to Croxton Abbey that he was brought u]) by the constable,
Richard de llumez, he was evidently a minor on iho death

' Nicolas's Synopsis.

318 BERTRAM DE VERDUN. Hen. II.

of his father. He is noticed as holding his principal seat in
Staffordshire, in 12 Henry II., 1166, and as having been
sheriff or fermer of the counties of Warwick and Leicester
from the 15th to the 30th years of that reign, residing
probably then at his castle at Brandon.

In 18 Henry II., a quarrel occurred between him and his
people and those of the Earl of Leicester, when the Earl was
fined two hundred marks for the breach of the peace. ^

In 1175, 21 Henry II., and the three following years, he
was regularly present as a baron in the judicial proceedings
of the Curia Regis ; and from the 2 2d to the 26th of the
reign, and probably later, he acted as a justice itinerant in the
counties of Hereford, Worcester, Salop, Gloucester, York,
Lincoln, Northampton, and Stafford.^ There are some
entries of his pleas on the roll of Richard I. ^, but they are
clearly arrears of former years.

In 31 Henry II., 1185, the honor of Chester was placed
in his custody during the minority of Ranulph, son of Hugh
de Cyvelioc, Earl of Chester ; and the wardship of Stephen
de Bellocampo was also given to him in 1 Richard I., 1189,
on the payment of a fine of two hundred marks."*

These employments show, not only that he enjoyed the
confidence of his sovereign, but also that his talents were of
a superior order. The remainder of his career was devoted
to his attendance on King Richard in his expedition to the
Holy Land, whither he accompanied him in the second year
of his reign. In the agreement between the kings of
England and Sicily, he was one of the sureties for its due
performance on the part of Richard ; who committed Aeon,
on its being taken, to his custody. Two years afterwards,
in 1192, he died at Joppa, and was buried at Aeon.

His religious benefactions were numerous. In 1176 he

> Madox's Exch. i. 430. ^ Ibid. i. 94. 103. 127. 129. 132. 135. 137.

3 Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., 164. * Madox's Exch. ii. 228.

1154—1189. REGINALD DE WARENNE. 319

founded the abbey of Croxden, in Staffordshire, for Cistercian
monks, endowing it with the church at Alveton in that county,
where he had a castle, and with other lands and revenues.
He bestowed the church of Bosworth, and two hides of land
there, on the monks of York ; and besides others, he con-
firmed the grant made by his mother, of the church of Hethe,
in Oxfordshire, to the canons of Kenilworth.

Bertram de Yerdun was twice married. His first wife
was Maud, daughter of Robert de Ferrers, Earl of Derby,
by whom he had no issue. By his second wife, Bohese (who
survived him), he had two sons, Thomas and Nicholas, who
in turn succeeded him ; the former dying in 1199 without
issue, and the latter in 1231, 15 Henry HI., leaving one
daughter, Bohese. She married Theobald de Botiller, of the
noble family of that name in Ireland, but retained her own
surname. Their son, John de Yerdun, will be noticed as a
justice itinerant under Henry III.^

WALTER, HUBERT, Dean of York ; afterwards
Bishop of Salisbury and Archbishop of Can-
terbury.

Just. 1185.
See under the Reigns of Richard I. and John.
WALTHAM, Dean of. See Guy Rufus.

WARENNE, REGINALD DE.

Just. Itin. 1168.

Beginald de Warenne was a grandson of William, Earl
Warenne, in Normandy, and Earl of Surrey, who has been
noticed under the reign of William I. His father, William,
succeeded to both earldoms, and died in 1136, Icavino- by

' Dugdale's Baronage, i. 471. ; Dugdale's Monast. (1846), v. 660.

320 REGINALD DE WARENNE. Hen. II.

his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Hugh the Great, Enrl of
Vermandois, and widow of Robert, Earl of Mellent, three
sons : William, who succeeded to his honors ; this Reginald,
and Ralph ; and two daughters, Gundred, wife to Roger,
Earl of Warwick ; and Adeline, married to Henry, son of
David, King of Scotland.

Reginald de Warenne was appointed by the convention
between King Stephen and Henry, Duke of Normandy (to
which he was one of the witnesses), to have the custody of
tlie castles of Bellencumbre and Mortimer, in Normandy.
Under Henry II. he became an attendant at the court, and
his name appears as the first of the witnesses to a concord at
the Exchequer soon after Richard de Luci was made sole
chief justiciary.^ He naturally took the part of the king in
the contest with Becket, but his devotion to the cause was
somewhat too violent, if it be true that he threatened to cut
off the archbishop's head when he landed in England. But
although he joined Gervase de Cornhill, the sheriff of Kent,
in appearing on the shore of Sandwich on that occasion, the
intervention of John of Oxford prevented any mischief.

From the 14th to the 23d Henry IL, 1168—1177, he was
regularly employed as a justice itinerant, his pleas appearing
in twenty-one counties.^ He was also Sheriff of Sussex for
seven years, ending 23 Henry 11.^

By his marriage with Alice, the daughter and heir of
Robert de Wirmgay, in Norfolk, he became possessed of that
barony. He died probably soon after 23 Henry II., and
certainly before 31 Henry II. ; as his son, William (who
will be found as a justicier under King John), in that year
paid the scutage on the lordship.'*

' Madox's Exch. i. 215.

« Ibid. i. 123. 132. 143, 144, 145. 149. ^ Fuller's Worthies.

* Dugdale's Baronage, i. 83. ; Lord Lyttelton's Henry II., i. 542., ii. 583.

1154— 1 ISO. WILLIAM, ARCHDEACON OF TOTNESS. 321

WARNEVILLE, RALPH DE, Treasurer of York.

Chancellor, 1173.

Roger de Wendover states that Ralph de Warnevllle,
sacrist of Rouen, and Treasurer of York, was constituted
chancellor of England in the year 1173 ; and Matthew Paris
repeats the account in the same words ; but neither of tliem
say whom he succeeded in the office, nor how long he re-
tained it. Le Neve inserts him among the treasurers of
York on the authority of a similar passage in ]\Iatthew of
Westminster, and places Richard Pudsey next in the list,
on whom he says the treasurership was conferred by the king
in 1189. Ralph de Diceto is the only author who makes au}^
addition to this announcement. He describes Ralph de
Warneville as not altering in his advancement the simple
course of living which he had adopted in his private life ; and
adds that he committed his duties in the Curia Reo-is to
Walter de Constantiis, a canon of Rouen.

There are two charters in the Monasticon bearinir his
attestation as chancellor ; both dated at " Juliam Bonam '"
(Lillebonne), but with notliing to indicate the year in wliich
they were granted.^ He probably held the seals till the
appointment of Geoffrey Plantagenet, tlie king's illegitimate
son, in 1181.^

WILLIAM, Archdeacon of Totness.

Just. 1189.

Le Neve does not insert William as Archdeacon of Totness
in his list. His name, however, with that dignity occurs as
one of the justiciers present in the Curia Regis at West-

• Diigdale's Monast. (1846), vl. 10G7. 1106.

* Roger dc Wendover, ii. 370. ; Decern Scriptores ; II. de Diceto, Coll. 567.
Le Neve, 319.

VOL. L Y

322 WIMER THE CHAPLAIN. Hen. 11.

minster, before whom a fine was levied in the last year of
Henry's reign, 1189,

WILTON, RICHARD DE.

Just. Itjn, 1173.

Richard de Wilton was sheriff of Wiltshire from 10 to
27 Henry II. In the 19th year of that reign, 1173, he set
tlie assize as one of the justices itinerant in Devonshire ; and
in the following year in his own county.^

WIMER THE Chaplain.

Jl'st. Itin. 1 173.

WiMER is called " the Chaplain " in every place where his
name occurs, no doubt as filling* that office in the kinsf's
court. He held the sheriffalty of Norfolk and Suffolk in
conjunction with Bartholomew Glanville and William Bar-
dolf for six years, commencing 16 Henry II., 1170; and
for eleven years and a half afterwards he was sole sheriff or
fermor of those (iounties.- He is mentioned in the Chronicle
of Joceline de Brakelonda as being present as sheriff at the
inauguration of Samson to the abbacy of St. Edmund's in
1182.^ In the 1 st year of Bichard I. he paid a fine of two hun-
dred marks for his quittance from that sheriffalty and from all
complaints against him and his Serjeants during the time he
had held it "• : offered probably by the sheriff as an easy dis-
charge of long-continued accounts, and received by the king
as a convenient addition to his funds for the crusade

His name occurs once only as a justice itinerant, in 19
'Henry II., 1173, when he and tln^ee others assessed the

' Fuller's Worthies, Wilts; Madox's Exdi. i. 123. 701.

' Fuller's Worthies, ^ Chronica de Brakelonda, 19.

* Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., 44.

1154—1189. REGINALD DE WISEBEC. 323

tallao-e on the klnj^'s demesnes in Essex and Hertfordshire.^
In the same year, also, he accounted for the abbey of Hulme,
then vacant and in the kinix's hands.-

Possibly he may be the same with Winemerus, mentioned
in Le Xeve as siibdcan of Lincoln in 1185, and Archdeacon
of Northampton in 1195.^

WINCHESTER, BiSHOrs of. Sec R. Tocltff,
G. DE Luci.

WISEBEC, REGINALD DE.

Just. Itin. ] 179.

The list of justices itinerant named by King Henry 11. at
the council held at AYindsor in the twenty-fifth year of his
reign, when he divided the kingdom into four parts for ju-
dicial circuits, contained many who Avere in holy orders ;
several of whom had not, as far as can be traced, been
previously employed as judges of the court. Among these
w^as Reginald de Wisebec ^, so called probably, as w^as the
common custom with the clergy particularly, from having
been born at Wisbeach. He was one of the king's chaplains,
and no doubt was selected on that account. He docs not
appear to have acted in any subsequent year,

WITEFELD, ROBERT DE.

Just. Itin. 1179. Just. 1184.
See under the Reign of Richard I.

YORK, Archbishop of. See Gcoffrey Plantagenet.

YORK, Dean of. See Hubert Walter.

YORK, Treasurer of. See Ralph de Warneville.

• Madox's Exch. i. 701. » Ibid. i. 308.

^ Le Neve, 153. IGI. •• Dugdale's Cliron. Series.

Y 2

324

RICHARD I.

Reigned 9 years, 7 months, and 3 days ; from September 3, 1 1 89,
to April G, 11 £9.

SURVEY OF THE REIGN.

TfiE interval which elapsed between July 6, 1189, the date
of the death of Henry II., and September 3, the day of
KIchard's coronation, may be considered as a sort of interreg-
num ; inasmuch as, during that period, Richard called himself
Lord, and not King, of England ^ ; and as his regnal years
commence from the latter date.^

Although the usage of preserving a regular written record
of judicial proceedings was certainly practised in England in
the time of Henry II., the rolls of that reign are not extant ;
and Sir Francis Palgrave, the learned editor of the " Rotuli
Curiae Regis " of the reigns of Richard I. and John, published
under the direction of the Commissioners of Public Records,
suggests the probability that all the earlier records were cast
aside either from neglect or design, when it was declared by
statute 1 West. c. 39., 3 Edw. I., that legal memory did not
extend beyond the first year of Richard's rcign.^ These
" Rotuli," commencing 6 Richard I., are the earliest conse-
cutive judicial records now existing ; and they fully establish
the correctness with which the proceedings are described in
Glanville's work.

' Archaeol. xxvii. 112.

* Sir Harris Nicolas's Chronology of History, 284.

^ Rot. Curia; Regis, Introduction.

1189—1199. FINES — CIIANCEllY. 325

The sittings of the court were usually at Westminster,
but, from the seventh to the last year of the reign, fines were
also levied before the king's justices at various places during
their itinera ; always, however, described as being in the
king's court. The king himself was sometimes present, and
was then specially named on the record.^

The Record Commissioners have published two volumes of
fines in the reigns of Kichard I. and John, comprehending
nine counties in alphabetical order, from Bedford to Dorset ;
and forming, as far as they go, a most useful and interesting
work, the value of which is greatly enhanced by an able
preface from the pen of its learned editor, the liev. Joseph
Hunter. A continuance of the publication, carried on
through succeeding reigns, or rather, perhaps, a careful
selection, would throw much light on the disputed question
relative to the division of the courts ; and at all events would
supply an authentic source, from which a regular list of the
judges might be formed.

The business of the Chancery, which had as yet no deci-
dedly judicial character, had hitherto been always transacted
in the Curia llegis, or rather in that dej)artment of it called
the Exchequer, At the latter part of this reign, and pro-
bably on account of the removal of Longchamp from the
presidency of the court, it appears likely that the duties of
the chancellor were performed. in a different place ; inasmuch
as from that time there are distinct annual rolls of the Chan-
cery, of which there are no previous traces. These rolls
consist of the charter rolls, patent rolls, fine rolls, and close
rolls, which were regularly estreated and certified into the
Exchequer, and which form a curious and instructive record
of the proceedings of the time.

There were only two chancellors under King llichard : for

' Dugdale's Orig. Jurid. 92.
Y 3

326 CHANCELLORS. Rich. L

thoiiij;h Gcofircy Plaiitao'cnet has the title of chancellor in
the great roll of the first year of the reign, the entries evi-
dently refer only to some exemptions arising by virtue of his
office in the previous year.^ At the time of Henry the
Second's death, Geoffrey was abroad, and there is not only no
proof that he acted as chancellor after that event, but it is
certain that in the interval between it and Richard's corona-
tion, and before the latter assumed the title of King of
England, William de Longchamp filled the office. This is
evidenced by a charter to Gerard de Camville, granted by
liichard at Barfleur, while on his progress to England to be
crowned, in which he styled himself only " Dominus An-
glia3," and which was given under the hand of Longchamp
with the addition of " Cancellarii mei." ^

At the coronation, on September 3, 1189, there is no
doubt that William de Longchamp was h\\\j invested
with tlie office ; for there is a charter to the abbey of Vaudey
in Lincolnshire, dated only four days after that ceiemony,
and authenticated by him as chancellor. It is remarkable
that the designation " Cancellarii mei," used before Richard
was crowned, is here changed to " Cancellarii nostri " ^ ; and
I believe it is the first instance of our kings using the plural
pronoun. In less than a fortnight he was elected Bishop of
Ely, and before the end of the year he was associated with
the Bishop of Durham in the office of chief justiciary and
regent of the kingdom during the king's absence; still re-
taining the great seal.

When Richard left England, in December, 1189, and went
to Normandy for the purpose of preparing for his expedition
to the Holy Land, he took a seal with him under the care
of an officer wdio w^as called Vice- Chancellor in the charters
to which his name was subscribed. He no doubt left another

' Pipe Roll, 1 Richard L, 37. 110. ^ Archccol. xxvii, 112.

3 Dugdale's Monast. (184G), v. 491.

1189—1109. CIIANCELLOPwS — VICE-CHANCELLORS. 327

in the hands of the chancellor in England for the ordinary
business of the realm, although there is no record of the fact.
In future reigns, however, it will be seen that there are
frequent entries with regard to these two seals ; but tlie
joractlce of recording upon the rolls the various deliveries of
them had not yet commenced.

The first vice-chancellor in the time of Longchamp was
John de Alexcon, ATchdcacon of Lisieux ; and there are
six charters subscribed by him with that title. They were
all granted in Normandy, and are dated respectively in the
months of January, March, June, and July, 1190.^ Long-
champ, who was during part of this period with the king,
occasionally authenticated the charters also.^

At the end of the latter month, Richard and the King of
France proceeded to Messina ; at which place two charters
are dated on March 27 and April 3, 1191, both under the
hand of "Master Roger Malus Catulus, cur clerk." ^
The title of vice-chancellor Is not added; but Hoveden so
calls him, and relates his lamentable shipwreck in the fol-
lowing month off the island of Cyprus. The great seal,
which it seems was suspended round his neck, was lost with
him ; an accident of which the king afterwards took advan-
tage by ordering all charters to be resealcd, and replenishing
his coffers with the fines.'*

In the following October, Longchamp was ousted from
the regency, and was obliged to withdraw from the kingdom,
lie wr.s of course deprived at the same time of the great seal,
which appears, according to Hoveden, to have been entrusted
by Prince John and the opposing barons to one INIastcr
Renet ; for we find that Longchamp shortly afterwards
excommunicated him by name, " because he presuuKxl to

' llyrner's Fccdcra, new eel. i. 48. 51. ; Dugdale's Monast, i. 48.>., vi. 1115.

» Ibid. i. 485., vi. 1111.; Rymcr's Feed. i. 51.

» Ibid. i. 5:3. ; Dugdale's Monast. v. 5G5. * Madox's Excb. i. 77.

Y 4

328 CHANCELLORS — VICE-CIIANCELLOKS. Rich. L

hold the king's seal, contrary to the statutes of the king and
the kingdom and his own prohibition." ^

No charter, however, exists w^ith Master Benet's name ;
nor indeed can I find any record at all connected with the
great seal dated between April 3, 1191, and July 7, 1193,
when Longchamp signed the treaty of peace between Eng-
land and France as chancellor.'^ In the following year
several charters occur with his name ^; and one on April 11,
1195, to be presently mentioned; but none afterwards,
although I conceive that he continued cliancellor till his
deatli.

In that year, 1195, another vice-chancellor appears; viz.
Eustace, then Dean of Salisbury, whose authentication is
subscribed to a charter granted on April 7, "apud insulam
AndeliacI," with the addition to his name of " gerentis vices
Cancellarii " ^ ; and to another, the above-mentioned charter of
April 11, 1195, without that addition, but to wdiich Long-
champ's name is added as a witness with the title of chan-
cellor;^

Longchamp died on January 31, 1197 ; but it seems that
another chancellor was not immediately appointed, and that
the duty was performed for some time by Eustace, as vice-
chancellor. Two charters, dated respectively July 14 and
October 17 in that year, are authenticated by Eustace ; in
the former of which, granted " apud insulam Andeliacum,"
he is described as " Vices Cancellarii tunc ao;entis " ^ : and in

' Madox's Exch. i. 77.; Lord Campbell (i. 112.) says that the office ot
chancellor was at this time restored to Geofirey Planttigenet, then Archbishop
of York, and that he held it till Richard's return : but he does not give, nor
can I find, any authority for the assertion.

2 llymer's Feed. i. 61. ' Ibid. i. 63.

' Ibid. i. 65. ^ Dugdale's Monast. iv. 393.

" Rymer's Feed. i. 67. ; Maitland also, in his History of London (56.), gives
this charter, and curiously translates the description thus: " Vice- Chancellor,
then agent at the Isle of Audlyer."

1189—1199. ClIANCELLOliS — VICE-CIIAKCELLOIIS. 329

the latter, dated at Rouen, he is also called " Elect of Ely," '
having in the interim been appointed Longchamp's successor
in that bishoprick, but not being yet consecrated.

The precise period of his elevation to the chancellorship is
uncertain; but it must have been between the latter date
and August 22, 1198, on which day his name appears with
that title to a charter, dated " apud Kupem Auree Vail." -
It is probable, however, that his appointment took place at
the early part of that year ; because, by a charter dated on
February 28, it appears that a new vice-chancellor then per-
formed the functions in which Eustace had been previously
employed. This cliarter is given under the hand of Master
"VVaPwINE, Prior of Loches, "tunc gerentis vicem Cancel-
larii." ^ No other charter appears with his authentication.

Eustace continued chancellor till the end of the reign ; but
I can find no other charter with his name.

Still, however, there was another vice-chancellor, whose
name has not yet been mentioned in any list hitherto pub-
lished. This was Master Roceline, under whose hand
three charters were given, dated respectively, November 11,
and December 9, 1198, and February 3, 1199 '*, two months
before the death of the king.

It thus appears, without reckoning Master Benet, who
may be considered in some degree as an usurper, that there
were five vice-chancellors during this short reign : and the
question naturally arises, what was their real position ? It
is to be noted that not one of them authenticates a charter
dated in England ; showing, therefore, that they only acted
when the king was abroad : and it further appears that the
English chancellor, when he was with the king in Normandy,
subscribed such charters as were granted during his visit :
or, as in the case of the charter dated April 11, 1195, signed

• Rymer's Ficd. i. 69. ' Ibid. i. G7.

3 Ncustria Pia. 897. * Dugdale's Monast. v. .372. 456. 625.

330 CHANCELLORS — VICE-CHANCELLORS. Rich. L

as a witness, while tlie formal authentication was made by
the deputy.

It is remarkable, also, that John de Alen^on, the first of*
those named, is the only one who is formally designated
vice-chancellor in the instrument itself; that this title is
afterwards qualified by the use of the w^ords " tunc gerentis,"
or " tunc agentis vicem Cancellarii ; " that even these words
are omitted when the chancellor is present ; and that Roger
Malus Catulus is simply called " our clerk." It will be seen,
also, that every one of them was an ecclesiastic, and that
some of them obtained dignities in the church.

From all these facts I am inclined to draw a conclusion
that they were clerks Tor, as they are now called, masters) of the
Chancery, selected to accompany the king on his different
progresses, with the title of vice-chancellor, as being well
acquainted with the forms of proceeding, and capable of pre-
paring the necessary documents. The rolls of this reign do
not afford evidence so abundant to support this view as will
be found in those of King John, wdien the subject will re-
ceive a more detailed examination.

Neither the chancellors nor their deputies appear to have
acted during this reign as justices itinerant : but both Long-
champ, Bishop of Ely, and his successor Eustace are recorded
Xis having sat as chancellors in the Curia Regis when fines
were levied there.

The dignity of the office received a further accession by its
conjunction with that of chief justiciary in the person of
William de Longchamp. Having in the latter little more
than a nominal associate, the extraordinary magnificence
wdiich he exhibited, and the overbearing power which he
exercised, would be naturally attributed to his being the sole
holder of the great seal ; especially as he continued to retain
the office of chancellor after the return of King Richard,
although he w^as not restored to that of chief justiciary.

1189—1199. CHIEF JUSTICIARY. 331

The chief ju!>ticiary at the death of Henry II. was
IvANULPii DE Glanville ; and there is satisfactory evi-
dence that he continued to occupy that post in the interval
that elapsed before the arrival of Richard in England, and
that he attended the new king's coronation in that character.
In the great roll of the first year of the reign, his pleas arc
recorded in several counties, and though some of them were
no doubt of a prior date, others are evidently of that year.
He had little time, however, to do much, as, whether he
resigned or was deprived of his office, it is certain that his
successors w^ere appointed at the council of Pipewell, which
was held on September 15, within a fortnight of Eichard's
coronation.

Those successors were Hugh Pusar, Bishop of Durham,
and William de Mandeville, Earl of Albemarle.^ The
carl died within tv.o months; wlien King Kichard put in
his place his favorite, William de Longchamp, Bishop of
Ely^, who thus occupied at the same time the two important
offices of chancellor and joint chief justiciary. He was not
long in getting possession of undivided authority, by super-
seding his weaker colleague.

Longchamp's arbitrary rule enabled Prince John to
further his own ambitious views, by procuring his disgrace
and banishment, in October, 1191; when Walter de
CoNSTANTiis, Archbishop of Kouen, was placed at the head
of the regency, and acted as chief justiciary till the return of
King Richard from his captivity, in September, 1193.

Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury, was then
appointed, and retained the office for nearly five years:

' The following were associated witli them in the government : William
JMarcschall, Geoflrey Fitz-lVtcr, William IJriwer, Robert de Witefekl, and
Roger Fitz-Reinfrid.

* They liad the same associates, except that Hugh IJardolf was substituted
for the two last.

332

CHANCELLORS AND CHIEF JLSTICIAllIES.

Ricu.

when, the pope interfering, he was compelled to resign, and
was replaced by

Geoferet Fitz-Peter, afterwards Earl of Essex, who
had for some j^ears acted as a justicier. He was raised to
this distinguished position in July, 1198, and continued in
it not only during the short remainder of the reign, but till
the close of his OAvn life, in October, 1213, 15 John.

Table of Chaxcp:lloks, Vice- Chancel

;d C

HIEF JUSTICIARIES.

A.R.

A.D.

Chancellors.

A^ice- Chancellors.

Chief Justiciaries.

L

1189, Sept. 3

William deLong-
charap, after-
wards Bishop
of Ely

Ranulph de Glanville.

15

Huj,^h Pusar, Bishop
of Durham, and

William de Mande-
ville, Earl of Albe-
marle.

Dec. 1 1 1 —

Hugh Pusar, Bishop

of Durham, and

William de Long-

champ, Bishop of

Ely.

1 1 90, Jan.

~

Johnde Alengon,
Archdeacon of
Lisieux

"~~

IL

1191, March

—

Roger Malus Ca-
tulus

—

in.

October

~

Benet

Walter de Constantiis,
Archbishop of
Rouen.

V.

1193, Sept.

Hubert Walter, Arch-
bishop of Canter-
bury.

VI.

1195, April

Eustace, Dean
of Salisbury,
afterwards Bi-
shop of Ely

vn.

1197, Jan. 31 died

—

_^

VIIL

1198, Feb (?) Eustace, Bishop

of Ely

28

—

Warine, Prior of
Loches

—

July

—

Geoffrey Fitz- Peter.

IX.

Nov.

—

Roceline

__

The names of the justiciers of this reign are princij^ally

1189—1199. JUSTICIARIES. 333

taken from the Fines, and the great roll of the first year ;
both of which have been published under the direction of the
Kecord Commission. Mr. Hunter, the learned editor of the
former, has greatly diminished the labour of the enquirer, by
appending to his valuable preface a list of those justiciers
who were present w^hen the fines w-ere acknowledged in
court. The great roll of 1 Richard I. refers to the pleas
of a large number of justices itinerant in the different
counties ; among whom are several who have been before
noticed as performing the duties of justicier in the Curia
Kegis at Westminster, under Henry II. These I have
deemed it my duty to introduce as acting in the same
character in the first year of this reign ; the more especially
as I find some of them performing the same functions in sub-
sequent years, or in some other manner showing their con-
tinuance in the office.

The following list of justiciers omits those who were chief
justiciaries at the time : —

I. 1189-90. Hugh Bardolf, Josceline, Arclideacon of
Michael Belet, Chichester,
William Fitz- Aldelm, Godfrey de Luci, Archdeacon
Nigel Fitz-Alexander, of Derby, afterwards Bi-
Osbert Fitz-IIervey, shop of Winchester,
Roger Fitz-Reinfrid, Robert Marmion,
Ralph Fitz- Stephen, Ralph Murdac,
William Fitz-Stephen, Ralph, Archdeacon of Col-
Thomas de Husseburn, Chester,
Robert de Inglesham, Robert de Witcfeld.
Archdeacon of Glou-
cester,
V. 1 193-4. Roger Bigot, Earl of Nor- Geoffrey Fitz-Pcter,
folk, Otho Fitz-William,
Ranulph Blundevil, Earl Gilbert de Glanville, Bishop

of Chester, of Rochester,

Walter de Constantiis, William de Longchamp. Bi-

Archbishop of Rouen, shop of Ely, Chancellor,

Richard Fitz-Neale, BI- William JMaresdiall,

shop of London, Simon de rateshull.

334

JUSTICIARIES.

Rich. I.

VI. 1194-

Yll. 1195-6.

IX. 1197-8.
X. 1198-9.

Iliigli Pusar, Bishop of
Durliam,

Stephen de S. Jncobo,

William de S. Mari* Ec-

Richard de TIerierd,

Herbert Pauper, Bishop of
Salisbury,

Richard Barre, Arch-
deacon of Ely,

Geoffrey de Bocland,

William Briwer,

William Chanvill, Arch-
deacon of Richmond,

Henry de Chastillon,
Archdeacon of Canter-
bury,

John de Gestlings,

James de Poterna,

Eustace, Bishop of Ely,
Chancellor,

Robert Fitz -Roger,

Osbert Fitz-William,

Richard Flandrensis,

Godfrey de Insula,

clesia. Dean of St. INIar-
tln's, afterwards Bishop of
London.

Iluiili Peverel.

Oger Fitz-Oger,

Osbert Fitz-Simon,

William de Glanville,

William de Kunill,

Ralph, Archdeacon of Here-
ford,

William de Vere, Bishop of
Hereford,

William de Warenne.

Stephen de Turnham,

Henry de Wichinton.

Philip of Poictiers, Bishop
of Durham,

Ralph de Welford,

William de Wrotham, Arch-
deacon of Taunton.

The great roll of 6 Richard I. contains an entry, Avhicli
proves that the terms " barones " and " justiciarii " were still
used indiscriminately : a proceeding in the Curia Eegis at
Westminster is recorded as having taken place before Walter,
Archbishop of Kouen, liichard. Bishop of London, Geoffrey
Fitz-Peter, "et aliis justiciariis domini regis;" who are
afterwards referred to as " prajdictis baronibus."^ Some of
the fines also are taken before A. B. and C, "justiciariis
ct aliis baronibus."^

The progresses of the itinerant justices continued through-
out this reign ; and the great roll of the first year proves
that even then there Avas scarcely a county which some of
them did not visit. In all cases the regular justiciers of the
Curia Regis were at the head of the list, except when they

' Madox's Excli. i. 200. ^ Dugdale's Orig. Juiid. 92.

11S9 — 1199.

JUSTICES ITINERANT.

335

were preceded by a bishop or other ecclesiastical dignitary.
Other persons were frequently added ; sometimes selected
from the gentry or clerg}^ of the county, when the principal
business was to fix the tallage or other charges ; but, some-
times, evidently from professional attendants on the court,
who, in after years, are found performing the ordinary
functions of a justicier in the supreme court itself. These
were probably sent in the pressure of business, in the same
manner as Serjeants are now frequently inserted in the
commission, and were subsequently advanced to the bench.

In tlie following list of justices itinerant I have omitted
those v/ho have been previously mentioned as justiciers in this
reign ; unless their names occur before they appeared to have
arrived at that dignity.

I. 1189-90.

III.
V.

1191-2.
1193-4.

VII. 1195-6.

VIII. 1196-7.

IX. 1197-8.

Ralph de Arden,
Roger Arundel,
Maurice de Berkeley,
AVilllam Briwer,
Richard Brito, Arch-
deacon of Coventry,
William Fitz-Alan,
Geoffrey Fitz-Peter,
Gilbert de Glanville, Bi-
shop of Rochester,
Simon de Kyme,
Reginald de Argentine,
Walter Fitz -Robert,
AVilliam de Braiosa,
Simon de Pateshull,
Hugh de Bobi,
Walter de Crcpping,
Henry Fitz-IIervey,
William Achard,
Simon Basset,
Baldwin de Cuscrugge,
Osbert Fitz-IIervey,
Robert Fitz-Roger,
Geoffrey, Archdeacon of
Berks,

Robert de Ilardres,
Henry de Northampton,
Hugh Pantulf,
Hugh Pusar, Bishop of

Durham,
Peter de Ros,
William de Stuteville,
William Vavasour,
William de Vere, Bishop of

Hereford.
Adam de Tornoura.
AVilliam de Warcnne.

Richard del Pec,
John Suthill, Abbot of Ilydo.
John de Garland,
Eustace de Ledenham,
Roger de Stikesward.
Henry de Kingeston,
"William de Ride ware,
Roger de S. Eilmund,
Theobald AValter.

336 EXCHEQUER. Rich. 1.

X. 1198-9. William de Albini, of Ran ulpli, Treasurer of Saiis-
Belvoir Castle, bury,

Philip Fitz-Robert, Ralph de S. Martin.

Geoflrey Hachet,

The Exchequer is still named as the jjlace where the Curia
Regis was held at Westminster for civil causes^, and where
fines were sometimes levied. There is a record of a fine
taken in 9 Richard I., "in Curia Regis apud Westm. ad
Scaccarium," before the archbishop of Canterbury and others,
" justiciariis domini regis." ^

The judges and persons employed at the Exchequer had
the privilege of being free from suits in county courts, &C.5
and from the common amerciaments on their property. There
are instances in this reign in favour of Earl Roger Bigot, the
bishops of London, Ely, and Norwich, Warine Fitz-Gerold,
Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, Roger Fitz-Reinfrid, and William
ISIareschall, all of whom acted in a judicial capacity, and are
exempted "per libertatem sedendi ad Scaccarium."^

' Madox's Exch. i. 213. * Dugdale's Orig. Jiirid 50.

3 Madox's Exch. ii. 20.

337

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES

THE JUDGES UNDER THE REIGN OF RICHARD I.

ACHARD, WILLIAM.

Just. Itin. 1197.

The property of William Achard was situated in Berkshire,
and was granted to his ancestor by King Henry I.^ Al-
though he acted in 9 Richard I., 1197-8, as one of the
justices itinerant in fixing the tallage for that county^, he
does not again appear in a judicial character, nor is he men-
tioned as an officer of the court.

ALBEMARLE, Earl of. See William de Mandi.villk.
ALBINI, WILLIAM, of Belvoir Castle.

Just. Itin. 1 1 99.
See under the Reigns of John and Henry III.

ALENCON, JOHN DE, Archdeacon of Lisieux.

Vice- Chancellor, 1190.

John de Alexcon was, I conceive, one of the clerks of the
Chancery ; and obtaining ecclesiastical preferment according
to the custom of these officers, was raised to the archdeaconry
of Lisieux in 1185, on the elevation of Gilbert de Glanville
to the see of Rochester. He was selected by King Richard to

' Madox's Exch. i. G48. « Ibid. i. 705.

VOL. I. Z

338 RALPH DE ARDEN. Rich. I.

accompany him as his vice-chancellor to Normandy, previous
to his departure for the Holy Land. There are six charters
" data per manum Johannis de Alen9oni, Archidiacono Lexo-
viensis, vice Cancellarii nostri," granted by Richard in that
country in the months of January, March, June, and July,
1190.^ William de Longchamp, Bishop of Ely, was at that
time chancellor and chief justiciary in England, where, no
doubt, according to the course duly recorded on the rolls of
subsequent reigns, one great seal was left with him ; while
another was entrusted to a deputy in attendance on the king,
to be used according to the royal pleasure.

No charter appears to have been authenticated by John de
Alen^on after July 1, 1190; and in the following March the
duty was performed by Roger Mains Catulus.

In February, 1198, 9 Richard L, he was one of the wit-
nesses to a charter given under the hand of Warine, Prior of
Loches, "tunc agcntis vicem Cancellarii nostri"^: and he was
appointed treasurer of Vaudreuil on September 6, 1199,
1 John; being called in the grant "dilectus et familiaris
clericus noster."^ The last time I find any mention of him
is in 3 John, when he accompanied Ralph de Furnellis to
Rome, and letters of protection were granted to both while
there.^

ARDEN, or ARDERNE, RALPH DE.

Just. Itin. 1189.

Ralph de Arden, or Arderne, was son-in-law of Ranulph
de Glanville, having married his second daughter Amabilia.
With this connection, it is natural that he should have re-
ceived employment in the king's service ; and we accordingly

' Rymer's Foedera, new ed., i 48. 51. ; Dugdale's Monast. (1846), i. 485.,
vi. 1115.

2 Neustria Pla 897. ; Monast. vi. 1110. ^ ^^t. Chart. 1 John, i. 13.

* Rot. Pat. 3 John, 5.

1189—1199. KALPII DE ARDEX. 339

find him slieriff of the county of Hereford, where he had con-
siderable property, from 31 Henry II., 1184, to 1 Richard I.,
1189.^ In the latter year he was amerced in the large
sum of 651. for thirteen days' neglect in attending at the
Exchequer according to his summons'-; and he does not
appear to have hold the office afterwards. In the same year,
however, probably just before his father-in-law had retired
from the place of chief justiciary, he acted as a justice itinerant
in Shropshire, Herefordshire, Gloucestershire, and Stafford-
shire.^

He subsequently incurred further disgrace, as the Pipe
Koll of 6 Richard I., 1195, charges him as a debtor in Essex
and Hertfordshire for 362 Z. I6s. Sd. for his fine, and for
having henevolentiam Regis, But in 1198 he had recovered
the king's favour, and accounts on the Norman roll of that
year as bailiff of Pont-Audemer, in which office he was suc-
ceeded, on the accession of King John, by Walter de Ely ^ ,
and probably died soon after. His wife, however, had died
before 6 Richard I., for, in that year, Thomas de Arden,
their son and heir, was engaged in a lawsuit relative to the
partition of the property of Ranulph de Glanville, who,
previous to his departure to the Holy Land, had devised it
among his three daughters.^ This Thomas was alive in
14 John, when a compromise was effected between him and

* Fuller's Worthies, Ileruford. * Madox's Exch. ii. 'l^iS.
3 Pipe Roll, 1 Richard 1., 95. 144. IG«. 248.

* Rot. Scacc. Norm. ; Ohservations, Vol. II. pp. xxxv. clx. clxi. cclviii.

* Rot. CuriiB Regis, 6 Richard I., 24. The whole entry affords a remark-
able confirmation of the correctness of the account given in the preface to
Coke's 8th Report. It is there stated that Ranulph de Glanville left three
daughters : 1 Matilda, married to William de Auberville ; 2. Amabilia, married
to Ralph de Arden, who had a son Thomas ; and 3. Helewise, married to
Robert Fitz-Robirt, who had a son, Radulfus. The entry on the roll brings
all the family together. " Thomas de Ardern et Radulfus filius Iloberti po-
nunt loco suo iMag. Will, de Lecton versus Will, de Aubervill et Matil.
uxorem ejus ad lucrandum et perdendum de partitione hereditaiis Ilann. de
Glanvill."

z 2

340 SIMON BASSET. Rich. I

the Bohuns, with whom his father and he had been in liti-
gation for some years. According to a document cited in the
preface to Coke's 8th Keport, he had a son and heir also named
Ealph, or Kanulph, who will be noticed in the next reign.

ARGENTINE, REGINALD DE.

Just. Itin. 1194.

See under the Reign of John.
ARUNDEL, ROGER.

Just. Itin. 1189.
See under the Reign of John.

BARDOLF, HUGH.

Just. 1189.
See under the Reigns of Henry II. and John.

BARRE, RICHARD, Archdeacon of Ely.

Just. 1196.
See under the Reign of John.

BASSET, SIMON.

Just. Itin. 1197.

Among the justices itinerant of tliis reign occurs the name of
Simon Basset, being one of those who fixed the tallage for
the counties of Nottingham and Derby in 9 Richard I.,
1197-8.^ He was the son of William Basset, lord of Sap-
cote, in Leicestershire, the grandson of Richard Basset, and
the great-grandson of Ralph Basset, all of whom have been
already mentioned as justiciers ; so that he was the fourth in
succession of the same family who had occupied the judicial
bench. His connection with Derbyshire arose from his
marriage with Elizabeth, one of the daughters and coheirs
of William Avenel, of Haddon in the Peak, in that county.
In 7 John she fined eighty marks to the king to have her

' Madox's Exch. i. 733.

1189—1199. MAURICE DE BERKELEY. 341

inheritance, which the king had seized on her husband's death,
and that she should not be compelled to marry. ^

His male descendants failed in the year 1378, by the death
of Ralph, the then baron, leaving two daughters only.^

BELET, MICHAEL.

Just. 1189.
See under the Reigns of Henry 11. and John.

BENET.

Keeper, or Vice- Chancellor, 1192.

The only notice we have of Benet, " Magister Benedictus,"
is the sentence of excommunication pronounced against him
by the chancellor, William de Longchamp, Bishop of Ely,
because he presumed to hold the great seal against the statutes
of the king and kingdom, as the denunciator asserts, and
contrary to his prohibition.^ This no doubt was when Prince
John and the barons removed Longchamp from the govern-
ment, and forced him to quit the kingdom in 1192. The
seal was probably then placed in the hands of this Benet, to
perform the necessary duties during the vacancy. There is
no charter, however, which records his name.

BERKELEY, MAURICE DE.

Just. Itin. 1189.

Maurice de Berkeley was the son of Robert Fitz-
Harding, who, having obtained a grant from Henry II.,
while Duke of Normandy, of the castle and lordship of
Berkeley, of which Roger de Berkeley had been deprived for

' Rot. de Finibus, 7 John, S07.

' Dugdale's Baronage, i. 382. ; Nicolas's Synopsis.

" Madox's Exch. i. 77.

z 3

342 MAURICE DE BERKELEY. Eicii. I.

his adherence to King Stephen, assumed the surname; but,
Koger still urging his claim to the lordship, an agreement
was entered into between them, with the consent of the duke
and King Stephen, that Maurice, the son of Robert, should
marry Alicia, the daughter of Roger. This taking effect,
Maurice on his father's death, on February 5, 1170, suc-
ceeded to the barony, which he enjoyed till his own decease
on June 16, 1190 ; having just previous to that event added
one thousand marks to the purse which King Richard was
making for the support of his holy war, under the joretence
of a fine for the confirmation of his title.

In the last year of his life, he acted as a justice itinerant
in Gloucestershire, his pleas appearing on the roll of that
year.i

He was buried in the church of Brentford, Middlesex, to
the building of which he had greatly contributed. He was
a liberal benefactor also to several rehgious houses ; and
founded two hospitals, one at Lorwing, between Berkeley
imd Dursley ; and the other, that of the Holy Trinity, at
Long-Brigge, in Gloucestershire.

By his wife, the above-mentioned Alice, he had six sons ;
the eldest of whom, Robert, is mentioned as a justicier in
the next reign. The present holder of the barony is his
lineal descendant, with the title of earl, which, with the
viscounty of Dursley, was granted in 1679, by King
Charles II. Two hundred years before this latter grant, a
Baron William had been created Viscount Berkeley in 1481 ;
Earl of Nottingham in 1483 ; and Marquis of Berkeley in
1488 : but these additional titles became extinct by his
death without issue in 1492, and the barony only devolved
on his brother.^

' Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., 168.

* Dugdale's Baronage, i, 351. ; Collins's Peerage, iii. 595. ; Nicolas's Sy-
nopsis, 59.

1189—1199. RANULPH BLUNDEVIL. 343

BERKS, Archdeacon of. See Geoffrey.
BIGOT, ROGER, Earl of Norfolk.

Just. 1 1 94.
See under the Reign of John.

BLUNDEVIL, RANULPH, Earl of Chester.

^ Just. 1193.

Kanulph, Earl of Chester, surnamed Blundevil (or, as
Diigdale says, Blandevil, from the town where he was born,
then called Album Monasterium, now Oswestry), was the
son of Hugh Cy velloc, Earl of Chester, and Bertra, daughter
of the Earl of Evreux. On his father's death in 1181, he
succeeded to the title. While King Richard was in the Holy
Land, he resisted Prince John's attempts to obtain the
government, and distinguished himself in the sieges of the
castles of Marlborough and Nottingham, held by the prince's
adherents. On the king's return, he was appointed to carry
one of the three swords at his second coronation.

In 5 Richard I., 1193-4, his name appears as one of the
justiciers before whom a fine w^as levied; but there is no
other trace of his having acted in a judicial capacity.^

He loyally assisted King John throughout the troubles of
his reign, and was equally conspicuous in securing the throne
to his son Henry III. As soon as the rebels were defeated,
and the kingdom was at rest, he departed for the Holy
Land, and was present at the siege of Damietta. After his
return, in 4 Henry HI., 1220, the activity of his disposition
was frequently displayed, sometimes in opposition to the
king, but more frequently in his support. He died in
October, 16 Henry III., 1231, having presided over the
county of Chester above fifty years ; during Avhich he proved

' Pref. to Fines of Richard I. and John.
z 4

344 WILLIAM DE BRAIOSA. Rich. I.

himself a good soldier and an able commander; steadily
loyal to his prince, but at the same time a firm resister of
oppression. His possessions were very extensive, and were
much increased by his two marriages and by various royal
grants.

His first wife was Constance, daughter and heir of Conan,
Earl of Brittany, and widow of Geoffrey, the son of King
Henry II. Being divorced from her, " by reason that King
John haunted her company," he then married Clemencia,
daughter of Ralph de Feugers, and widow of Alan Dinant.
He left no issue by either of them ; and his property was
divided among his four sisters and their descendants.*

BOBI, HUGH DE.

Just. Itin. 1197.

See under the Reign of John.
BOCLAND, GEOFFREY DE.

Just. 1196.

See under the Reign of John.
BRAIOSA, WILLIAM DE.

Just. Itin. 1195.
See under the Reign of Henry II.

William de Braiosa was one of the justices itinerant to
impose the assize on the king's demesnes in Herefordshire, in
20 Henry IL, 1174^; but seems to have only been so
appointed as sheriff of the county, an office which he held
in that and the following year.

He was the grandson of a Norman baron of the same
name, who, besides his honor of Braiose and other large
possessions in Normandy, is recorded in Domesday Book as
holding between fifty and sixty lordships in Sussex, Berks,

' Dugdale's Baronage, i. 4L * Madox's Exch. i. 124.

1189 — 1199. WILLIAM DE BRAIOSA. 345

Wilts, Surrey, and Dorset. His successor was Philip cle
Braiosa, who, by his wife Berta, the daughter, and ultimately
one of the heirs, of Milo, Earl of Gloucester, was father to
this William.

Two such large inheritances being thus concentered in
him, William de Braiosa became a powerful baron. In
3 Henry II., he fined one thousand marks for part of tlic
honor of Barnstaple^, his right from Johel de Toteneis, his
great-grandfather; and in 10 Henry II., 1164, he was one
of the subscribers to the constitutions of Clarendon. His
favour with King Henry may be estimated by the grant,
which he received in the twenty-fourth year of his reign, of
the whole kingdom of Limerick. How far he deserved that
favour depends on the truth or falsehood of an historian of
Wales, who relates his horrible murder of Sitsylt ap Dyns-
wald, and a large company of Welchmen, whom he had
treacherously invited to a feast in the castle of Bergavenny.

In 7 Richard I., 1195-6, he again acted as a justice
itinerant in Staffordshire ^ ; and for the last seven years of
that reign he held the sheriffalty of the county of Hereford.
The wardship also of the heirs of Gilbert of Monmouth was
given to him for a fine of one thousand marks.

The preservation of his influence in the early part of King
John's reign is shown, not only by his continuance in the
office of sheriff of his county,, but also by the special charter
he received from the king in his second year, exempting the
lands of the honor of Braiose from the interference of any of
the king's sheriffs or other officers, and giving William de
Braiosa sole jurisdiction there.^ From various grants that
are recorded, the king's regard does not appear to have been
completely withdrawn till about the ninth or tenth year of

' Pipe Rolls, 2, 3, 4 Henry IL, 18.*}.
» Madox's Exch. i. 546.
^ Ibid. J 50.

346 WILLIAM DE BRAIOSA. Rich. L

his reign. ^ Although historians cliff'er as to the cause of the
dissension, all agree that from that time he was the subject
of royal persecution. One states that he refused to give the
hostages which the king demanded to secure the obedience
of his barons; another, that the king banished him for
carrying war into Wales, and killing above three thousand
men in the battle of Elvel ; while the king's own narrative,
as recorded in the Red Book of the Exchequer, attributes
his outlawry to the non payment of five thousand marks,
which he owed for the province of Munster, in Ireland, and
of five years' arrears of the ferm of Limerick ; to the
repeated evasion of his promises to pay these monies ; to his
resistance to the processes of distress sent against his castles ;
and to his rebellious conduct throughout the proceedings.
The result was the capture of his wife, and their eldest son,
William, whom King John, in 1210, barbarously commanded
to be famished in their prison in Windsor Castle. The
baron himself escaped, in the habit of a beggar, into France,
where he died about 1212, and was buried in the abbey of
St. Victor, at Paris.

Plis wife was Maud de Haya, or St. Walerie, to whose
instigation the murder of the guests at Bergavenny is at-
tributed, and on whose violence is charged all the subsequent
misfortunes of her family. Her husband, though a bold and
active soldier, seems from some accounts to have been of a
l^ious and kindly disposition, making grants to the monks
with no niggardly hand, and remarkable for his charity and
courtesy to the poor.

His issue consisted of three sons and four daughters.
William, the eldest son, called Gam, perished by starvation
with his mother, at AVindsor ; Giles, was brought up to the
church, and became bishop of Hereford ; and Reginald

1 Madox's Excli. i. 273.

1189—1199. KICHARD BRITO. 347

succeeded In assuaging the wrath of the king, and in ob-
taining back great part of his father's possessions. Reginald's
son died in 1229 without male issue.'

BRITO, RICHARD, Archdeacon of Coventry.

Just. Itin. 1189.

Richard Brito was an officer of the Exchequer, and, as
was common at that time, the receipt of the rents of the
vacant bishopricks of Lincoln and London while in the
king's hands was committed to his charge, the former in
conjunction with Master Gregorius, and the latter with
Ralph, Archdeacon of Colchester. He was appointed Arch-
deacon of Coventry before 31 Henry IL, 1185, being so
described in the roll of that year.^

In 1 Richard I., he was one of the justices itinerant in the
counties of Devon, Dorset, Somerset, Wilts, Hants, and
Oxford ^ ; and as he acted in so many counties, all probably
in one circuit, without being recorded as a justicier at
Westminster, it seems likely that officers of the court were
sometimes sent on these itinera in addition to the regular
justiciers. He no doubt continued to act in subsequent
years, as the roll of 7 Richard I., 1195-6, contains an entry
of the payment of sixty marks " Ricardo Britoni et sociis
suis.'"'

That he was not a regular baron or justicier in 3 John,
1201-2, but still acted as a high officer of the Exchequer,
may be collected from the entry of the discharge of a debt
on the roll of that year thus, " sed recordatum est per
baroncs, et per inspectionem scriptorum Ricardi Britonis."-'*

' Dugdale's Baronage, i. 414. ; Fuller's Worthies, Hereford ; Lord Lyttel-
ton's Henry II., Hi. 339.; Roger de Wendovcr, ii. 384., iii. 129. 225.234.
237.

^ Madox's Exch. i. SOP. 311. ' Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., 134.

^ Madox's Exch. ii, 284, * Ibid. i. 237.

348 HENRY DE CHASTILLON. Rich. I.

BRIWER, WILLIAM.

Just. Itin. 1189. Just. 1196.
See under the Reigns of Henry II., John, and Henry III.

CANTERBURY, Archbishop of. See Hubert Walter.
CANTERBURY, Archdeacons of. See Geoffrey Ridel,
Henry de Chastillon.

CHANVILL, WILLIAM DE, Archdeacon of Richmond.

Just. 1195.

In 7 Richard I., 1 1 95-6, William, Archdeacon of Richmond,
was one of the justiciers at Westminster, before whom fines
were levied.^ That dignity was then held by William
Chanvill, or Canvill, who had enjoyed it since 1189. He
probably died in 1196, as his successor Eustace, first vice-
chancellor and then chancellor to King Richard, was then
appointed.^

CHASTILLON, HENRY DE, Archdeacon of
Canterbury.

Just. 1195.

Henry de Chastillon, or Castillion, was raised to the
archdeaconry of Canterbury some time in the seventh year of
Richard I. ; and was then acting as a justicier in the Curia
Regis. Several fines were levied before him in that year ;
in the earlier of which, up to October 28, 1195, he is called
simply by his Christian and surname ; and in the latter of
which, beginning May 3, 1196, he is always styled arch-
deacon.^ He probably had previously filled some office in
the Exchequer ; and may have been the Henry de Casteillun

» Pref. to Fines of Richard I. and John. "^ Le Neve, 323.

^ Fines of Richard I. and John.

1189—1199. WALTER DE CONSTANTIIS. 349

who accounted for the ministry of the chamberlainship,
" chamberlengaria3j" of London in the sixth and seventh
years of Richard I. ^

During the controversy which arose in 1202 between
King John and the monks of St. Augustine's, Canterbury,
concerning the right of patronage to the church of Faver-
sham, the archdeacon contrived to secure some advantage to
himself by claiming the custody of the church during the
vacancy. He was succeeded in the archdeaconry by Henry
de Sandford, who was afterwards Bishop of Rochester.^

CHESTER, Earl of. See Randlph Blundevil.
CHICHESTER, Archdeacon of. See Josceline.
COLCHESTER, Archdeacon of. See Ralph.

CONSTANTHS, WALTER DE, Archbishop of
Rouen.

Just. Angl. 1191. Just. 1194,
See under the Reign of Henry IT.

In the reign of Henry IL, Walter de Constantiis, a canon
of Rouen, held a responsible post in the Curia Regis. To
him, according to Ralph de Diceto, the chancellor, Ralph de
Warneville, on his appointment to that office in 1173, en-
trusted his duties in that court.^ Hoveden describes him {is
vice-chancellor of the king, when he was sent with Ranulph
de Glanviile in 1176 or 1177 on an embassy to the Earl of
Flanders.' What the precise nature of that office was, it
would be difficult to define ; but as the designation is never
added to his name in the entries on the roll where he is
mentioned, it may be inferred that it liad at that time no
definite or important character. He is introduced by Phili-

» Madox's Exch. i. 775. « Hasted's Kent, xii. 564.

^ Decern Scriptores ; R. de Diceto, Coll. 567.
* Madox's Exch. i. 77.

350 WALTER DE CONSTANTIIS. Rich. I.

pot as having been chancellor after Ralph de Warneville, and
before Geoffrey Plantagenet^ ; a statement which is followed,
as usual, by Spelman. But as neither Dugdale nor Madox
nor the author of the " Lives of the Chancellors " notice him
as holding that office, and as no charter contains his name
with that description, it is probable that Philipot's sole au-
thority is the passage in Hoveden ; which, however, only
describes him as deputy. No mention is made of his having
been displaced when Geoffrey Plantagenet was appointed
chancellor, in 1182 ; and though he was ultimately Geoffrey's
successor in the bishoprick of Lincoln, it is clear that he did
not receive it as a compensation for the loss of the chancellor-
ship, inasmuch as the see remained vacant for more than a
year before his election.

In 1175, Walter de Constantiis was raised to the arch-
deaconry of Oxford; in 1176, he had an allowance of fifty
marks for providing for the ambassadors of the king of Sicily,
when they came to demand Henry's second daughter, Jane,
in marriage ^ ; and in 1180 he accounted for the proceeds of the
abbeys of Wilton and Ramsey, and of the honor of Arundel,
then in the king's hands, of which he had been appointed
custos.^ On none of these occasions is any official title
affixed to his name.

He held the living of Woolpit, belonging to the abbey of
St. Edmund's, until June, 1183, when he was elected Bishop
of Lincoln'*, from which see he was promoted in the fol-
lowing year to tha archbishoprick of Rouen. In 1186, he
was one of Henry's ambassadors to King Philip of France,
and succeeded in obtaining a truce with that monarch ; and
in 1189, he and Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury, were
appointed umpires to decide the disputes between them.

» Philipot, 12. 2 Madox's Exch. i. 367.

3 Ibid. i. 20 L, ii. 252.

* Chronica Jocelini de Brakelonda, 35. 126.

1189—1199. WALTER DE CONSTANTIIS. 351

On Henry's death he invested Richard, in the cathedral of
Rouen, with the sword of Normandy ; and attending him
into England, assisted at his coronation, and was present at
the council held at the abbey of Pipewell. He accompanied
that king on his progress to the Holy Land, but returned
to England in February, 1191, escorting Queen Eleanor on
her departure from Sicily. He brought with him a letter
from King Richard, appointing him the head of the council
for the rule of the kingdom : but a doubt has been raised as
to its authenticity, from its not having been produced till
some months after his arrival in England. Longchamp,
however, was dismissed in October, 1191 ; and the arch-
bishop of Rouen, by virtue not only of this letter, but of the
appointment of Prince John and the barons, was constituted
chief justiciary.

Warned, perhaps, by the example of his predecessor, he
was moderate in the exercise of his office and cautious to
avoid undertaking any important act without the advice of
the barons and the consent of his associated council.^ His
name appears at the head of the justices present on the
acknowledgment of a fine levied at Westminster, on Satur-
day next before the feast Of St. Andrew the Apostle, in the
fourth or fifth year of Richard's reign.^ The former date
seems the more probable, because he was out of office pre-
vious to the occurrence of that festival in the fifth year,
which would be on November 30, 1193.

When Richard's place of confinement was discovered, and
the terms of his enlargement were settled, Walter de Con-
stantiis was summoned to attend him in Germany, and his
place of chief justiciary was, in September, 1193, conferred
on Hubert Walter, the new Archbishop of Canterbury. He

• Madox's Exch. i. 220.

' Pref. to Fines of Richard I. and John.

352 WALTER DE CONSTANTIIS. Rich. L

Jiccompanied Queen Eleanor with the king's ransom, jjaid it
to the emperor at Mentz, and procured Ricliard's liberation.

In 1196, a contest arose between Walter and King
Kichard, in consequence of the latter interfering with some
of the property of the church of Kouen. The archbishop
thereupon placed Normandy under an interdict, which pro-
duced such horrible confusion in the country, that Kichard,
unable to relieve the inhabitants by any other means, was
compelled to appeal to Rome. By the pope's interposition
the interdict was removed, and a convention was made between
the king and the archbishop in the following year, ex-
changing the land in dispute for certain other property and
privileges, no doubt greatly to the advantage of the church. ^

On the accession of King John he performed the ceremony
of investiture to the dukedom of Normandy in the church
of Rouen, as he had previously done to his royal brother ;
and in the course of that reign terminated his active life.

Richard of Devizes wrote too near his time, and was too
much of a partisan, to warrant his readers in placing entire
credence on the hypocritical character which he ascribes to
the archbishop. On the contrary, his conduct seems to have
been guided by prudence and discretion, and not to have
been deficient in firmness and courage. A strong proof of
the latter would be shown by the admonition which, accor-
ding to Brompton, he gave to King Richard against the
indulgence of his three vices, pride, avarice, and lust ; which
produced the monarch's jesting reply, that he would give the
first to the Templars, the second to the monks, and the third
to the bishops. Other writers, however, attribute the rebuke
to another divine.^

• Nicolas's Chron. of Hist. 303.

* Godwin de Praesul. 286. ; Roger de Wendover, ii. 435., iii. 2. 5. 45. 49.
80. 95. 119. )38. ; Richard of Devizes, 27. 31. 45. ; Lord Lyttelton's Henry II.,
iii. 441.; Lingard, ii. 335.

1189-1199. EUSTACE, BISHOP OF ELY. 353

COVENTRY, Archdeacon of. See Richard Bkito.
CREPPINGS, WALTER DE.

Just. Itin. 1197.
See under the Reign of John.

CUSERUGGE, BALDWIN DE.

Just. Itin. 1197.

Baldwin de Cuserugge had property S and no doubt
resided in Berkshire, and was one of the justices itinemnt
employed in 9 Eichard I., 1197-8, to fix the tallage in that
county.^ His name does not again occur.

DERBY, Archdeacon of. See Godfrey de Luci.
DURHAM, Bishops of. See Hugh Pusar, Philip

of Poictiers.
ELY, Archdeacons op. See Richard Fitz-Nigel,

Richard Barre.
ELY, Bishops of. See Geoffrey Ridel, William

de Longciiaaip, Eustace.
ESSEX, Earls of. See William de Mandeville,

Geoffrey Fitz-Peter.

EUSTACE, Dean of Salisbury, Archdeacon of
Richmond, Bishop of Ely.

Vice- Chancellor, 1195. Chancellor, 1198.

Of the parentage and early life of Eustace no memorial
remains. It is not improbable, judging from his clerical and
official career, that he was one of the clerks in Chancery,
who in general were ecclesiastics, and who, after some length
of service, were usually rewarded with preferment in the
church. The appointment to accompany the king into Nor-
mandy, for the purpose of conducting such business of the

> Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., 1 83. » Madox's Excli. i. 705.

VOL. I. A \

354 EUSTACE, BISHOP OF ELY. Rich. I.

great seal as might be required while he was abroad, would
be the natural result of his official position ; and the deanery
of Salisbury, which he held in 1195, with the addition of the
archdeaconry of Richmond, which was conferred upon him in
the following year ^, would probably be the recompense to
which he would be entitled from his standing in the court.

Hoveden calls him " Sigillifer " and " Vice- Chancellor ; "
but neither of these titles is assumed by himself in his sub-
scription to the charters which he authenticated. In these he
simply uses the terms " tunc gerentis," or " tunc agentis vices
Cancellarii." It is observable, hoAvever, that he omits these
words in one charter given under his hand, to which William
de Longchamp's attestation as chancellor is added. This
affords a presumption that in that case he only put the formal
authentication as an officer of the court ; as when the chan-
cellor was present he could not be said to be " doing the
duty of the chancellor."

The first charter given under Eustace's hand is dated
April 7, 1195, 6 Richard I.^; and the next, being that which
Longchamp also subscribes as a witness, is dated April 11.^
These are the only two charters which I have found with his
name, previous to the death of Longchamp, which occurred on
January 31, 1197. But after that event, there are two others
in which he uses the same form of words ; showing that he
was not immediately raised to the chancellorship. The first
of these is dated July 14, and the last, October 17, 1197>
The latter has the addition of " Elect of Ely," to which see
he had been raised on the 9th of the previous August, but
was not consecrated till the 8th of March following.

It was not then the custom, as it became in subsequent
reigns, to insert on the rolls the disposition of the great seal ;
so that there is no positive evidence of the actual time when

* Le Neve, 262. 324, * Rymer's Foedera, new ed., i. 65.

3 Dugdale's Monast. (1846), iv. 39S. " Rymer, i. 67. 69.

1189—1199. EUSTACE, BISHOP OF ELY. 355

he received it ns chancellor. But it seems probable that he
was appointed to that office before his consecration as bishop,
because it is evident he had retired from his former position
previous to the 28th of the preceding February ; on which
day a charter was authenticated by Master Warine, Prior
of Loches, " tunc gerentis vicem Cancellarii." ^

Succeeding Longchamp thus both in his ecclesiastical and
his civil honours, the first, and indeed the only charter that I
find with his name as chancellor, is dated on August 22, 1198,
9 Richard I., "apud Rupem Auree Yall."^; but there is no
doubt that he continued in the office till the end of the reign ;
and he was officially present when a fine was levied at West-
minster in the following year.^ Richard's death occurred on
April 6, 1199, when Eustace's duties ceased; King John
selecting his successor from among his own adherents.

That John, however, appreciated his abilities and judgment,
is proved by his being sent in 1202 with Hubert de Burgh
to the court of France, to demand from King Philip a safe
conduct on his sovereign's appearance there, to answer the
charge made against him of having murdered his nephew.
Prince Arthur. The ambassadors were told that their king
might come in peace, but that his return would depend on the
result of the trial ; a decision which John was not so fool-
hardy as to risk.

In the subsequent troubles of that reign he was called
upon to take a prominent and courageous part. Appointed
in 1207, in conjunction with the Bishops of London and
Worcester, to convey the papal remonstrance, they appeared
before the king, and demanded of him the restoration of
Stephen, the ejected Archbishop of Canterbury. The
hardened monarch's angry and contemptuous refusal was
followed by the bishops pronouncing the solemn interdict,

' Neustria Pia. 897. " Rymer, i. 67.

' Pref. to Fines of llichard 1. and John.

A A 2

356 WILLIAM FITZ-ALAN. Rich. 1.

which deprived the kingdom for so many years of the rites of
religion. Warned by the king's threats, the bishops retired
secretly from the kingdom ; and in the following year, by
the pope's directions, fulminated the sentence of excommuni-
cation against the royal person. They remained in voluntary
exile till the year 1212, when, the king having found it
necessary to obtain absolution from the pontiff, they ventured
to return; and in the charter of submission afterwards
executed, a pecuniary compensation was made to them for
their losses.

During the short remainder of his life, Eustace was re-
conciled to his sovereijifn, and was one of his sureties to the
barons for the redress of their grievances. He did not live
to witness the grant of Magna Charta, but died at Reading
on February 3, 1214, and was buried in his own cathedral.

He is described as well skilled in both sacred and profane
learning, and as a pious and discreet prelate. To his church
he was a considerable benefactor, and built the Galilee at the
west end of it from its foundation.^

FITZ-ALAN, WILLIAM,

Just. Itin. 1189.

William Fitz-Alan, of Clun, in Shropshire, was the
grandson of Alan, the son of Flathald, who received from
William the Conqueror the castle of Oswaldstre. William
succeeded his father, of the same name, about 19 Henry II.,
1173.

In 1 Kichard I., 1189-90, he was one of the justices
itinerant into Shropshire, Hereford, Gloucester, and Stafford ;
the roll of that year mentioning his pleas in those counties.'^

' Godwin de Praesul. 254. ; Angl. Sac. i. 633. ; Madox's Exch. i. 29. 77. ;
Ilapin, ii. 429.

2 Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., 95. 144. 1G8. 248.

1189—1199. WILLIAM FITZ-ALDELM. 357

In the next year he became sheriff of Shropshire, and con-
tinued to hold that office through the remainder of the reign,
and for the first three years of that of King John.^ In 5
Richard I. he paid forty marks that he might enjoy it during
the king's pleasure.^ The manor of Chipping-Norton, in
Oxfordshire, belonged to him, for a fair at which, and also at
Clun, he obtained charters from King John.^

He died about 15 John, 1213-4 ; and Thomas de Erdington
paid a fine of five thousand marks for the custody of the lands
and marriage of his heirs.'* He left a daughter, Agnes, who
married Philip, the son of Simon de Kyme^ and two sons;
the eldest of whom, William, married Maria, the daughter of
the above Thomas de Erdington, and died in 2 Henry III.^
His brother John then succeeded to the property, which was
extended over the several counties of Salop, Warwick,
Sussex, Oxford, Norfolk, Stafford, and Wilts.^ By the
marriage of this John with Isabel, one of the sisters and
coheirs of Hugh de Albini, Earl of Arundel, he acquired, in
the partition of the estates, the castle of Arundel, which,
with its appendant earldom, has remained in the family ever
since ; and is now held by his lineal descendant, the present
Duke of Norfolk.^

FITZ-ALDELM, WILLIAM.

Just. 1189.
See under the Reign of Henry II.

William Fitz-Aldelm, or Aldelin, sometimes also called
de Burgh, was descended from Eobert, Earl of Moreton, in

' Fuller's Worthies, Shropshire. • Madox's Kxcli. i. 459.

=» Rot. Chart. 6 John, ISG. ■• Rot. de Finihus, 16 John, 531.

« Rot. Claus. 15 John, 140. 155. " Ihid. 2 Henry III., 356. 382.

^ Ibid. 343.

^ Dugdale's Baronage, i. 314. ; Nicolas's Synopsis.

A A 3

358 WILLIAM FITZ-ALDELM. Rich. L

Normandy, and Earl of Cornwall in England, the uterine
brother of William the Conqueror. The fate of Earl Robert's
son, William, who succeeded him, has already been men-
tioned.^ He is said to have left two sons ; the elder of whom
was Aldelm, the father of the subject of the present notice.^
The younger was either the grandfather or father of the
celebrated Hubert de Burgh.

The first mention that occurs of William Fitz- Aldelm is
on the roll of 6 Henry II., 1160, which records his authority
for a payment made by the sheriifs of London for the livery
of the king's son ^ ; showing that he then held some office
about the court. In the eleventh year of that reign he is
called one of the king's marshals * ; and in the twenty-third,
1177, and probably before, he was one of the dapifers.'^
While marshal, he was present as a justicier in the Ex-
chequer on the execution of a contract between the abbots
of St. Alban's and Westminster ; and as dapifer he was ex-
empted from the aid on his property in Hampshire.

It was, no doubt, in the latter character that he accom-
panied King Henry in his expedition to Ireland in October,
1171, 18 Henry IL He was then sent with Hugh de Lacy
to receive the allegiance of Roderick, King of Connaught ;
and on the king's return to England in the next year the
city of Wexford was committed to his charge, with two
lieutenants under him. In 1173, Pope Adrian's bull,
granting the kingdom of Ireland to Henry, was entrusted to
the Prior of Wallingford and him to exhibit before the
synod of bishops at Waterford : and on the death of Richard
de Clare, Earl of Pembroke, in 1176, the king appointed
him deputy over the whole of that kingdom, and granted
him the wardship of Isabella, the earl's daughter and heir.

' See ante, p. 47.

' Burke's Peerage, Clanricarde ,• Blographie Universelle, Burgho.

3 Madox's Exch. i 204, "» Ibid. 44. * Ibid. 50.

1189—1199. WILLIAM FITZ-ALDELM. 359

His government, which is represented as having been weak
and negligent, did not last above a year ; Prince John re-
ceiving a grant of the kingdom at the parliament held at
Oxford, in May, 1177; Fitz-Aldelm himself being present
there. The city of Wexford, however, was restored to his
charge, together with the province of Leinster.

Luxurious, proud, and covetous, harsh, unkind, and ty-
rannical to his officers, liis unpopularity was heightened by
the disgust naturally felt by a brave people against one to
whom was imputed a too careful avoidance of personal danger
in the wars which he undertook.

The complaints of the Irish deprived him for some time of
Henry's favour, though they did not occasion his removal.
Indeed it appears by a charter that the government of Ireland
was again entrusted to him in 1181, 27 Henry 11.^

During his residence in Ireland, he founded the priory of
St. Thomas the Martyr at Dublin ; and in Henry's charter
of confirmation he is called the king^s dapifer.'^ Brady states
that he was seneschallof Normandy, Poictou, and some other
of the king's dominions in France.^

After Henry's death he held the office of sheriff of Cum-
berland during the first nine years of Richard's reign, in the
first year of which he was amerced in the sum of 60/. for not
coming into the Exchequer to account for twelve days after
he was summoned. In the same year he was one of the
justices itinerant in that county and in Yorkshire; and in
the former again in 8 Richard I.'*

He afterwards returned to Ireland, obtained a great part
of the province of Connaught, and while engaged in some
cruel ravages, was seized with an illness, of which he died
in 1204.

' Rymer's Foedera (1816;, i. 36.

« Dugdale's Monast. (1846), vi. 1141. =* Brady's England, i. 365.

* Madox's Exch. i. 704., ii. 2:56. ; Pii)o Roll, 1 llichard I., 84. 1:38.

A A 4

360 NIGEL FITZ-ALEXANDER. Rich. I.

He married Juliana, the daughter of Robert Doisnell ; and
by her he had Eichard de Burgo, surnamed the Great, lord
of Connaught and Trim, who left two sons, Walter and
William. Walter, by marrying Maude, the heir of Hugh
de Lacy, became Earl of Ulster in Ireland, and from him,
by the marriage of the third earl's sole daughter and heir,
Elizabeth, with Lionel, Duke of Clarence, third son of King
Edward IIL, descended Richard, Duke of York, the father
of King Edward IV. William was the ancestor of the
present Marquess and Earl of Clanricarde, in Ireland, who
was created Baron Somerhill in England, on July 4, 1826.
The same title, with that of Viscount Tunbridge, was given
to Richard, fourth Earl of Clanricarde, in 1624, to which
was added the earldom of St. Alban's in 1628; but these
became extinct by the death of his son Ulick, in 1659,
without male issue. The Irish earldom then devolved on a
cousin, from whom the present marquess lineally proceeds.
The Earl of Mayo also derives his lineage from the same
root.^

FITZ-ALEXANDER, NIGEL.

Just. 1189.
See under the Reign of Henry II.

Nigel Fitz -Alexander was one of the justiciers present
in the Curia Regis in 31 Henry II., 1185, when a fine was
levied there.^ In the same year, and until 1 Richard L, he
was sheriff of Lincolnshire ^, in which county he had con-
siderable property. He gave a carucate of land in Bolebi to
the priory of Sempringham in that county in pure and per-
petual alms ; and it is a curious fact that, in 29 Henry IIL,

* Dugdale's Baronage, i. 693 ; Leland's History of Ireland, i. 113., &c. ;
Biographie Universelle ; Biograph. Peerage, iv, 13. ; Lord Lyttelton's Hen. II.,
iii. 85, &c. ; Lingard, ii. 261.

* Pref. to Fines of Richard I. and John. ^ Fuller's Worthies.

1189—1199. RICHARD FITZ-NIGEL, BISlIOr OF LONDON. 361

the prior was exempted from the scutage upon it, because
the heirs of Nigel had then sufficient property in the county
to discharge it.^ In 1 liichard I., also, he was one of the
justices itinerant in the counties of Buckingham, Bedford,
and Lincoln ; and by the roll of that year he appears to have
been a justicier of the forest acting in Yorkshire ; and to
have had the custody of the land and heir of Thomas de
Bellofago.^ He died before 9 John, when his son Osbert
was enfrafTjed in a suit relative to lands in Fulebec, in Lincoln-
shire. ^

FITZ-HERVEY, HENRY.

Just. Itin. 1196.

See under the Reign of Jolin.
FITZ-HERVEY, OSBERT.

Just. 1194.
See under the Reigns of Henry II. and John.

FITZ-NIGEL, or FITZ-NEALE, RICHARD, Archdeacon
OF Ely, Dean of Lincoln, Bishop of London.

Just. 1189.
See under the Reign of Henry II.

It is evident that Richard, the son of Nigel, Bishop of Ely "*,
must have been born before the canon requiring the celibacy
of J;he clergy was strictly enforced ; because he seems to have
been openly brought forward by his father and acknowledged
as his son. He was educated in the monastery of Ely ; and
was then placed in the Exchequer, at the head of which his
father held the office of treasurer.

Brought up to the church, as most of the other clerks in
those times were (whence indeed the derivation), his succes-

' Madox's Exch. i. 672. * Pipe Roll, 1 llichard I., 35. 42. &<>. 79.

' Abbrev.riac. 59. * Sec ante, p. 284.

362 RICHARD FITZ NIGEL, BISHOP OF LONDON. Rich. L

sive ecclesiastical preferments in Henry's reign were canon
of St. Paul's; archdeacon of Ely, 1169; and dean of Lin-
coln ; by which latter title he is described in 30 Henry II.,
1184.1

In his early youth he was the author of a work called
" Tricolumnus," from its being arranged throughout in three
columns. It was a tripartite History of England under
Henry II.: the first column treating of the transactions of
the church of England and the rescripts of the apostolical
see ; the second of the remarkable exploits of the king, which
he says exceed all human credibility ; and the third, of many
aifairs both public and domestic, and also of the court and
its judgments.^

His diligence and erudition, and the capacity he displayed
for the conduct of the public revenue, soon justified his
father in recommending him as his successor in the office of
treasurer. He was accordingly appointed ; but as no royal
favour was in those days conferred without an equivalent,
Nigel was obliged to pay to the king four hundred marks for
his son's nomination. The first record in which he is de-
scribed in this character is a charter between the abbots of
St. Al ban's and Westminster executed at the Exchequer in
1 1 Henry II., 1 165, he being one of the justices present.^ He
is called Kichard the Treasurer in this and in most other
documents in which his name appears. He continued in the
office for the remainder of that reign, and managed the
revenue with so much care and adroitness, that, notwith-
standing the continual wars in which the country was in-
volved. King Richard found on his father's death no less a
sum than one hundred thousand marks in the Exchequer.

That monarch's appreciation of his merits was evidenced

» Le Neve, 73. 144.; Madox's Exch. i. 215.

2 Dialogus de Scaccario ; Madox's Exch. ii. 345.

3 Madox's Exch. i. 44. 113.

1189—1199. RICHARD FITZ-NIGEL, BISHOP OF LONDON. 363

not only by retaining his valuable services, but by raising
him, soon after his coronation, to the bishoprick of London,
to which he was consecrated on December 31, 1189.

During Henry's reign he frequently shared in the duties
of a justice itinerant ^ ; and from the time when fines were
introduced into the court, namely, about 28 Henry IL, his
regularity of attendance is particularly observable, for there
is scarcely one until the end of that reign in which his name
does not appear. So also after King Richard's return from
the Holy Land, till the year before his own death.^

Under the regency of William de Longchamp, Bishop of
Ely, he possessed considerable influence ; and it was by his
interference that GeoiFrey Plantagenet, Archbishop of York,
when seized and imprisoned by the orders of the chief jus-
ticiary, was liberated. After presiding over his see about
nine years, during which he spent large sums of money in
the improvement of the cathedral and other edifices, he died
on September 10, 1198, 10 Eichard I.^

He left a most valuable legacy to his successors in the
" Dialogus de Scaccario," copies of which are preserved
both in the Black and the Red Books in the Exchequer. It
is printed by Madox at the end of his learned History of that
court : and in a preliminary dissertation he has satisfac-
torily established the claim of the bishop to the authorship,
in opposition to that of Gervas of Tilbury, to whom it was
for many years attributed.'* It was composed in the 23rd or
24th Henry IL, and describes the Exchequer with all its
officers and their duties, and the forms of proceeding and

• Madox's Exch. i. 79. 124. 137. 701.

« Ibid. i. 113. 213. 215. ; Pref. to Fines of Richard I. and John.

' One of the monks of Winchester (Angl. Sac, i. 304.), in describing this
event, having designated his office of treasurer by the woid " Apotecarius," an
author has been led to commit the somewhat absurd bUuuki of miking him the
king's medical adviser.

* Madox's Exch. ii. 331—452.

364 IIOGER FITZ-REINFllID. Rich. I.

their origin : a treatise of inestimable value as well to his-
torians and antiquaries as to lawyers.^

FITZ-OGER, OGER.

Just. 1195.

Oger, the son of Oger the Dapifer to Henry II., already
mentioned as a justice itinerant of that reign, was sheriff
of the united counties of Buckingham and Bedford from
33 Henry II. to 1 Richard I. inclusive. In the next year
he was made sheriff of Hampshire, and filled that office also
in 5 Kichard I.- From 7 Richard I., 1195-6, to the end of
the reign, his name often appears as one of the justiciers
before whom fines were acknowledged at Westminster ^ ; and
in the first of those years he acted as a justice itinerant into
Devonshire."*

He married Amy, one of the daughters and coheirs of
William de Scheflega ; his brother Michael marrying Sara,
the other daughter; and in 28 Henry II. they made a final
concord in the court at Westminster relative to the partition
of the father's property.^

FITZ-PETER, GEOFFREY, Earl of Essex.

Just. Itin. 1189. Just. 1194. Just. Angl. 1198.

See under the Reign of John.
FITZ-REINFRID, ROGER.

Just. 1189.
See under the Reign of Henry II.

Of Roger Fitz-Reinfrid no information occurs previous to
1176, 22 Henry II., when he is mentioned as a justice

* Godwin de Prassul. 179. ; Roger de Wendover, ili. 39.
^ Fuller's "Worthies, Bedfordshire and Hampshire.

^ Pref. to Fines of Richard I. and John.

* Madox's Exch. i. 502. ^ Ibid. i. 113.

1189—1199. ROGER FITZ-REINFRID. 365

itinerant, in which capacity he acted for the next three
years, and occasionally to the end of that reign. During
this period he visited no less than thirteen counties' ; an
extent of circuit sufficient of itself to show that he was a
regular justicier in the king's court, from whence these itinera
emanated. But examples of pleas before him in the Ex-
chequer at Westminster, are mentioned from 25 Henry II.,
1179^; and he is recorded in Mr. Hunter's list of persons
before whom fines were levied, as being present from 28
Henry II. to the end of the reign, and again in 10 Richard I.^
In the first year of the latter reign his pleas as a justice
itinerant appear in ten counties'*; and his presence in the
Curia Regis in 3 Richard I. is shown by his being a witness
to a final concord then made there.^

It was then a common custom for some of the judges to be
in personal attendance on the king ; and accordingly his
name is attached to the charter, dated at Oxford, in May,
1177, by which the grant of the kingdom of Cork to Robert
Fitz-Stephen and Milo de Cogan was confirmed : and he
was also one of the witnesses to the will of King Henry,
dated at "Waltham, in 1 182.^ He was Sheriff of Sussex for
eleven years, commencing with 23 Henry II., and of Berk-
shire, in 1 Richard I.^

The estimation in which he was held is evidenced by his
being appointed one of the council to assist the two chief
justiciaries who were left in the government of the kingdom
during King Richard's absence in the Holy Land.^

He married Rohaise, niece of Ranulph, Earl of Chester,

* Madox's Exch. i. 127. 129. 133. 135. 736.
« Ibid. 82, 83. 94. 113. 213.

^ Pref. to Fines of Richard I. and John.

* Pipe Roll, I Richard I., 43. 100. 108. 118. 211. 228. 23G.

* Tntrod. to Rot. Cur. Regis, p. cvii.

« Lord Lyttelton's Henry II., iv. [.3.], [14.].

' Fuller's Worthies. « Madox's Exch. i. 34.

366 WALTER FITZ-ROBERT. Rich. I.

and widow of Gilbert de Gant, Earl of Lincoln.* His son
Gilbert was one of the custodes of the bishoprick of Durham
while it was in King Kichard's hands ; and appears also to
have been a favourite of King John, from whom he obtained
a charter for his property in Lancashire, and at Kendal, with
a market at Warton.^ In the subsequent intestine warfiire
he sided with the barons, but recovered the king's favour by
a fine of twelve thousand marks ; at the same time redeeminjx
from prison his son John de Lancaster, who will be noticed
as a justice itinerant under the reign of Henry III.^

FITZ-ROBERT, PHILIP.

Just. Itin. 1198.

The justices itinerant who fixed the tallage in the county of
Lincoln in 10 Kichard I., 1198-9, were Hugh Bardolf and
Philip Fitz-Robert '' ; and this is the only time the latter is
noticed in that character. The roll of the following year,
1 John, contains a curious entry of his paying a fine of 200/.,
and one hundred bacons and one hundred cheeses, for the
grant of the wardship and land of the heir of Ivo de Munby
till he was of age.^

FITZ-ROBERT, WALTER.

Just. Itin. 1 1 93.
See under the Reign of Henry II.

The first of this family who settled in England was Richard,
the eldest son of Gislebert, Earl of Brion, in Normandy,
whose father, Geofii-ey, was a natural son of the first Richard,
Duke of Normandy. Of this Richard Fitz-Gislebert, called

* Rot. Scacc. Norm. ; Observations II. clvi.

« Madox's Exch. i. 401. 714. ^ Rot. de Finibus, 17 John, 570.

< Madox's Exch. i. 705. » Rot, Je Oblatis, 1 John, 24.

1189—1199. AVALTER FITZ-ROBERT. 367

also Benefacta, an account has already been given in the
reign of William I.^ Richard's fifth son Robert was a
favourite of King Henry I., who made him his steward, and
granted him the barony of Dunmow in Essex, and the honor
of Baynard's castle, in London ; both forfeited to the crown
by WiUiam Baynard. He married Maud, the daughter of
Simon de St. Liz, Earl of Huntingdon; and, dying in 1134,
was buried at St. Neot's, in Huntingdonshire. His wife
survived him till 1140.

Walter Fitz-Robert was his eldest son, succeeding to all
his estates, except the lordship of Daventry, in Northampton-
shire, which was left to his brother Simon. He was pro-
bably very young at his father's death, as no mention is made
of him, beyond the usual assessments on his property, until
22 Henry IL, 1176, when he is recorded as one of the three
justices itinerant appointed by the council of Northampton to
go into the eastern counties of England."^ In this employ-
ment he was engaged for several following years ^ ; during
which time, and perhaps before it, he took his share in the
judicial duties of the Curia Regis. Madox gives two in-
stances during the reign of Henry II., in the 23d and 26th
years, 1177-1180, in which he was present as one of the
barons and justiciers there.'* In 5 Richard I., 1193-4, also,
he is named as holding pleas in Essex and Hertfordshire.^

His knightly pursuits were not forgotten in the perfor-
mance of his civil duties. He supported William de Long-
champ, Bishop of Ely, the governor of the realm, during
King Richard's absence in the Holy Land, in his contest
with John, the king's brother ; and was entrusted with the
command of the castle of Eye, in Suffolk. In 6 Richard I.,
1194-5, he joined the expedition into Normandy.

' See p. 29. " Dugdale's Chron. Series.

» Madox's Exch. i. 12G. 137. * Ibid. i. 94. 131.

« Ibid. ii. 20.

368 WALTER FITZ-ROBERT. Rich. I.

He died in 10 Eichard L, 1198, and was buried in the
choir of the priory of Dunmow, which his father had founded,
and to which he himself had given divers churches and lands.
Among other works of piety, he granted the church of
Chedingham to the monks of Daventry ; the churches of
Thestone, Welle, and Henelingham, to the monks of
St. Neot's; and the church of Wodeham to the Knights
Hospitallers. The consideration for these gifts was the
prayers of these holy persons for the souls of himself, his two
wives, his children, and his ancestors.

These two wives were, first, Maud, daughter of Richard
de Luci, the chief justiciary, who brought him the lordship
of Diss, in Norfolk ; and, secondly, Margaret de Bohun.

He left several sons ; of whom Robert, the eldest, suc-
ceeded him, and was called Robert Fitz- Walter. His
prowess as a warrior procured for him the addition of "the
Valiant ; " and, as leader of the barons confederated against
King John, they styled him " Marshal of the army of God
and the Holy Church." On the grant of Magna Charta he
was at the head of the twenty-five barons appointed to
enforce its observance. His grandson was regularly sum-
moned to parliament in 23 Edward I., and the title lineally
descended to the seventh baron Fitz- Walter ; who, dying in
1432, without male issue, John Ratclifie, whose father had
married his daughter Elizabeth, was summoned in 1485.
He was beheaded in 1495, but his son was restored and
created Viscount Fitz- Walter in 1525, and Earl of Sussex in
1529. These two new titles became extinct in 1641 by the
death of Edward, the sixth earl, without issue : but the
barony descended to Benjamin Mildmay, the heir of Frances,
the daughter of the second earl. In 1730, Benjamin Mild-
may, the twentieth baron, was created Viscount Harwich and
Earl Fitz-Walter; but dying in 1756, without children,
these titles also became extinct. The barony then fell into

1189—1199. RALPH FITZ-STEPHEN.

abeyance among the descendants of the five daughters of
Thomas Mildmay of Graces^ Esq., whose wife, Mary, was
sister to Benjamin, the fourteenth baron. ^

FITZ-ROGER, ROBERT.

Just. Itin. 1198. Just. 1199.

See under ^the Reign of John.
FITZ-SIMON, OSBERT.

Just. 1195.

DuGDALE omits the name of Osbert Fitz-Simon in his
Chronica Series, but mentions him in his list of Fines as a
justicier before whom one was levied on the Sunday before
the feast of St. Luke the Evangelist, in 7 Richard I.,
October, 1195.^ In the catalogue which Mr. Hunter gives
of the justiciers whose names appear on the fines of this
period, his name is not included.

FITZ-STEPHEN, RALPH.

Just. 1189.
See under the Reign of Henry II.

At an early period of the reign of Henry II., Ralph Fitz-
Stephen was an officer in the chamber of the Exchequer ;
many payments made by and to him on the king's account
being recorded in the rolls of tlie third and fourth years of
that reign, 1157-8.^ His continuance there is shown by an
entry on the roll of 19 Henry II., 1173, recording the pay-
ment to him and Osbert the clerk of 100/. for the king's use
out of the proceeds of the abbey of Glastonbury.'*

' Dugdalc's Baronage, i. 209. 218.; Bloomfield's Norfolk, i. 3.; Nicolas's
Synopsis of the Peerage, 249.
* Dugdale's Orig. Jurid. 41.
^ Pipe Rolls, 2, 3, 4 Henry II., 90. &e. * Madox's Exch. i. 308.

VOL. I. B B

370 RALPH FITZ-STEPHEN. Rich. I.

The sheriffalty of Gloucestershire was entrusted to him in
conjunction with his brother William Fitz- Stephen, in 18
Henry II., and from that time till 1 Eichard I. either one or
the other occupied the office.^ For that county also he acted
as a justice itinerant, in 20 Henry IL, 1174; and having
been appointed in 1176 at the head of one of the six divisions
into which the circuits were then arranged, his pleas are
recorded in the rolls of that and of the four following years,
in twenty-four different counties.^

In 28 Henry IL, 1182, he was one of the king's chamber-
lains, and his name appears as a witness to the king's will
executed at Waltham in that year.^ In 30 Henry IL, 1184,
he was among the justiciers and barons before whom a fine
was levied in the king's court''; and in 33 Henry IL, 1187,
he was appointed custos of the abbey of Glastonbury, and so
remained till 3 John.^

His pleas as a justice itinerant in various counties are
noticed in the Great Roll of 1 Richard L, which also contains
payments to him as chamberlain.^ In the roll of 3 John, as
well as in others, his scutage is excused on his property in
the counties of Warwick and Leicester, Northampton and
Gloucester ; and in the latter county, the sheriff is allowed
30Z. on lands given to him.^

He died in or before 6 John, as Godfrey de Albini then
paid a thousand marks, his fine for having his land.^

' Fuller's Worthies.

* Madox's Exch. i. 123. 127. 129. 132. 135. 137.
^ Lord Lyttelton's Henry IL, iv. [14.]

* Pref. to Fines of Richard I and John.

* Madox's Exch. i. 635. ; Rot. Cancell. 3 John, 195. Abbrev. Plac. 12.

fi Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., 5. &c. ' Rot. Cancell. 3 John, 13. 34. &c.

8 Rot. Claus. 6 John, 9.

1189—1199. WILLIAM FITZ-STEPIIEN. 371

FITZ-STEPHEN, WILLIAM.

Just. 1189.
See under the Reign of Henry IL

I HAVE mentioned in the preceding notice of Ralph Fitz-
Stephen, that he had a brother, named WiUiam Fitz-Stephen,
who filled with him the office of Sheriff of Gloucester from
18 Henry IL, 1171-2, to 1 Richard I, 1190.^

There can be no question that this brother was the justice
itinerant who, in 1176, 22 Henry IL, was (like Ralph Fitz-
Stephen) placed at the head of one of the six circuits then
arranged by the council of Northampton ; as his own county
of Gloucester was included in the iter, and no distinction
is made in the roll between the sheriff and justicier. His
pleas are recorded in that and the four following years, not
only in fourteen counties, but " ad Scaccarium " also.^ His
name likewise appears as a justice itinerant in Shropshire in
1 Richard L, 1190.3

Although I have no positive evidence to support the sug-
gestion, I cannot help remarking that there are many grounds
for identifying the sheriff and justicier with a remarkable
man of the same name, who flourished at the same period. I
mean William Fitz-Stephen, the author of the Life and
Passion of Archbishop Becket, in which is introduced the
description of the city of London printed in Stowe's Survey.

Several circumstances in the career of the latter render it far
from improbable that he should have been selected for judi-
cial employment. He himself says that he was a fellow-citizen
with Becket, one of his clerks, and an inmate of his family ;
that, being by express invitation called to his service when
chancellor, he became " in Cancellaria ejus dictator " [qu.

' Fuller's Worthies, Gloucestershire. * Madox's Exch. i. 127 — 139. 211.

» Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., 95.

n n 2

372 WILJ.IAM FITZ-STEPIIEX. Ilicu. I.

Remembrancer?], or, as another reads, " scriba in Cancellaria
Anglios;" that when Becket sat to cletermuie causes, he was
a reader of the instruments, and upon his request sometimes
an advocate.^ All this must have occurred before 1162, when
Becket resigned the chancellorship ; and from the expressions
used, no doubt can exist that he was at that time established
in some office in the Chancery, or in the Exchequer, where
the business of the Chancery was usually transacted. There
is nothing to show that he did not remain in his office after
his patron's resignation of the great seal ; and it is certain
from his own relation, that, though he was present with the
archbishop on his trial at Northampton, in 1164, he escaped
being involved in the subsequent banishment of Becket's
friends, in consequence of his having been the author of a
rhyming Latin prayer, which he had once presented to the
king in the chapel of Brnhull, in Buckinghamshire. The
first two lines will be a sufficient specimen of its style : —

" Rex cunctorum saeculorum, rex areis aetlieriac ;
Rector poll, rector soli, regum rex altissime."^

That he was present at Canterbury, and was an eye-witness
of Becket's murder, forms no objection to the presumption
that he was a servant of the court ; because it is to be re-
collected that the archbishop was then, at least nominally,
reconciled to the king ; and it could be considered no other
than an act of decent respect for Fitz-Stephen to visit his
former patron on his return from a long exile. After the
murder had been accomplished. King Henry would naturally
be anxious to disconnect himself from its perpetration, by
carefully avoiding any act which might be construed into a
punishment of those who had adhered to the troublesome
prelate ; independently of his being too wise a prince to

' Dissertation prefixed to Fitz- Stephen's Description of London, by an Anti-
quary (Dr. Pegge), 8.

« Biogr. Brit. Literaria, Anglo-Norman Period, 363.

1189—1199. OSBEKT FITZ-WILLIAM. 37 S

deprive himself of the services of a le.arned and useful man,
who had never made himself personally obnoxious.

It would therefore be far from unlikely that a person so
situated should not be interfered with in his office ; indeed,
the reasons adduced would rather operate to promote his
further advancement, as, tending to remove the suspicions
which then certainly attached to the king. Accordingly, his
nomination as Sheriff of Gloucestershire in the following year
can excite no surprise, especially as it was most usual in
those times for officers of the Exchequer, or of other branches
of the court, to be entrusted with such appointments ; and
the same reasons would account for the selection of such
a man, palpably well experienced in the law, as one of the
justiciers in 1176. That the termination of the sheriffalty
and the last acts of the justicier both occur about 1190 or
1191, the period assigned for the death of the biographer, are
curious circumstantial corroborations of the conjecture upon
which I have ventured. Fitz-Stephen's Life of Becket offers
nothing to contradict the supposed identity ; but, on the
contrary, it is remarkable for being written in a calmer style
than that of other partisans, and for not attempting to
imi)licate the king in authorizing the murder.

Fitz- Stephen had travelled to France to complete his
education ; and on his return, his erudition, which was con-
spicuous both as a scholar and a divine, recommended him to
the notice of Becket, with whom he eventually became on
terms of familiar intercourse. He is said to have been a
monk of Canterbury, and is frequently called Stephanides.

FITZ-WILLIAIVI, OSIMaiT.

Just. 1198.

The Chrifttian name of William was so conuuon at this time,
that it is difficult to determine to what family any individual

ij l: "3

374

OTIIO FITZ-WILLIAM.

Rich. I.

called " films Willelrai " belono-ecl. No circumstances are
mentioned by which the lineage of this Osbert Fitz- William
can be ascertained. In the last year of the reign of Kich. I.,
1198-9, Osbert Fitz-William was one of the just iciers before
whom a fine was levied * ; but his name does not appear
in any fine of a subsequent date. He was perhaps, there-
fore, merely an officer of the court ; which is rendered more
probable from his being sheriff or fermer of the county of
Devon in 2 John, and of Hereford in 8 & 9 John.^ A
knight of the same name is recorded in 10 John as the first
who attests the heirship of Robert de Mandeville, in the roll
of Dorset and Somerset.^

FITZ-WILLIAM, OTHO.

Just. 1193.

The same remark applies to Otho Fitz-William which has
been just made with reference to Osbert Fitz-William. From
28 Henry IL, 1183, to 2 Richard L, 1190, Otho Fitz-
William was sheriff of the united counties of Essex and
Hertford.'* In 5 Richard I., 1194, he acted as justice
itinerant in the same counties'^; and in that or the previous
year he was one of the justiciers before whom a fine was
levied at Westminster.^

FLANDRENSIS, RICHARD.

Just. 1199.
See under the Reign of John.

' Pref. to Fines of Richard I. and John.

2 Fuller's Worthies. ^ Madox's Exch. i 489.

* Fuller's Worthies. ^ Madox's Exch. ii. 20,

^ Pref. to Fines of Richard I. and John.

1189— 11<J9. GILBEKT DE GLANVILLE. 375

GARLAND, JOHN DE.

Just. Itin. 1196.

In the Norman rolP of 1180, one hundred shillings are al-
lowed for the passage of John de Garland ; and during the
vacancy of the bishoprick of Winchester between the death
of Richard ToclifF and the election of Godfrey de Luci in
1189, he was one of the custodes appointed to receive the
rents, &c.'^ There is no doubt, therefore, that he held some
office in the court. In 8 Richard I., 1196-7, he and two
others acted as justices itinerant, setting the tallage for the
united counties of Essex and Hertford ^ ; but after that date
no mention occurs of his name.

GEOFFREY, Archdeacon of Berks.

Just. Itin. 1197.

In 9 Richard I., 1197-8, the Archdeacon of Berkshire is
tlie first of four justices itinerant who set the tallages in
that county.'' According to Le Neve, Geoifrey then held
that office; being named in it so early as 1175, and so late
as 1200.'^

GESTLINGES, JOHN DE.

Just. 1198.
See under the Reign of John.

GLANVILLE, GILBERT DE, Bishop of Rochester.

Just. Itin. 1189. Just. 1194.

Gilbert de Glanville was Archdeacon of Lisicux at
the time, July 16, 1185, 31 Henry IL, he was elected

' Rot. Scacc. Norm. i. o.s. « Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., 5.

' Madox's Exch. i. 704. * Ibid. i. 705.

» Le Neve, 278.

D n 4

376 RANULPII DE GLANVILLE. Rich. I.

Bishop of Kocliester; and was obliged to be ordained priest
before he received consecration. He does not appear among
the justiciers till 1 Richard I., 1189-90, when he acted as a
justice itinerant in the counties of Kent, Sussex, Essex,
Hertford, Norfolk, and Suffolk.^ Several fines in 5 & 7
Kichard I. also contain his name as having been present
when they were levied.^

The whole of his episcopal life was engaged in a contest
with the monks of his church relative to certain lands which
he claimed as belonging to the see. The monks, to defray
the expenses they incurred, converted the silver shrine of
St. Paulinus (a former bishop) into money ; and are said by
some to have carried their animosity so far as to refuse the
ordinary funeral rites to the bishop's body when he died.
This, however, according to others, was occasioned by the
interdict then hanging over the kingdom. The bishop's
death happened on June 24, 1214, and his tomb is within
the rails of the altar of his cathedral. He founded, and
amply endowed, the hospital at Stroud, in Kent, for re-
ceiving the poor, infirm, and impotent, and providing them
with food and lodging ; an act which is a sufficient answer
to the harsh character given to him by the monks in their
doggerel rhymes written on his dcath.^

GLANVILLE, RANULPH DE.

Just. Angi,. 1189.
See under the Reign of Henry II.

liANULPH DE Glanville was born at Stratford, in Suffolk.
He was grandson of a baron of the same name, whose pos-

' Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., 27. 50. 211. 238.

^ Pref. to Fines of Richard I. and John ; Dugdale's Chron. Series.

3 Godwin de Prassul. 528.; Hasted's Kent, lii. 384., iv. 121.

1189—1199. RANULril DE GLANVILLE. 377

sessions were in the counties of Norfollv and Suffolk ; and
younger son of AVilliani de Glanville ; of neither of whom is
anything recorded except tlieir pious benefactions to the
monks. Bartholomew, his eldest brother, followed in the
same course, confirming his father's large grants to the priory
he founded at Bromholme, in Norfolk, and adding considerable
endowments. He was sheriff of the two counties from the
16th to the 22nd Henry IL, 1170-1176 ; and on his death,
llanulph succeeded to the barony.

Long previous to this event, however, Ranulph, then a
younger brother, had raised himself to a considerable position.
It does not precisely appear in what capacity he began his
career, but it seems most probable that he filled some office
in the Exchequer. The onerous and responsible dignity of
sheriff, when not conferred on some favourite or nobleman
of the neighbourhood, was in those times frequently entrusted
to individuals connected with the court ; especially in those
extensive and distant counties where the execution of the
duties required not merely a character for integrity, but some
proficiency in the laws. It was probably in this character
that he held that office in the united counties of Warwick
and Leicester in 10 Henry IL, 1164^, and that in the same
year he was advanced to the sheriffalty of the more important
county of York. The former he retained for only one year,
but in the latter he continued during the whole remainder of
the reign. These appointments took place twelve years
before his name is recorded as a justicicr ; but after he was
raised to the bench, several other counties were placed under
his care as sheriff. These were, Lancashire in 21 Hen. H.,
Westmoreland in 23 Hen. II., Worcester in 29 Hen. II., and
AYarwickshire and Leicestershire again from '2G Hen. II. to
the end of the reign. In both periods of his life the custody

' Fuller's ^^'o^thic's.

378 RANULPII DE GLAN VILLE. Rich. I.

of estates and honors then in the king's hands was frequently
entrusted to him.

According to Benedict Abbas, Queen Eleanor was con-
signed to his care during the sixteen years of her confinement
in the castle at Winchester, of which, and also of the royal
treasury there, he had the custody.^ That he treated her
with the respect due to her station is shown by the con-
fidence she reposed in him when placed in authority on her
release.

During his northern sheriffalty his military talents were
called into action by the incursion of the Scots, and his
efficiency as an energetic and brave commander was soon
proved. Having, with the assistance of King Henry's ille-
gitimate son, Geoffrey, then Bishop of Lincoln, forced the
Scottish king to retire, that monarch, a short time afterwards,
renewed his attack, and while his army w\as ravaging the
neighbouring country, he himself besieged Alnwick. There
Ranulph de Glanville, at the head of the Yorkshire barons,
surprised him on July 11, 1174; and, defeating his troops,
took him prisoner.^ This victory was of the highest im-
portance to King Henry in the critical state of the kingdom,
then distracted by the rebellious conduct of his sons. From
this time, therefore, the valorous sheriff, brought more im-
mediately under the king's notice, was employed in services
for which he was not long in proving that he was equally
fitted.

In the very next year he appears as a justice itinerant ; his
pleas being recorded not only in his own county of York, but
in thirteen other counties; and in 1176, one of the six
circuits into which the council of N^orthampton then divided
the kingdom was appropriated to him and two others. In

Miss Strickland's Queens of England, i. 334,
Lord T.yttelton's Henry II., iii. 135. 148.

1189—1199. KANULPII DE GLANVILLE. 379

1177 he was sent, with Walter de Constantiis, the king's
vice-chancellor, on an embassy to the Earl of Flanders; and
when the council of Windsor in 1179 re-arranged the king-
dom for judicial purposes into four divisions, although most of
his brethren were removed, his capacity was so conspicuous,
and his integrity so unblemished, that he was not only re-
appointed to act in one of them, but was among those specially
selected to hear the complaints of the people in the Curia
Kegis at Westminster.^

This arrangement took place on the retirement of Richard
de Luci from public life, whose office of chief justiciary was
supplied by the united appointment of the Bishops of Win-
chester, Ely, and Norwich. These prelates, however, did
not long continue in the presidency of the court ; but, removed
it is said by papal remonstrance, were replaced in the next
year, 1180, l)y Ranulph de Glanville alone ; the king having
now reason to feel, that, whether as a lawyer, a warrior, or a
statesman, he might be safely entrusted with the supreme
power during his own absence from the kingdom.

That King Henry had no reason to regret his choice may
be presumed from the fact that Ranulph de Glanville con-
tinued in this exalted place during the whole remainder of
the reign, and was as high in the royal favour and confidence
at the close as at the commencement, being named one of the
executors to the king's will. Even the dereliction from the
path of judicial integrity, of which he is reported to have
been guilt}^ in the condemnation of Sir Gilbert de Plumpton,
could not remove from him his sovereign's support. It is
related that this knight in 1184 was unjustly condemned by
the chief justiciary on a charge of rape; and that the
iniquitous judgment was pronounced for the purpose of
giving the widow of the unfortunate knight, a rich inheritrix,

* Dugdale's Chron. Series; Madox's Exch. i. 77. 125 — 137.

380 RANULPII DE GLANVILLE. Rich. I.

to the justiciary's friend Rainer, who performed his duties as
Sheriff of Yorkshire. The sentence of death, which was
ordered to be immediately executed, was delayed by the
interference of the Bishop of Worcester ; and the case being
remitted to the king. Sir Gilbert's life was saved, but his
person imprisoned for the rest of the reign. Presuming this
story to be true, the chief justiciary's merit nmst have been
great indeed to induce the king to j^ardon so monstrous a
perversion of justice. Some doubt, however, cannot but be
attached to the relation, not merely from its extravagant
ferocity and the impunity of its perpetrator, but from the
assertion of the author of the work which bears Glanville's
name, (and if he were not Glanville he clearly was a con-
tempoi'ary,) who says in the prologue that "none of the
judges have so hardened a front, or so rash a presumption,
as to dare to deviate, however slightly, from the path of
justice, or to utter a sentence in any measure contrary to the
truth." * It is scarcely possible to suppose that a king so
just as Henry II. would have overlooked the guilt of the
judge or have visited the innocence of the accused with im-

Drisonment.

J.

The ten years during which he was at the head of the
government afforded him full scope for the exercise of his
various powers. In the year after his appointment he headed
a large army against the Welsh ; and though at first he made
little progress, he succeeded at last, not only in bringing
them back to their fealty, but in procuring from them a large
body of infantry to serve in the subsequent wars against
Philip of France. In those wars we find him successfully
engaged in procuring a truce between the two kings.^ So
high an opinion had Henry of his wisdom and sagacity, that

Beames's Translation of Glanville, Pref. p. xxxvii.
Lord Lyttelton's Henry II., iii. 369. 441.

1189—1199. RANULrn DE GLANV^LLE. 381

he sent Inm with his son John to assist and direct in the
government of Ireland.^

From the absence of all contemporary complaint, and the
internal quiet of England, notwithstanding the repeated and
long-continued visits of Henry to his foreign dominions, it
may be concluded that the rule of the chief justiciary was
guided by discretion and moderation. That he was not
blind to the arrogance of the clergy, and had spirit enough to
resist it, may be judged from his rebuke to the monks of
Canterbury. In a contest they had with the archbishop in
1188, they had been aping the conduct of Becket in their
insolence ; and had proceeded so far, that Glanville, Vv'ho had
been treating with them, indignantly exclaimed, " You
monks turn your eyes to Kome alone, and Kome alone will
destroy you." ^ Yet this did not proceed from any irreligious
feeling ; for in the same year, when the crusade was preached
at Gedington, though his age and position would have been
a sufficient excuse, he partook of the enthusiasm and en-
gaged in the enterprise. The king's death, which happened
the next year, only delayed, but did not prevent the per-
formance of his vow. His piety was further evidenced by
the foundation and endowment of the priory of Butley and
the abbey of Leystone, both in Suffolk, for canons of the
order of St. Augustine.^

In his character of chief justiciary he assisted at the coro-
nation of llichard L, on September 3, 1189; and was sent
by the king to restrain the people from the massacre of the
Jews which disgraced that solemnity. Two or three authors
testify that he was deprived of his office at the beginning of
this reign, and was obliged to purchase his release from im-
prisonment by an enormous fine, fixed by some at 5000/., and

' Iceland's History of Ireland, 1. 143.

« Lord Lyttelton's Henry II., iii. 486.

3 Dugdalu's Monast. (1846), vi. :}79. 879.

382 KANULPII DE GLANVILLE. Rich. I.

by others at 15,000/. The silence of other historians throws
a discredit on the story, which is supported by his subsequent
proceedings. His retirement from the office of chief justiciary
would be a necessary result of his determination to proceed
to Jerusalem ; and his payment of a sum of money to assist
tlie king in his holy war would be only what that monarch
required from all who could afford it. The roll of that year,
so far from giving any evidence of his disgrace, proves plainly
that he continued to act in his judicial character after the
death of King Henry. Not only are there " Nova Placita "
held before him evidently after that event, but there arc
writs in his name, issued as well under the precept of the king
" de ultra marc," as under that of the queen-mother, Eleanor,
whom Kichard, on his father's death, had released from her
imprisonment and entrusted with the government till his
arrival in England.^ We have subsequent evidence of his
being with the king in Normandy on his way to the Holy
Land ; as he is the first of the witnesses attesting a royal
charter given under the hand of John de Alengon, the vice-
chancellor, " apud Moret.," on April 1 1, 1190, 1 Richard I.^ :
and we afterwards find him travelling towards Jerusalem in
company with Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury, and
Hubert Walter, his nephew. Bishop of Salisbury, and landing
at Tyre about Michaelmas, 1190; all of them having been des-
patched by King Richard to assist at the siege of Acre^, and
having previously, according to some accounts, accompanied
the king himself through France as far as Marseilles. There
can be little difficulty, therefore, in discarding tlie story of
his disgrace as fabulous, so satisfactorily contradicted as it is
by facts in which all historians agree, and by records which
cannot be doubted.

He and his companions reached Acre, before which Arch-

» Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., 8. 15. 17. 39. &c. ^ Madox's Exch. i. 77.

' Roger de Wendover, iii. 30.

1189—1199. RANULni DE GLAKVILLE. 383

bishop Baldwin first fell a victim ; and then, before the end
of the year, Kanulph de Glanville ; not, as sometimes stated,
in the heat of battle, but " ex aeris nimia corruptione." ^

He married Berta, one of the daughters of Theobald de
Yaloins, Lord of Parham, who gave him and his wife the
land of Brochous, in which the priory of Butley (afterwards
founded by him) was situated. Maud, another daughter of
Theobald, married Hervey Walter, the father of Hubert
Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury, and of Theobald Walter,
the ancestor of the noble family of Butler, Marquess of
Ormond.

Leaving no male issue, he distributed his lands before he
sailed on his last expedition among his three daughters :
Matilda, the wife of William de Auberville, a justicier in the
reign of Henry IL; Amabilia, the wife of Balph de Arden,
a justicier in this reign ; and Helewise, the wife of Robert
Fitz-Robert.^ The two latter and their husbands were dead
before 6 Richard L, 1 195-6 ; as in that year the son of each
was engaged in a suit with William de Auberville and his
wife relative to the partition of the property.^

I have already, in the " survey of the reign " of Henry II.,
referred to the work generally attributed to this great man,
intitled " Tractatus de Legibus et Consuetudinibus Regni
Angliai ; " and have stated the grounds for considering him
as its author.'' If decisive evidence of the fact cannot be
advanced, there is at all events no candidate who has superior
claims to the honour of having produced it, nor is there any
hypothesis of sufficient weight to counterbalance the pre-
sumptions in favour of the tradition,''

' Roger de Wenduver, iii. 36. * Dugdale's INIonast. (1846'), vi. ;]80.

» Rot. Curiae Regis, 6 Richard I., 24. ; Abbrev. Plac. 3.

* See p. 1 80.

■' Dugdale's Baronage, i. 423. ; Lord I.jtteUon's Henry II. I.ingard.

3S4 GEOFFREY IIAGET. Rich. I.

GLANVILLE, WILLIAM DE.

Just. 1195.

The connection between William de Glanville and his emi-
nent namesake no otherwise appears than that he was a
witness, with the title of " Clericus," to the charter of
Hervey Walter, Ranulph de Glanville's brother-in-law, to
the priory of Butley, which was founded by the chief jus-
ticiary.^ He was one of the justiciers in the seventh, eighth,
and ninth years of Richard's reign ; fines being levied before
him in the two former ^, and the tallage of Norfolk and
Suffolk being assessed by him in the latter.^ He was still
alive in 3 John, being charged on the roll of that year with
a debt of 48Z. 7s. 2d. in Norfolk, which he was allowed to
pay at the rate of 20/. per annum.'^

Mr. Hunter, in his valuable preface to the " Fines of
Richard I. and John," suggests the possibility of his having
been the author of the treatise generally attributed to
Ranulph de Glanville; but he offers no other grounds for
the suggestion than the identity of the name.

GLOUCESTER, Archdeacon of. See Robert de
Ingle SHAM.

HAGET, GEOFFREY.

JcsT. 1198.

In the year 1195-6, 7 Richard L, William de Stuteville and
Geoffrey Haget were placed as custodes over tlie county of
York in consequence of the refusal of the archbishop, who
was then sheriff, to appear before the commissioners appointed
by the chief justiciary to determine the controversy between

• Dugdale's Monast (1846), vi. .^80.

* Pref. to Fines of Richard I. and John.

3 Madox's Exch. i. 705. * Rot. Cancell., 3 John.

1189—1199. ROBERT DE HARDRES. 385

him and the canons of York^- and in 10 Eichard L, 1 198 9,
Geoffrey was associated with Hugh Bardolf and Master
Roger Arundel as a justice itinerant over that and the other
northern counties, to hear pleas of the crown.^

He was the eldest son of Bertram Haget, who possessed
considerable property in Yorkshire, and who granted a
hermitage and land in the park of Helagh in that county,
upon which Geoffrey afterwards built a church ; and a priory
was subsequently established by his sister Alice and her
husband, Jordan de Sancta Maria. Geoffrey was never mar-
ried, and on his death his possessions were divided among
Alice and his three other sisters.^

HARDRES, ROBERT DE.

Just. Itin. 1189.

In 31 Henry H., 1185, Richard, Archdeacon of Coventry,
and Robert de Hardres, were the custodes of the sec of
Coventry, then vacant.'' The latter appears to have been,
about that time, possessed of property at Hadlcigh in
Suffolk.^ He was one of the justices itinerant in the county
of Lincoln in 1 Richard I., 1189-90 ^ his pleas being re-
corded in the roll of that year : and again, in the eighth year
of that reign, 1196-7, he, with his associates, fixed the tal-
lage in the same county.^

He held the prebend of Lochton, in the church of Lincoln,
and died about 9 John, when his cjinonry was presented to
William of Ely, the Treasurer.^

He derived his name from Hardres, a parish near Can-

' Madox's Exch. i. 25. * Dugdale's Chion. Scries.

' Dugdale's Monast. (1846), vi. 437.

* Madox's Exch. i. 309. * Ibid. i. IIG.

« Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., G9. ' Madox's Exch. i. 704.

» Rot. Tat. 9 John, 73.

VOL. I. C C

386 ROBERT DE INGLESHAM. Rich. I.

terbury ; and was no doubt a branch of the family who held
the manor there under the Earls of Clare. They assumed
the name about 1180, and several of them held a high po-
sition during the following reigns. One of their descendants
was sheriff of the county in the reign of Elizabeth ; and
another was created a baronet by Charles I., in 1642. The
title, however, became extinct in the early part of the reign
of George III.^

HEREFORD, Archdeacon of. See Ralph.
HEREFORD, Bishop of. See William de Vere.
HERIET, RICHARD DE.

Just. 1195.

See under the Reign of John.
HUSSEBURN, THOMAS DE.

Just. Itin. 1192. Just. 1194.

See under the Reigns of Henry II. and John.
HYDE, Abbot of. See John Suthill.

INGLESHAM, ROBERT DE, Archdeacon of
Gloucester.

Just. Itin. 1189.
See under the Reign of Henry II.

To the name of Robert de Inglesham the word " Magister "
is always prefixed; that title having, about this period,
begun to be adopted by the clerg}^, or those who were pro-
fessors of the canon and civil laws. In 31 Henry II., 1185,
he was one of the custodes of the bishoprick of Worcester,
which was at that time, with many others, in the hands of
the king ; his colleagues in this trust being John Fitz-Henry
and William, then Archdeacon of Gloucester.^ This William

» Hasted's Kent, fol., iii. 732. * Madox's Exch. i. 310.

1189—1199. JOSCELINE, ARCHDEACON OF CHICHESTER. 387

was raised to that bislioprick in the following year, when
Robert de Inglesham succeeded to the archdeaconry. He
is so described in a fine of 33 Henry II., 1187, when he was
one of the justiciers before whom it was levied ^ His pleas
also as a justice itinerant in Hampshire and Devonshire occur
in the roll of 1 Richard I., 1189-90.2

He died before 1197, that being the date given to his
successor in the archdeaconry.^

INSULA, GODFREY DE.

Just. 1199.
See under the Reiern of John.

JOSCELINE, Archdeacon of Chichester.

Just. 1189.
See under the Reign of Henry II.

JosCELiNE, Archdeacon of Chichester, was one of the cus-
todes of the bislioprick of Exeter in 31 Henry IL, 1185,
while it was in the king's hands.'* Two years afterwards, his
name occurs as a justice itinerant in company with Godfrey
de Luci and William le Yavasour, fixino^ the talla^je of the
counties of Lincoln and York^; and in that year also he
was present in the Curia Regis as one of the justices before
whom a fine was acknowledged.^ The continuance of his
judicial functions is shown by the roll of 1 Richard I., where
his pleas as a justice itinerant in various counties, liot only
for that but the preceding years, appear. '^ He probably died

' Pref. to Fines of Richard I. and John.

« Pipe Roll of 1 Richard I., 134. 202.

' Le Neve, 303.

* Madox's Exch. i. 310. ^ Ibid. i. G35. 713.

' Pref. to Fines of Richard I. and John.

' Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., 69. 132. 160. 174. 209. 235.

c c 2

388 EUSTACE DE LEDENHAM. Rich. I.

shortly afterwards, as the date of his successor in the arch-
deaconry is 1190.^

KINGESTON, HENRY DE.

Just. Itin. 1197.

KiNGESTON is a small town in Berkshire, and belonged in
the time of King Richard to Ralph Basset. In the ninth
year of that reign, 1197-8, it was tallaged with the rest of
the county by four justices itinerant, one of whom was
Henry de Kingeston ^ no doubt of the same place. His
name does not appear on any other occasion.

KUNILL, WILLIAM DE.

Just. 1195.

Mr. Hunter inserts William de Kunill among the justiciers
before whom fines were levied in 7 Richard I., 1195-6.^
As the name does not again occur, and as Dugdale does not
notice him, it is not unlikely that he was merely an officer
of the court who happened to be present.

KYME, SIMON DE.

Just. Itin. 1191.
See under the Reign of John.

LEDENHAM, EUSTACE DE.

Just. Itin. 1196.

Eustace de Ledenham is the third named of five justices
itinerant into Lincolnshire, fixing the tallage of that county
in 8 Richard I., 1196-7."* He was probably selected as

' Le Neve, 65. * Madox's Exch. i. 705.

3 Pref. to Fines of Richard I. and John. * Madox's Exch. i. 704.

1189—1199. WILLIAM DE LONGCHAMP. 389

having been sheriff two years before. His principal property-
was at Lange Ledenham, which after his death came into
the possession of Ranulph Fitz-Robert; but he had pre-
viously given some of his other lands in the same county
to the Master of the Temple.^

LINCOLN, Dean of. See Richard Fitz-Nigel.
LISIEUX, Archdeacon of. See John de Alencon.
LOCHES, Prior of. See Warine.
LONDON, Bishops of. See Richard Fitz-Nigel,
William de St. ]\L^ri^ Ecclesia.

LONGCHAMP, WILLIAM DE, Bishop of Ely.

Chancellor, 1189. Just. Angl. 1189.

William de Longchamp {de Longo Campo) was a Nor-
man by birth and of the lowest extraction, his grandfather
being little more than an agricultural labourer. The earliest
notice of him is in the employment of Geoffrey, the natural
son of King Henry ; afterwards he was taken into that of
Ivichard, while Earl of Poictiers.

In what capacity his earlier services were rendered is not
related ; but before Kichard's coronation as King of England,
and while he assumed the title of " Dominus Angliaj " only,
Longchamp had acquired such favour with his royal master
as to be appointed his chancellor ; and his name, with the
addition of " Cancellarius meusy'' appears on a charter granted
to Gerard de Camville, while the king was at Barfleur, in his
progress to this country to take possession of his crown. "^

He was confirmed in his office on liichard's coronation ;
and a charter granted to the abbey of Vaudey in Lincoln-
shire, only four days after that event ^ bears his official

' Rot. Claus. Jolin, i. 122. 'ilG. * Arch.Tol. xxvii. 112.

^ Dugdale's Monast. (1846), v. 401.

c c 3

fVJO WILLIAM DE LONGCIIAMP. Rich. L

authentication, with nearly twenty others between that date
and the departure of the king for Normandy in the following
December.

During this interval, he received still stronger proofs of
the king's confidence and favour. At the council of Pipe-
well, on Sej)tember 15, he was nominated to the see of Ely,
then vacant by the recent death of Geoffrey Ridel ; his con-
secration to which, however, did not take place till the last
day of the year. King Richard at the same council appointed
Hugh Pusar, Bishop of Durham, and William de Mande-
ville. Earl of Essex and Albemarle, to be chief justiciaries
and regents of the kingdom during his absence; but, the
earl dying in I^ovember, the king in the following month
named Longchamp in his place, assigning the rule of the
northern parts to the Bishop of Durham, and that of the
southern to the Bishop of Ely ; and at the same time as-
sociating with them as a council, Hugh Bardolf, William
Marshall, Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, and William Briwer.

The power which Longchamp thus acquired by holding two
such offices as chief justiciary and chancellor was still further
increased in the following June by Pope Clement appointing
him legate in England, Wales, and Ireland; a dignity for
which he is said to have paid the pontiff a fee of no less than
fifteen hundred marks.

After the king's departure on his progress to the Holy
Land, Longchamp, who had up to that period exhibited the
greatest prudence and humility, began to display an arrogant
and overbearing disposition. Without believing all the tales
which are related of him by monkish historians, with wliom
he was no favourite, It is certain that he assumed to himself
the whole authority, neglecting altogether the council ap-
pointed by the king, and superseding his coadjutor, the
Bishop of Durham, and actually casting him into prison till
he delivered up the castles in his portion of the kingdom.

1189—1199. WILLIAM DE LONGCUAMP. 391

He engrossed all the ecclesiastical patronage, and accumulated
vast sums by aj^propriating the rents of the vacant abbeys and
bishopricks to himself. He affected a royal state ; and the
sons of nobles not only waited on him at table, but were
happy to take his relations in marriage. He never travelled
without such an enormous attendance, that the churches and
monasteries where he was entertained were nearly ruined by
providing for him and liis retinue ; and if Benedictus Abbas
tells truly, the bishop required rather expensive delicacies at
his table. The people suffered severely from the taxes he
imposed on them for the supply of the absent king ; the
clergy were equally oppressed ; and the gentry and nobles,
besides being obliged to contribute, were disgusted with his
insolence and rapacity ; so that it was not long before all
classes were ready to welcome any opportunity to rid them-
selves of so tyrannous a ruler.

Earl John, the king's brother, was not backward in fo-
menting this dissatisfaction for the furtherance of his own
ambitious views ; and matters in a short time were brought to
a crisis.

Longchamp having ejected Gerard de Camville from the
sheriffalty of Lincolnshire, besieged the castle of Lincoln,
which the sheriff refused to surrender. Earl John, by sur-
prising the castles of Nottingham and Tickhil, obliged the
regent not only to raise the siege, but to enter into certain
conditions before he was allowed to resume the royal au-
thority. Not warned by this lesson, he persisted in his
violent career; and in September, 1191, seized the king's
natural brother, Geoffrey, Archbishop of York, at the altar
of St. Martin, at Dover, where he had taken refuge on his
arrival in England contrary to the king's prohibition. The
archbishop was dragged througli the streets and imprisoned
in the castle, whence he was not released until Longchamp,
finding that the popular indignation could not be resisted,

c c 4

392 WILLIAM DE LONGCHAMP. Rich. L

at the end of eight days allowed him to depart. An assembly
of the bishops and barons, at which the archbishop and Earl
John attended, was immediately afterwards held at Reading,
where a letter from King Richard, which some writers con-
sider to have been forged, was read, appointing the Archbishop
of Rouen at the head of a council of regency. Longchamp,
after an ineffectual attempt at resistance, was eventually,
at a council held in St. Paul's Churchyard, on October 10,
1191, condemned to resign his offices to the Archbishop of
Rouen, and, fearful of personal consequences, deemed it ad-
visable to quit the kingdom. For this purpose he proceeded
to Dover, and, disguising himself in female attire, waited on
the beach for the arrival of the boat that was to convey him
to Calais. His awkward gait, however, and his total inability
to speak the English language, caused his discovery before
his escape was eiFected ; and he was obliged to be taken to
the prison of the town to save him from the insults of the
populace. After some time he was permitted to depart, when
he proceeded to Normandy. Here he fulminated sentence of
excommunication against his adversaries, and among them,
against " Master Benet, who presumed to hold the great seal
contrary to the ordinances of the king and the kingdom, and
his own prohibition." It would thus appear, therefore, that
on his discharge the office of keeper of the seal was entrusted
to this Master Benet. He afterwards ventured over to
Dover, and opened a negotiation with Earl John for the re-
storation of his powers, but without effect ; and he was com-
pelled again to depart.

Longchamp, on hearing of the detention of King Richard,
was the first to discover his prison, and to assist in his re-
storation to liberty. The bearer of the royal order to the
council of regency for raising the tax for his redemption, he
rested in his journey at the abbey of St. Edmund's Bury ;
where Abbot Samson would not permit mass to be sung

1189—1199. WILLIAM DE LONGCIIAMP. 393

before him until the sentence of excommunication issued by
the Bishop of London against him had been removed.

On Kichard's release, although Longchamp was not restored
to the chief justiciary ship, he was continued in the office
of chancellor. He signed in that character the treaty of
peace between England and France in July, 1198^; and
several charters in the following year were authenticated by
him. In the latter year, 5 Richard I., he was also present
at Winchester when a fine was levied before the king himself.^
There is nothing to show that he did not continue chancellor
till the day of his death.

He held the sheriffiilty of Essex and Hertfordshire in
1196^; and at the latter part of that year, he and Philip,
Bishop of Durham, were sent to Kome to induce the supreme
pontiff to remove the interdict which the Archbishop of
Kouen had pronounced against all Normandy. He, however,
never reached his destination ; for, falling sick on the journey,
he died at Poictiers on January 31, 1197; and was buried
in the Cistercian monastery of Pina.

It is difficult, amid the conflicting opinions of historians, to
form a just estimate of the character of this prelate. While
some denounce him as a monster of impiety, and charge him
with pride, lust, arrogance, and tyranny, others describe him
as loved of God and of men, wise, amiable, generous, benign,
and meek ; and their relation of the incidents of his life are
coloured accordingly. That he was too much elated with his
prosperity, and exercised his office Avith too free a hand,
cannot, however, be denied ; but, recollecting the difficulties
of his position, and the ambitious and treasonable designs of
Earl John, it would be unjust entirely to condemn him ; the
more especially as the countenance he subsequently received

' Rymer's Fcedera (1816), i. 61. • Fines of Richard I. and John.

3 Fuller's Worthies.

394

GODFREY DE LUCI.

Rich. I.

from King Kicliard tends to show that the complaints against
him were greatly exaggerated.

Among the acts recorded of him are his surrounding the
Tower of London with a strong wall, and his attempt to
encircle it with the waters of the Thames. His encourage-
ment of bards and minstrels is spoken of with praise by his
admirers; while he is represented by his enemies as intro-
ducing them for the mere purpose of extolling his own
actions.^

LUCI, GODFREY DE, Akciideacon of Derby,
Bishop of Wixchestek.

Just. 1189.
See undev the Reign of Plenry II.

Godfrey de Luci, son of Richard de Luci, the chief
justiciary, completed the abbey of Lesnes, in Erith, Kent,
which his father had founded, and became a canon-regular
there. He was appointed one of King Henry's chaplains,
and from canonries in St. Paul's, Lincoln, and York, was
advanced to the deanery of St. Martin's, in London^; and
afterwards to the archdeaconries of Derby and the East
Biding of York. On September 15, 1189, 1 Kichard I., he
was elected Bishop of Winchester at Pipewell, and presided
over that see for fifteen years.^

It may be presumed that, previous to his father's retire-
ment from public life, he had shown himself a useful man,
and conversant with the laws of the country, since, in the
year in which that event occurred, 1179, 25 Henry IL, he

^ Godwin de Prsesul. 251.; Stow, 41.; Madox's Exch. i. 22. 34. &c. ;
Andrews's Great Britain, i. 247. ; Angl. Sac. i. 478. 632. ; Lingaid, iii.
333—340; Richard of Devizes, 6—59.

^ Angl. Sac. i. 302. ^ Le Neve, 135. 285 326.

1189—1199. GODFREY DE LUCI. 395

was named by the council held at Windsor, on the division
of the kingdom into four parts for the administration of
justice, at the head of the six justiciers to whom the northern
counties were appropriated, and who, besides, were specially
appointed to sit in the Curia Regis to hear the complaints of
the people.^ From this time to the end of that reign, he
regularly acted as a justiciary, not only in the king's court at
Westminster, but on the itinera in various counties ; and his
pleas in that character appear as late as 1 Riohard I., the
year in which he was raised to the bishoprick.^

Ricliard of Devizes says, that on obtaining the see of Win-
chester, he secretly paid to the king a sum of 3000Z., part of
which he borrowed from the treasury of his chiu'ch ; re-
paying it, however, in less than three years. For this bribe,
or fine, he obtained the restoration of certaia manors which
had been taken away from the diocese, and was made custos
of the county of Hants, and of the castles of Winchester and
Porchester. But tlie latter, on the king's departure, were
seized by the chancellor, William de Longchamp, Bishop of
Ely ; nor were they restored till that prelate was removed
from the regency of the kingdom.

During the last four years of Richard's reign. Bishop God-
frey was much engaged in his judicial duties ; his name
appearing frequently on the fines levied both at AVcstminster
and on the circuits.'^ His death occurred on September 4,
1 204 ; and his character was that of an amiable, discreet, and
kind-hearted man.'^

' Dugdale's Chron. Series.

« Ibid.; Madox's Exch. i. 113. 137. 213. 635. 737., ii. H6\ ; IMpt? Uoll,
1 Richard I., 18.62. 80. 138. 181. 241.
* Fines of Richard I. and John.
^ Ricliard of Devizes, 10, 11, 39. 54. ; Godwin de Prajsul. 217

396 ROGER MALUS CATULUS. Rich. I.

MALUS CATULUS, ROGER.

Vice-Chancellor, 1191.

Master Koger Malus Catulus was one of the chaplains
of Richard I., and is mentioned by Hoveden as his vice-
chancellor in 1191, the second year of the reign. He ac-
companied the king on his voyage to the Holy Land, and
two charters given under his hand are extant, dated on
March 27 and April 3, in that year, at Messina; the former
being a grant of privileges to the men of Rye and Winchel-
sea, and the latter a confirmation to the abbey of Stanley, in
Wiltshire, of a gift of land made to it by Ralph Fitz- Stephen.^
In both he is called " clericus noster," with no notice of his
office of vice-chancellor. In the lamentable shipwreck which
occurred in the following May off the island of Cyprus, he
was drowned ; and the king's seal, which is stated to have
been suspended round his neck, was lost with him. Richard
converted this accident into an expedient to raise money, by
proclaiming that no grants under it shoidd be deemed valid,
and thus compelling the holders of them to pay the fines a
second time, for a confirmation under the new seal.^

Burke, in his " Dictionary of Landed Gentry," makes him
the great-grandson of Halthe Malus Catulus, son of " Catulus
de Castro Catulino," in Westmoreland, and younger son of
William Malchael, or Malus Catulus, of Crackenthorpe.
The present family of Machell of Beverley trace their
descent from his elder brother John. It is stated that in
many of the early documents of this family the name is
written Malus Catulus within the deed, and Machell on the
seal of the same parchment.^

* Rymer's Feed. i. 53. ; Dugdale's Monast. (1846), v. 5G5.

* Madox's Exch. i. 77.

^ 13urki;'s Landed Gentry, nom. Machell.

1189—1199. WILLIAM DE MANDEVILLE. 397

MANDEVILLE, WILLIAM DE, Earl of Albemarle

AND Essex.

Just. Angl. 1189.

William de Mandeville was the brother of Geoffrey,
Earl of Essex, already noticed as a justice itinerant in the
reign of Henry 11.^ ; on whose death without issue, in 1167,
he succeeded to that title. He had spent the chief part of
his youth with Philip, Earl of Flanders, from whom he re-
ceived the honor of knighthood, and whom he afterwards
assisted in his wars with the French king. On his attaining
the earldom, he was welcomed with distinction by King
Henry, whom he accompanied into France in 1173, as one
of the generals of his army ; and was not only marked for his
military prowess, but was entrusted by his sovereign with
many businesses of nicety and confidence.

In 1177, he joined his patron, the Earl of Flanders, in his
expedition to the Holy Land ; and after spending two years
there with no diminution of his fame, he returned to
England in 1179; distributing divers precious relics which
he had collected among several churches, of which his abbey
of Walden received a large share. In the following year the
king gave him a valuable proof of his favour by bestowing
on him the hand of Hawise, the only daughter and heiress of
William le Gros, Earl of Albemarle, recently deceased ;
together with the property and the earldom, by which title
he was afterwards usually known. During the remainder of
the reign, besides being sent on an embassy to the emperor,
he was employed in the various wars in France, both for
King Henry and the Earl of Flanders : and the French king
had good cause to regret that the one had so powerful an
ally, and the other so valiant a general.

• See ante, p. 273.

398 WILLIAM DE MANDEVILLE. Rich. I.

On Henry's death, the merits of the earl were not over-
looked by his successor, who shewed his favour by appointing
him to bear the crown on his coronation. When Ranulph
de Glanville retired shortly afterwards from the chief jus-
ticiaryship, in order to proceed to the Holy Land, King
Richard appointed the earl to that important office, in con-
junction with Hugh Pusar, the aged Bishop of Durham^:
and there is no doubt that his inducement to place such an
important trust in his hands, which was no less than the
actual government of the realm during his absence on the
crusade, was a just appreciation of his worth, and the high
confidence he placed in him ; inasmuch as it is nowhere
recorded that he demanded, as he did of his weak associate,
any pecuniary consideration for the honor. This appoint-
ment was made at the council of Pipe well, on September 15,
1189 ; but he was not destined long to enjoy the dignity of
his new office, for two months afterwards he died at Rouen
in Normandy, before Richard had commenced his progress.

Dugdale gives an account of his works of devotional bene-
volence to various houses, and of his sole foundation of the
monastery at Stoneley, in Huntingdonshire. But he adds a
blundering statement of his marriage with a second wife.
Christian, daughter to Robert, Lord Fitz- Walter ; who, he
says, survived him, and afterwards married Raymond de
Burgh : having, in a previous page, stated that his wife
Hawise, after Ms death, married William de Fortibus, who,
as her first husband died childless, became earl of Albemarle
in her right. The earldom of Essex was obtained by
Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, who had married the granddaughter of
the first Earl Geoffrey's sister, Beatrix, the wife of William
de Say.2

' Dugdale's Chron. Series.

2 Dugdale's Baronage, i. 63. 204. ; Lord Lyttelton's Henry II., ill. 399.
44]. 449

1189—1199. WILLIAM MARESCHALL. 399

MARESCHALL, WILLIAM, afterwards Earl op
Pembroke.

Just. 1189.

William Mareschall holds a prominent place in history.
He flourished in four reigns, during three of which he was
high in the royal confidence, and acted with unshaken loyalty.
He was the grandson of Gilbert, and the second son of John,
who held the office of marshal of the court (magistratum
marisc. curite nostra)) ; the former under Henry I., and the
latter under Henry 11.^ By the death of his elder brother,
also named John, without issue, at the end of Richard the
First's reign, William became possessed of the family pro-
perty, and succeeded to the office of marshal, which was
confirmed to him in 1 Joim.^

He is first mentioned in 28 Henry II. as the friend of
that king's eldest son, Henry, who, lamenting on his early
death-bed over his rebellious conduct towards his father, se-
lected William Mareschall to bear his cross to Jerusalem as
a testimony of his repentance.

That he was a fiivourite also with King Henry's successor,
appears by his being surety for King Richard in the be-
ginning of his reign, that he w^ould meet the king of France
at Easter to proceed to the Holy Land^, and by his being the
first named of the council then appointed to assist the chief
justiciary in governing the kingdom during the king's
absence on that enterprise.'' Richard's letters on hearing the
complaints against William de Longchamp, Bishop of Ely, were
directed to him and the other members.'' He was at that
time (as indeed was each of these councillors) one of the

» Dugdale's Baronage, i. 599. , ' Rot. Chart. 46, 47.

' Roger de Wendover, iii. 12. * Madox's Exch. i. 34.

^ Roger de Weiidover, Iii. 49.

400 WILLIAM MAKESCHALL. Rich. I.

justiciers; having been no doubt^ as a younger brother,
brought up to the profession of the law ; which is further
shown by his being exempted, in the next year, from a pay-
ment " per libertatem sedendi ad Scaccarium," ^ and by fines
having been levied before him in 5 and 10 Kichard I.^

King Richard, however, showed him a greater mark of
favour by giving him in marriage Isabella, daughter and heir
of Richard Strongbow, Earl of Pembroke, or, as it was
sometimes called, Striguil (Chepstow), where the chief resi-
dence was; by which he not only acquired the title, but
became possessed of all the large inheritance of the late Earl,
both in England and Ireland. The lands of Earl Giffard,
part of this inheritance, were divided between him and
Richard de Clare, Earl of Hertford ; he having the chief
seat in Normandy, and Earl Richard that in England. For
his moiety he paid a fine of two thousand marks to the king.
He is frequently spoken of in Richard's reign without the
title, which was not fully confirmed to him till 1 John, when,
on the day (^f the coronation, he was first invested with the
sword of earldom.^ He, however, as earl, bore one of the
royal sceptres at the coronation of King Richard, and his
name, with the title, appears as witness to a charter granted
at Rouen in 8 Richard I.'' He held the sheriffalties of
Lincoln and of Sussex during part of this reign.

On the death of Richard I., John, being then in Normandy,
sent William Mareschall to England with Hubert, Arch-
bishop of Canterbury, to j^ave the way for him : when they
and Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, the chief justiciary, called together
the nobles and others at Northampton, and induced them to
to promise him their oaths of fealty.^ During that turbulent
reign he was a strenuous supporter of his sovereign; and,

' Madox's Exch. ii. 20. ^ Preface to Fines of Ilichardl. andjohn.

3 Seidell's Titles of Honor, 677. '' Madox's Exch. i. 29.

^ Roger de Wendover, iii. 137.

1189—1199. WILLIAM MARESCIIALL. 401

from his beinff witness to charters and other documents from
the beorinnino: to the end of it, seems to have been in con-
stant attendance on the king, except when engaged in the
active services confided to him. In 1201 he was with the
king in Normandy, and in 1209 in Ireland, where he was
left as Lord Deputy ; and in 1214 he was one of those bound
for the king to make compensation to the clergy, and acted
for him in the council held at London, becoming surety, with
the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of Ely, that
the king would satisfy the barons. In the following April
he was sent to the barons to know what were the laws and
liberties they asked for, and was afterwards the messenger to
announce the king's readiness to comply with their demands.
He was accordingly present at the great day of Runnymead,
when Magna Charta was signed.^

During John's reign he was entrusted with the sheriffal-
ties of Gloucestershire, Sussex, and Surrey ; and with the
custody of the castles of Carmarthen, Cardigan, and Goher.
The king was not deficient in generosity to him, rewarding
him with grants of Goderich Castle in Herefordshire ; of all
the lands of William Martell in Somersetshire, and of the
whole province of Leinster, besides several others of minor
importance. The great roll of 16 John contains a singular
example of the mode in which royal influence was purchased
and exercised : Roger Fitz-Nicholas fined in all the lampreys
he could get to have the king's request to Earl William
Mareschall, that he would grant him the manor of Lange-
ford, at ferm.^

In 1212, 14 John, Prince Henry had been specially com-
mitted to his care ; the patent roll containing a mandate to
him to do fealty to the young prince, saving his fealty to the
king.^ On this accoimt, as well as from his high character

' Roger rle Wendover, '283. 290. '298. SOl, yO'2.

» Madox's Exch. i. 481. ' Hot. Tat. 95.

VOL. I. D D

402 WILLIAM MARESCIIALL. RiCH. L

for wisdom and valour, he was at John's death once appointed
*' Rector regis et regni," and lost no time in procuring
Henry's coronation at Gloucester, where he then was. All
the first mandates issued in the king's name were sealed with
the earl's seal, because the king then had none.

Dugdale inserts his name as chief justiciary at the be-
ginning of this reign ; but this is a mistake. He held the
higher rank of guardian of the royal person and regent of the
kingdom ; while the office of chief justiciary, which had
gradually lost much of the power originally attached to it,
was manifestly filled by Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Essex, as
it had been during the last years of the reign of John.

No person could have been chosen more competent to
contend with the critical position in which the affairs of the
kingdom were then placed. By the skill of his arrangements
and the activity of his movements, he defeated the invading
Prince, intercepted and destroyed the French fleet sent to
his aid, and compelled him to sue for peace and abandon his
enterprise ; by his moderation he induced most of the dis-
contented barons to submit to the royal authority ; and by
his energy in punishing those few who still resisted, he com-
pelled the respect that was due to the sovereign power, and in
less than two years restored to the kingdom, which had so long
suffered from civil contentions, the blessing of internal peace.

One of his first acts was to confirm the great charter of
John; introducing some improvements and omitting those
clauses which either the death of the late king had rendered
unnecessary, or which trenched too deeply on the royal pre-
rogative.

Unfortunately for his country and his sovereign, this great
man, who had emancipated the realm from a foreign yoke
and was proceeding to secure its liberties and laws, did not
long survive to enjoy the fruits of his exertions. He died
in 1219, 3 Henry III., at his manor of Caversham near

1189—1199. WILLIAM MARESCHALL. 403

Keading, and was buried on March 16, Ascension-day, in
the church of the 'Sew Temple, in London, with these lines
for his epitaph : —

" Sum, quern Saturnum sibi sensit Hibernia; Soletn
Anglia; Mercurium Normannia; Gallia Mar tem."

His pious benefactions were numerous and munificent.
He founded the priory of Cartmel, in Lancashire, where
King Kichard had given him lands ; of Kilrush in Ireland,
as a cell to Cartmel ; of St. Augustine at Kilkenny ; and
for knights hospitallers at Logh-Garmon, in Wexford : be-
sides many rich donations to other houses.

Dugdale gives him a second wife in Alice, the daughter of
Baldwin de Betun, Earl of Albemarle in 5 John, an asser-
tion which he also makes in his account of the latter earl.^
He, however, contradicts himself in a following page by
stating that an abbey which he had commenced for Cistercian
monks in the land of Dowysken, in Ireland, was completed
by his wife Isabel, according to the appointment of his will.
The roll which Dugdale quotes shows his carelessness, and
proves that Alice de Betun's husband was not the Earl, but
William, his son.^

He left five sons, WilHam, Richard, Gilbert, Walter, and
Anselm ; all as brave, but some not so loyal, as himself. They
successively held the earldom, but dying all without issue,
the last in December, 1246, 30 Henry HI., the inheritance
descended among the heirs of his five daughters: Matilda,
the wife of Hugh Bigot, Earl of Norfolk, and afterwards of
John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey ; Joanna, the wife of
Warine de Montchensy ; Isabella, the wife of Gilbert de
Clare, Earl of Gloucester, and afterwards of Richard, Earl
of Cornwall ; Sibyll, the wife of William do Ferrers, Earl of
Derby ; and Eva, the wife of William de Brahuse.^

' Dugdale's Baronage, i. 63. GOl. ' Rot. Chart. 112.

3 N. Trlveti Annales, 205.

D D 2

404 RALPH MURDAC. Rich. I.

MARMION, ROBERT.

Just. 1189.
See under the Reigns of Henry II. and John.

MURDAC, RALPH.

Just. 1189.
See under the Reign of Henry II.

Ralph Murdac's name appears as one of those present in
the Exchequer on an acknowledgment relative to some land
being made there in 30 Henry II., 1184, immediately
following that of Hugh Murdac, noticed in the last reign ^ ;
and it is evident that he acted as a justice itinerant in some
of the subsequent years of that reign, the arrears of the debts
arising on his pleas appearing on the roll of 1 Richard I.,
1189-90. The same roll contains proof that he held a high
place among the justices itinerant of that year also, in no less
than ten counties.^

The sheriffalty of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire was
entrusted to him from 27 Henry I. to 1 Richard I.^ In the
latter reio-n he seems to have contributed some fine to the
royal coffers " pro habendo amore Regis Ricardi ; " an arrear
of 501. 6s. Sd. being charged on that account at so late a date
as the roll of 11 John, in the county of Oxford."* He,
however, died about 1 John, and the custody of his land and
heir was given to William Briwer.*

NORFOLK, Earl of. See Roger Bigot.
NORTHAMPTON, HENRY DE.

Jusx. Itin. 1189.
See under the Reign of John.

' Madox's Exch. i. 215.

' Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., 35. 45. 69. 103. 122. 160. 194.

3 Fuller's Worthies. * Madox's Exch. i. 474.

' Rot. de Liberate, 3 John. 13.

1189—1199. HERBERT PAUPER. 405

PANTULF, HUGH.

Just. Itin. 1189.

Hugh Pantulf was the second son of Hugh, the grandson
of William Pantulf, a renowned Norman knight, who, be-
sides large possessions in Normandy, is recorded in Domesday
Book as holding twenty-nine lordships in Shropshire, of
which Wemme was the chief. This Hugh held the sheriff-
alty of that county from 26 Henry II., 1180, to 1 Richard I.,
1189-90^; and in the latter year he travelled the counties
of Salop, Gloucester, and Stafford as one of the justices
itinerant.^

He must have lived to a good old age, since it was not till
9 Henry III., 1224-5, that his son William, being charged
with 100/. relief as a baron, for the land which his father
held of the king in capite, was excused on showing that
he held on that tenure only five knights' fees of the land late
of Robert de Belesme ; and his fine was accordingly reduced
to 25/. thereon.^ This William was also a justice itinerant
in the reign of Henry III.''

PATESHULL, SIMON DE.

Just. Itin. 1194.
See under the Reign of John.

PAUPER, HERBERT, Bishop of Salisbury.

Just. 1194,

Herbert, sumamed Pauper, enjoyed the Archdeaconry of
Canterbury in 1175, and in 1185 and the following years he
was one of the custodes of the see of Salisbury during its

' Fuller's Worthies.

» Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., 91. 95. 168. 248.

' Madox's Exch. i. fJ18. * Dugdale's Baronage, i. 434.

D D 3

406

RICHAKD DE PEC.

Rich. I.

vacancy ^ which lasted till 1188. Hubert Walter was then
appointed bishop, on whose subsequent elevation to Canter-
bury, the bishoprick of Salisbury was given to Herbert, who
was elected in May, 1194, 5 Richard I. From that time
he acted regularly as a just icier in the Curia Regis, his name
appearing to several fines from the sixth to the ninth year of
the reign inclusive.^ In that of John he is not mentioned in
that character ; and nothing memorable is recorded of him
during the remainder of his life, which terminated on May 9,
1217. He was buried at Wilton.^

PEC, RICHARD DE.

Just. Itin. 1195.
See under the Reign of Henry II.

Whether this Richard de Pec, or Pech, was connected
with his namesake, about this time Bishop of Coventry, or
with the Peches, who were then Barons of Brunne, in
Cambridgeshire, I do not know. He was among the justices
itinerant selected by the king when the council of Windsor,
in 1179, 25 Henry II., divided the kingdom into four cir-
cuits.'^ In 27 Henry 11. he was sent with the constable of
Chester to Ireland, to take away the government from Hugh
de Lacy, who had offended the king by marrying a daughter
of Roderick, King of Connaught.^

In 3 Richard I. he had the custody of the castle of
Bolsover, and a payment to him of 40/. on that account is
recorded on the roll.^ He appears again in the capacity of

J Madox's Exch. i. 311. 634.

2 Pref. to Fines of Richard I. and John.

^ Godwin de PrEesul. 342. ; Le Neve, 11. 257.

* Dugdale's Chron. Series; Madox's Exch. i. 137.

^ Lord Lyttelton's Henry II., iii. 351.

» Madox's Exch. ii. 220.

1189—1199. HUGH PEVERELL. 407

a justice itinerant in 7 Richard I., 1195-6, fixing the tallage
in Gloucestershire.^

He married Matilda, the widow of Robert Grimbald
(mentioned under the reign of Henry II.), and daughter and
heir of Paganus de Hocton ^, and his property was situate in
the counties of Cambridge, Huntingdon, and Lincoln.^

PEIVIBROKE, Earl^ of. See William Mareschall.

PEVERELL, HUGH.

Just. 1194.

The name of Hugh Peverell appears on a fine of 6 Richard I.,
1194-5, as one of the justiciers before whom it was levied at
Westminster ^ ; and in 8 Richard I. he was at the head of
the justices itinerant who fixed the tallage in the counties of
Essex and Hertford.^

That he held a distinct official appointment in the Exche-
quer appears from the following entries on the rolls. In
5 Richard I. an allowance is made to Thomas his clerk of
two marks and a half for a horse to carry to Gloucester the
rolls and summonses which Hugh Peverell and he had
written ; and in 8 Richard I., Thomas was allowed two
shillings and sixpence as his clerk for six days employed in
writing the summonses for the aids, hydages, and tallages
over England.^

He was probably a scion of the noble house of Peverell,
which commenced in the person of Ranulph Peverell, who
married a concubine of William the Conqueror; and was
perhaps that Hugh Peverell who, in John's reign, was seated

' Madox's Exch. i. 704. * Dugdale's Monast. vi. 423 n.

3 Madox's Exch. i. 591. ; Rot. Canccll. 3 John, 172.

* Pref. to Fines of Richard I. and John.

» Madox's Exch. i. 704. « Ibid. ii. 274, 275.

D D 4

408

PHILIP OF POICTIERS.

Rich. I.

at Sanford in Devonshire ' ; or the Hugh Peverell of Er-
mington, in the same county, whose lands were forfeited for
his adherence to the barons, but afterwards restored on his
submission to King Henry III.^; or more probably the father
of one of them. Both of them in the eleventh year of the
hitter reign were appointed justices in Devonshire to take a
particular assize of novel disseisin ^, but were not at that
time regular justiciers nor justices itinerant.

POICTIERS, PHILIP OF, Bishop of Durham.

Just. 1198.

Philip of Poictiers was a confidential servant of King
Richard, and was employed by him as his clerk or chaplain
in the expedition to Palestine. After the truce with Saladin
was made, he was one of the few whom the king selected as
his companions on his return. Soon after Richard's re-
demption, he was rewarded with the bishoprick of Durham,
to which he was elected in December, 1195. He was not
consecrated, however, till May 12, 1197, when that cere-
mony was performed by Pope Celestine at Rome, whither
he had been sent with William de Longchamp, Bishop of
Ely (who died during the journey), in order to procure the
pontiff's interference in removing the interdict which Walter
de Constantiis, tlie Archbishop of Rouen, had laid on Nor-
mandy. His representations succeeded in inducing the pope
to promote an agreement between the king and the arch-
bishop, and in restoring the afflicted duchy to the rites of the
church.

On his return to England, he took his place as a just icier
in the Curia Regis, having probably been educated to the

Rot. Claus. 16 John, i. 200.
Ibid, ii, 163.

Ibid. i. 283. 307.

1189—1199. HUGH PUSAR, BISHOP OF DURHAM. 409

legal profession, aud filled some office in the court before he
was selected as clerk to the king. His name appears to fines
levied at Westminster in 10 Richard I., 1198-9 ^ but in no
subsequent year.

He undertook a pilgrimage to Compostella in 1200; and
on his return home the next year he borrowed two hundred
marks from the king, for which he accounted on the roll of
3 John. 2 He is stated to have been one of the chief advisers
of that monarch in disregarding the pope's anathemas ; which
seems little to accord with the above act of devotion, or with
his having fined a thousand pounds the year before his death
for having the king's good will.^ The statement, however,
whether true or false, drew the papal thunder on his own
head, and the sentence of excommunication was pronounced
against him. As this was not removed before his death,
which occurred in 1208, his body was buried outside the
church, without the performance of any funeral rites.'*

POTERNA, JAMES DE.

Just. 1198.

See under the Reigns of John and Plenry III.
PUSAR, HUGH, Bishop of Durham.

Just. Angl. 1189. Just. 1193.

Hugh Pusar, or Pudsey (de Puteaco), was the son of a
sister of King Stephen, in whose reign he became treasurer
of York, archdeacon of Winchester, and ultimately bishop of
Durham.^ To this last dignity he was elected on January 22,
1153, but was refused consecration by the archbishop of

' Pref. to Fines of Richard I. and John.

« Rot. Cancell. 3 John. " Madox's Exch. i. 408.

* Godwin de Prassul. 738. ; Rog. de Wcndover, iii. 66. 118. 220. 237.

« Le Neve, 289. 319. 347.

410 HUGH PUSAII, BISHOP OF DURHAM. Rich. I.

York, as well because of his age, which did not exceed
twenty-five years, as on account of the irregularity of his life,
evidenced by his having three illegitimate sons by as many
mothers. The pope, to whom he applied, listened to the
representations of the archbishop : but the death of both put
an end to the objections, and the new bishop obtained conse-
cration from the succeeding pontiff, on December 20, 1153.
His conduct in his see was correct and praiseworthy, and his
memory will last while the beautiful building called the
Galilee, which he added to the cathedral, exists. His mu-
nificence was not confined to the erection of this splendid
structure, but extended throughout his diocese in many
useful and pious works. Among others, he built the church
at Darlington, and the great mansion there; he founded a
priory at Finchley ; and two hospitals, one at Sherborne,
near Durham, and the other at Allerton ; and by purchase
from King Kichard, he restored the manor of Sadburgh to his
church. He was present at the council of Tours in 1163,
and at that of Lateran in 1179.

In the early part of his career he mixed little in politics ;
but in 1170 he assisted at the coronation of Prince Henry,
the son of Henry II. ; an act which, at the instigation of
Becket, occasioned his temporary suspension by Pope
Alexander from his episcopal duties. When this young
prince and his brothers rebelled against their father, in 1173,
the bishop found himself suspected of adhering to their party,
and deemed it prudent to deliver into the king's hands his
castles of Durham, Norham, and Alverton. The latter was
totally destroyed, but the two former were some time after
restored to the prelate, on the payment of a fine of two
thousand marks : while the king, as a proof of his re-
covered favour, granted to his son Henry the royal manor
of Wickton. A few years afterwards he got into a new dis-
grace with King Henry by a somewhat pert answer he sent

1189—1199. HUGH PUSAR, BISHOP OF DURHAM. 411

to him. Roger, Archbishop of York, had made a verbal
will, which Henry declared to be invalid, and demanded of
Pusar, who was one of the executors, the restoration of three
hundred marks, which he had received of the property. The
bishop replied that he had distributed them, as directed by
the deceased, among the poor, the blind, and the lame, from
whom he could hot collect them again. Henry resented this
by depriving him of his palace at Durham till the money was
returned. The bishop, however, was employed by the king
in 1188, in collecting in Scotland the disme he had imposed
for his purposed expedition to the Holy Land.

On his attaining the bishoprick of Durham, Godric, a pious
hermit, had foretold to him that for seven years before his
death he would be afflicted with blindness. When he was
dying, without having suffered this calamity, he referred to
it as a false prophecy : but his biographers have applied the
prediction to the loss, not of his ocular, but of his mental
vision, and discover its fulfilment in the follies of his last
years. When Richard succeeded to the throne, and, for the
purpose of raising funds to carry on the Holy War, exposed
offices, honours, and estates to sale, the bishop, urged by
ambitious promptings, was induced to give a large sum for
the enjoyment, during the short remains of his life, of the
earldom of Northumberland. Even the king, though bene-
fiting by the infatuation, could not refrain from a sneer ;
remarking at his investiture upon his cleverness in thus being
able to make a young earl out of an old bishop. At the
same time, and for a further consideration, he appointed him,
in conjunction with William, Earl of Albemarle, chief jus-
ticiary of the kingdom : associating with them five others as
a council for the government of the realm during his ab-
sence.^ The earl of Albemarle, however, dying two months

' Dugdale's Chron. Series; Madox's Exch. i. 21. 34.

412

HUGH PUSAR, BISHOP OF DURHAM.

Rich. I.

afterwards, and before the king's departure, the chancellor,
William de Longchamp, Bishop of Ely, was named in his stead.
The councillors first mentioned were William Mareschall,
Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, William Briwer, Robert de Witefeld,
and Roger Fitz-Reinfrid ; but on the second appointment,
Hugh Bardolf was substituted for the two last. The
government of England, north of the Trent, was entrusted
to the bishop of Durham ; while the bishop of Ely's authority
was Ihnited to the south of that river. As might naturally
be expected, however, the sole power was soon usurped by
the latter, who, not content with this, deprived his weak
coadjutor of his newly-acquired earldom, and seized his per-
son till he gave hostages for the delivery of the king's castles
committed to his charge. The king's commands for his
reinstatement were disregarded, nor were the castles restored
to him till the fall of the arrogant chancellor. Pusar was
not, however, replaced in the office of chief justiciary, which
was then given to Walter, Archbishop of Rouen.

On the roll of 1 Richard I. the bishop's pleas appear in the
counties of York, Cumberland, and Northumberland \ which
were all within his district ; and he was one of the justiciers
before whom a fine was levied in 5 Richard I.^, being the
year in which the king returned from his captivity. In the
next year, March 3, 1 1 95, he died ; having presided over his
see above forty-two years.

One of his sons was Archdeacon of Durham.^

" Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., 84. 139. 243.
^ Pref. to Fines of Richard I. and John.

3 Godwin de Prassul. 735. ; Lord Lyttelton's Henry II., iii. 152. 290. 363.
Richard of Devizes, 8. 11. 39. ; Roger de Wendover, ii. 298., iii. 9 — 15.

1189—1199. RANULPH, TREASI.tRER OF SALISBURY. 413

RALPH, Archdeacon of Colchester.

Just. 1189.
See under the Reign of Henry II.

Ralph, Archdeacon of Colchester, was one of the justlclers
in the latter part of the reign of Henry II. He was present
when fines were levied in the Curia Regis at Canterbury, in
the thirty-third year, 1187, and at Oxford in the thirty-fifth.^
The pipe roll of 1 Richard I. records his pleas in various
counties, some of which are for that and some for previous
years. In that roll also he and Richard, Archdeacon of
Coventry, account for the proceeds of the bishoprick of
London, of which they were the custodes while it was in the
king's hands. ^ He died in 1190.^

RALPH, Archdeacon of Hereford.

Just. 1195.
See under the Reign of Henry II.

Le Neve says that he thinks that the surname of Ralph,
who was Archdeacon of Hereford at this time, was Foliot,
and that he held that dignity as early as 1163 and as late as
1197.'* He appears to have been a justicier for several of
the latter years, inasmuch as fines were acknowledged be-
fore him in 33 Henry II., 1188 ; and from the 7th to the
9th years of Richard L, 1195-7.^

RANULPH, Treasurer of Salisbury.

Just. Itin. 1198.

Ranulph succeeded to the treasurership of the church of
Salisbury when his predecessor Savaricus Fitz-Geldelin was

' Pref. to Fines of Richard I. and John.

» Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I. and John, 11. 25.34. 109. 119. 191 209. 236.

3 Le Neve, 195. * Ibid. 118.

* Fines of Richard I. and John.

414 ROCELINE. Rich. I.

elected Bishop of Bath and Wells, in 1192.^ He acted as
a justice itinerant in 10 Richard I., 1198-9, making amerce-
ments in Essex and Hertfordshire, and fixing the tallage in
Surrey.'^

RICHMOND, Archdeacons of. See William de Chan-
viLLE, Eustace, Roger de St. Edmund.

RIDEWARp; WILLIAM DE.

Just. Itin. 1198.

The only occurrence of this name is as one of the justices
itinerant with William Briwer and Simon Basset, fixing the
tallage for the counties of Nottingham and Derby in 9
Richard I., 1197-8 ^; except that in 1 John he is one of the
pledges for the payment of a fine to the king in Northamp-
tonshire.'*

ROCELINE.

Vice- Chancellor, 1 1 98.

No former list mentions Roceline as a vice-chancellor to
Richard I. ; but there are three royal charters in the Monas-
ticon given under the hand of " Magistri Rocelini, tunc
agentis vices Cancellarii nostri," all dated at Rupem Angeli,
in 10 Richard I. : one on November 11, 1198, to the abbey
of Warden, in Bedfordshire; another on December 9, 1198,
to the abbey of Revesby, in Lincolnshire ; and the third
on February 3, 1199, to the abbey of Titley, in Essex.^

ROCHESTER, Bishop of. See Gilbert de Glanville.

' Le Neve, 270. » Madox's Excb. i. 565. 733.

=* Madox's Exch. i. 733. < Rot. de Oblatis, 1 John, 3.

5 Dugdale's Monast. (1846), v. 372. 456. 625.

1189—1199. ROGER DE ST. EDMUND. 415

ROS, PETER DE.

Just. Itin. 1189.

It is not improbable that Peter de Ros was one of the
younger brothers of Everard de Ros, the grandson of that
Peter who assumed the surname of Ros from his lordship so
called in Holdemess, in Yorkshire, and of whom the present
Baroness de Roos is a lineal descendant.

All that appears of this Peter is that he was one of the
justices itinerant in the county of Cumberland in 1 Richard I.,
1189-90^; and that, in the ninth year of that reign, he,
with several associates, fixed the tallage in the same county.^

ROUEN, Archbishop of. See Walter de Constanths.

ST. EDMUND, ROGER DE, afterwards Archdeacon
OF Richmond.

Just. Itin. 1197.

The last of the five justices itinerant who fixed the tallage
for Norfolk and Suffolk in 9 Richard!., 1197-8, is Magister
Roger de St. Edmund ^ who, being a clergyman named from
that town in Suffolk, was, according to the common practice
of the time, added to the ordinary justices for the performance
of this duty in his own neighbourhood. He had been pre-
viously in the king's service, having been employed in 1194
to collect the aid for the wages of the army appointed to
meet King Richard at Tuboeuf, in Normandy.

In 10 Richard I. he was appointed by the king Arch-
deacon of Richmond, and was witness in that character to a
charter 'dated December 19, 1198. The archbisho]) liad like-

' Pipe Roll, I Richard I., 139. * Madox's Exch. i. 704.

« Madox's Exch. i. 705.

* Rot. Scacc. Norm. ; Ohservations, 1. cli.

416 WILLIAM DE ST. MARINE ECCLESIA. Rich. I.

wise nominated one Honorius to the same office ; and each
party paid three hundred marks to King John for the support
of their respective rights.^ Roger, however, triumphed; and
it would appear that he did so by getting the king to come
to his house at Essingewald, and making him a present of
two palfreys.^ He certainly obtained the royal charter of
confirmation, dated on March 2, 1201, 2 John ^ ; the dispute
having been made up by the mediation of the chapter. Le Neve
says that he was succeeded by Richard de Marisco, who held
the office in 1213 *; but from an entry on the close roll of
9 John, 1208, it would seem that Honorius had then super-
seded or succeeded Roger, as he is therein called the arch-
deacon.^

ST. JACOBO, STEPHEN DE.

Just. 1193.

The only mention I find of this name is as a justicier in a
fine levied at Westminster, either in the fourth or the fifth year
of Richard's reign ; probably in the former, because Walter,
Archbishop of Rouen, who stands the first of those present,
had ceased to be chief justiciary before 5 Richard I.^

ST. MARIiE ECCLESIA, WILLIAM DE, Dean of
St. Martin's, Bishop of London.

Just. 1194.

William de SANCTiE Mari^ Ecclesia, or St. Mere
Eglise, so called from a town of that name in Normandy,
held some office in the Exchequer in 1 Richard I., 1189-90,
he and Hugh Bardolf then attesting some accounts of Henry

1 Madox's Exch. i. 515. « Rot. de Oblatis, 2 John, 119.

" Madox's Exch. i. 515. * Le Neve, 324.

^ Rot. Claus. 9 John, i. 154. <* Fines of Richard I. and John.

1189—1199. AVll.LlAM DE ST. MARIJi ECCLESIA. 417

de Cornhill, the Sheriff of London.' He Is stated to have
acted as secretary to King Richard, and appears to have
been quickly advanced in ecclesiastical and civil prefer-
ment. He held the living of Harewood in Yorkshire on
the presentation of William de Courcy ^ ; and successively
became a canon of York and of St. Paul's, and dean of the
College of St. Martins-le- Grand in London. He was ap-
pointed Sheriff of Surrey an 5 Richard I., and continued so
for two years. In 6 Richard I. he paid five hundred marks
for the custody of the heir of Robert, the younger son of
Robert Fitz-Harding, with all his inheritance, and the power
of marrying him to one of his kinswomen ^ ; and he had the
charge of the abbey of Glastonbury, the honor of Walling-
ford, and various other lands in the king's hands."* By the
Norman Roll of 1195, it appears that a pension of 35/. 125.
had been granted for his and his mother's lives out of the
manor of St. Mere Eglise.^

From the 5th to the 10th year of Richard I. his name
frequently appears as one of the justiciers before whom fines
were levied ^ ; and in the latter year he was promoted to the
bishoprick of London as the successor of Richard Fitz-Nigel,
but was not consecrated till May, 1199, about two months
after King Richard's death.

He was one of the bishops who conveyed the pope's re-
monstrance to King John in 1208, and who, on his continued
resistance, placed the kingdom under an interdict. Two
years afterwards he pronounced the sentence of excommuni-
cation against the king, which was not removed till the year
1213. He was obliged to fly the kingdom and to remain an

' Pipe Roll, I Richard I., 11.

* Arcliaeol. Inst. Proceedings, 184G ; Holy Triuity Priory, York, 47 n.

=« Ibid. 59, GO. * Rot. Cancel I. 3 John, 6. &c.

^ Rot. Scacc. Norm., Ohscrvations, I. clxxvi.

" Pref. to Fines of Richard I. and John.

VOL. I. i: i:

418 IIALPH DE ST. MARTIIs\ Rich. I.

exile till King John had made his peace with the pope and
received absolution. In the meantime his castle at Stortford,
which William the Conqueror had given to the see, was
entirely demolished. After his return to England he was
present at the granting of Magna Charta, in 1215.

When he had presided over his see for twenty-two years,
he retired from its duties by a voluntary abdication on
January 26, 1221 ; and after living in seclusion for little
more than three years, he died at St. Osyth on March 27,
1224.1

ST. MARTIN, RALPH DE.

Just. Itin. 1198.

In 10 Richard I., 1198-9, Magister R. de St. Martin is
named as one of the justices itinerant with Stephen de
Turneham, and Ranulph, the treasurer of Salisbury, fixing
the tallage for the county of Surrey ; and in the same year
the two latter "et socii" (probably including R. de St.
Martin) are recorded as making amercements in Essex and
Hertfordshire.^ Ralph de Martin, who, in 31 Henry II.,
1185, was one of the custodes of the see of Salisbury, then
in the king's hands ^, was no doubt the same person, and was
probably so entrusted in consequence of holding some office
in the Exchequer.

ST. MARTIN'S, Dean of. See William de St. Marle

ECCLESIA.

SALISBURY, Bishop of. See Herbert Pauper.
SALISBURY, Dean of. See Eustace.
SALISBURY, Treasurer of. See Ranulph.

^ Godwin de Praesul. 179.; Le Neve, 177.; Fuller's Woi'thies, Surrey;
Roger de Wendover, iii. 220. 222. 228. 260. 302.

2 Madox's Exch. i. 565. 733. ^ Ibid. i. 311.

1 189—1199. IIALPII DE ST. MARTIN. 119

STIKESWALD, ROGER DE.

Just. Itin. J 196.

Roger de Stikesavald, probably so called from belonging
to a place of that name in Lincolnshire, where there was
a Cistercian nunnery, was the last-named of five justices
itinerant who fixed the tallage for that county in 8 Richard 1.,
1196-7.^ He was alive in 18 John, and had a grant during
pleasure of the land of Osbert de Bobi, " qui est cum inimicis
nostris." '^

STUTEVILLE, WILLIAM DE.

Just. Itin. 1 189.

William de Stuteville was the son and successor of the
third Baron Robert de Stuteville, already mentioned under
the reign of Henry 11.^ In 1174, the twentieth year of
that reign, William was made governor of Topclive Castle,
in Yorkshire, and three years afterwards governor of Rox-
burgh Castle, in Scotland.

In the first year of Richard I., 1189-90, he was among the
justices itinerant in Yorkshire, the head of them being Hugh,
Bishop of Durham, then one of the chief justiciaries'' : and
in the next year he was Sheriff of Northumberland.
Although during the king's absence he seems to have sided
with Prince John, he joined King Richard after his return
from captivity in his expedition to Normandy, being excused
his scutage in Yorkshire on that account, and was appointed
one of the commissioners to determine the controversy
between the Archbishop of York and the canons of his
church ; and also one of the custodes of that county over the
archbishop, then sheriff.'^

• Madox's Exch. i. 704. « Rot. Claus. 18 John, i. 290.
" See p. 308. < Pipe Roll, I Richard I., 31.

* Madox's Exch. i. 33.

i: E 2

420 WILLIAM DE STUTEVILLE. Rich. L

On the accession of John, that king rewarded his former
adherence to him with many favours; not, of course for-
getting the imposition of a considerable fine in the first
instance. He made him Sheriff of Yorkshire, Northumber-
land, Cumberland, and Westmorland ; gave him the custody
of all the castles therein ; and granted him charters for fairs
and markets on several of his manors. William also obtained
a grant of the lordships of Knaresborough and Borough-
bridge ; with a variety of other privileges and advantages,
among which he no doubt considered the honour of enter-
taining his sovereign, on one of his progresses, at his house
at Cotingham, in Yorkshire. Boyal favours in those times,
however, were seldom granted without a pecuniary equivalent;
and we accordingly find on the rolls large fines imposed, or
rather, perhaps, considerable payments made for some of these
honours.^

He died in 5 John, leaving by his wife, Berta, the niece of
Banulph de Glanville, the chief justiciary, two sons, Robert
and Nicholas, for the wardship of whom the Archbishop of
Canterbury paid no less a sum than four thousand marks. ^
The elder of these died the following year Avithout issue ;
and the younger in 17 Henry III., leaving only daughters.
None of the collaterals being subsequently summoned to
parliament, the family ceased to be barons of the realm.^
Several of the descendants, however, were very illustrious
both in France and England. Adrienne d'Estouteville,
heiress of the French line, was married in 1534 to Francis
de Bourbon, a peer of the blood royal, whose son was created
"due et pair" under the title of Due d'Estouteville; whilst
Johanna, heiress of the eldest branch of England, was great-
grandmother of Joan, the fair maid of Kent.''

' Rot. de Oblatis, 1 John, 55. 68. 109. ; Rot. Chart. John, 12. 54. 61. 101. 107.
- Rot. de Liberate, 5 John, 48. ' Diigdale's Baronage, i, 455.

* Rev. J. Isaacson's Notices of the Family of Stuteville, of Dalham Hall, Suf-
folk ; in Transactions of British ArchcPological Association at Winchester, 1845.

1189—1199. A HAM 1)E TOKXOURA. 421

SUTHILL, JOHN, Ai5bot of Hyde.

Just. Itin. 1195.

The justices itinerant in Dorsetshire in 7 Richard I., 1195-6,
were the Abbot of Hyde, Richard Barre, Oger Fitz-Oger,
and their companions.^ The abbey of Hyde was situated
near Winchester, and John Suthill was then abbot, having
been elected in 1181. In 1185 he went to Rome to bring
the pall for Baldwin, the new Archbishop of Canterbury.
The roll of 5 John, 1203-4, contains an entry of his paying
a fine of thirty marks for the king's letters of request to the
Archbishop of Canterbury to remove certain monks who
opposed him.^ Browne Willis states that he died in 1222,
6 Henry III.^

TAUNTON, Archdeacon of. See William de Wrotham.

TORNOURA, ADAM DP:.

Just. Itin. 11 91.

The only occurrence of this name is as one of four jus-
tices itinerant who, in 3 Richard I., 1191-2, imposed a fine
of forty shillings on the hundred of Edelmeton [Edmonton]
for a murder, and for not appearing on the first summons.'*

TURNHAM, STEPHEN DE.

Just. 1198.

See under the Reijjrn of John.

1 Madox's Exch. i. .502. « Ibid. i. 480.

3 IJ. Willis's Mitred Abbeys, 19. ; Dugdale's Monast. (184G), ii. 4S1.
■• Madox's Exch. i. 544.

E E 3

422 WILLIAM DE VERE. Ricii. I.

VAVASOUR, WILLIAM LE.

Just. Itin. 1 1 89.
See under the Reign of Henry II.

DuGDALE, on the authority of the Worksop Register, inserts
William le Vavasour as a justice itinerant in 34 Henry IL,
1188 - ; and in the roll of the previous year he appears with
Godfrey de Luci and Josceline, the Archdeacon of Chichester,
as setting the assize in the counties of Lincoln and York.^

In 1 Richard I., his pleas are recorded in the northern
counties in association with Hugh, Bishop of Durham, one of
the chief justiciaries.^ During the vacancy of the archbishop-
rick of York, he was one of the custodes of its rents and
manors.^

His own property was at Haslewood, in that county.
His father was Mauger le Vavasour, who gave a mill at
LIunsflete, and other property, to the monks of Sallcey ;
and his son Robert was the grandfather of William le Va-
vasour, a justice itinerant under Edward I., by whom he
was summoned to parliament.^

VERE, WILLIAM DE, Bishop of Hekefokd.

Just. Itin. 1189. Just. 1195.

William de Vere was a son of Alberic de Vere, the
third of that name. Earl of Oxford. In 23 Henry IL, 1177,
he was engaged with Walter de Gant in building the church
at Waltham, and they had 40/. allowed to them towards the
expenses.*' He was raised to the bishoprick of Hereford, and
consecrated August 10, 1186, 32 Henry IL, and presided
there for thirteen years.

' Dugdale's Chron. Series. ^ Madox's Exch. i. 635. 713.

3 Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., 139. ■» Madox's Exch. i. 309.

* Burke's Peerage, lOOG. « Madox's Exch. i. 22G.

1189-1199. TIIKOBALD WALTER. 423

His pleas as a justice itinerant in the counties of Bucking-
ham and Bedford, Lincoln and Derby, appear on the roll of
1 Richard L, 1189 : but they seem to refer to a former year.^
He acted in the same capacity in 7 Richard I., 1195-6, im-
posing fines in Staffordshire, and assessing tallages in Glou-
cestershire.^ In the latter year, also, fines were levied before
him as a justicier.^ He died on December 24, 1199, his
father being yet alive, and was buried in his own cathedral.''

WALTER, HUBERT, Archbishop of Canterbury.

Just. Angl. 1193.

See under the Reigns of Henry II. and John.
WALTER, THEOBALD.

Just. Itin. 1197.

Theobald Walter was one of the four brothers of Hubert
Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury. They were the sons of
Hervey Walter, whose lordships lay in Norfolk and Suffolk,
by his wife Maud, the daughter of Theobald de Valoines,
and the sister of Berta, the wife of Ranulph de Glanville, the
chief justiciary.

King Richard, in the first year of his reign, granted to
Theobald in fee the lordship of Preston, in Lancashire, with
the whole wapentake and forest of Amundernesse, to hold
by three knights' fees. He became sheriff of that county in
5 Richard I., and so continued till 1 John. In 9 Richard I.,
1197-8, he was one of the justices itinerant, accompanying
Geoffrey Fitz-Peter when they set the tallage in Colchester."*

In 5 John he paid a fine of two palfreys for licence to go

' Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., 32. 58. 1.56. « Madox's Exch. i. 54G. 703.

^ Pref. to Fines of Richard I. and John.

* Godwin de Praesul. 484. * Madox's Exch. i. 733.

K E 4

424

WARINE, PRIOR OF LOCHES.

Rich. T.

to Ireland, where he held the office of chief butler, and where
he possessed large property. He founded two abbeys in that
kingdom ; that of Wotheny in Limerick, and that of Nenath
in Tipperary ; besides the monastery of Arkelo. In England,
also, he founded an abbey at Cockersand, in Lancashire, for
canons-regular of the order of St. Augustin.

He died in 9 John ; and his widow, Maud, the daughter
of Robert le Vavasour ^ , a few years afterwards married Fulke
Fitz- Warren. His son, Theobald, assumed the name of
Boteler, from his office, and was the progenitor of the noble
family of that name, the head of which is the present of
Marquess of Ormond.^

WARENNE, WILLIAM DE.

Just. Itin. 1194. Just. 1196.

See under the Reign of John.

WARINE, Prior of Loches.

Vice- Chancellor, 1198.

The only mention that I have discovered of " Magister
Guarinus," prior of Loches, in Touraine, is that his authen-
tication appears to a royal charter to the monastery of
Bonport, dated at Bellum Castrum de Rupe, on February 28,
1198, 9 Richard I., with the words "tunc agentis vicem
Canceliarii" added to his name.^ He probably died soon
after, as Peter de Rupibus is called Prior of Loches in a
charter dated July 30, 1199, 1 John.^

' Rot. Pat. 9 John, 74.

* Dugdale's Baronage, i. 633. ; Nicolas's Synopsis of tlie Peerage,
^ Dugdale's Monast. (1846), vi. 1110. ; Neustria Pia. 897.

* Rot. Chart. 1 John, 10. 34.

1188—1199. IIOBERT UE WITEFELD. 425

WELLEFORD, RALPH DE.

Just. 1199.

See under the Reign of John.
WICHINTON, HENRY DE.

Just. 1198.
See under, the Reign of John.

WINCHESTER, Bishop of. See Godfuey de Luci.
WITEFELD, ROBERT DE.

Just. 1189.
See under the Reign of Henry II.

Robert de Witefeld was a justicier appointed by the
great council held at Windsor in 25 Henry II., 1179, to act
in one of the four divisions into which the kingdom was then
arranged for the administration of justice. His circuit com-
prehended the counties of Hants, Wilts, Gloucester, Dorset,
Somerset, Devon, Cornwall, Berks, and Oxford.' His
presence in the Curia Regis when fines were taken is also
noticed in the 30th, 33d, and 35th Henry II.^

Although the entry on the roll of 1 Richard I., of his
being one of the justiciers who fixed the tallage for Kent,
probably refers to a former year^, there is no doubt that he
was then in office, as he, with other judges, was associated by
King Richard in the first year of his reign to aid the chief
justiciaries in the government of the kingdom during his
absence ^ ; and his name appears as witness to a final concord
in 3 Richard I.

' Dugdale's Chron. Series.

* Pref. to Fines of Richard I. and John.

3 Pipe Roll, 1 Richard I., 23G. < Madox's Exch. i. 34.

* Introd. to Rot. Curia; Regis, cvii.

426

WILT/IAM DE WROTH AM.

Rich. 1.

There are two notices of his pleas among those of the
reign of King John ; one in the first year, and the other
without date : but they apparently refer to the previous
reign. ^

He was Sheriff of the county of Gloucester in the 29 th
and 30th Henry II.^

WROTHAM, WILLIAM DE, afterwards Archdeacon
OF Taunton.

Just. 1199.
See under the Reign of John.

Abbrcv. Placit. 25. G9.

* Fuller's Worthies, Gloucester.

INDEX

TO THE FIKST VOLUME.

The names of the Judges whose Lives are given in this Volume are pritited in
Small Capitals.

Abkincls, William DE. Hen. IL 184.
AcHARD, William. Rich. I. 337.
Albemarle, Earl of. See William de

Maude ville.
Albino- Brito, William de. Hen. I.

96.
Albini, William de, of Belvoir Castle.

Rich. I. 337.
ALEN90N, John de, Archdeacon of

Lisieux. Rich. I. 337.
Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln.

Steph. 147.
Arden, Ralph de. Rich. I. 338.
Arfastus, Bishop of Helmham and

Thetford. Will. I. 27.
Argentine, Reginald de. Rich. I. 340.
Arnulph. See Ranulph.
Arundel, Roger. Rich. I. 340.

AUBERVILLE, WiLLIAM DE. Hen. II.

185.
Averenches. See William de Abrincis.
Aula Regis. See Curia Regis.
Aymer, Abbot of Chertsey. Hen. II.

186.

Banastre, Alard. Hen. II. 187.

Bangor, Bishop of See Guy Rufus.

Bardolf, Hugh. Hen. II. 188. ;
Rich. I. 340.

Barre, Richard, Archdeacon of Ely.
Rich. I. 340.

Barons of Exchequer, 22. Privileges
of, .S36. Justicier and Baron equi-
valent terms, 94. 334.

Basset, Ralph. Hen. I. 98.

Basset, Richard. Hen. I. 101.

Basset, Simon. Rich. I. 340.

Basset, Thomas. Hen. II. 188.

Basset, William. Hen. II. 189.

Bastard, William. Hen. II. 190.

Bath, Bishop of See Godfrey.

Bayeux, Bishop of See Odo.

Beaufo. See William Welson.

Beaumont, Robert de, Earl of Lei-
cester. Hen. II. 190.

I Becket, Thomas, provost of Beverley,
j Archdeacon, and then Archbishop

of Canterbury. Hen. II. 192.
j Belet, Michael. Hen. II. 218. ;
i Rich, L 341.

[ Belfagus, or Bellofago. See William
I Welson.

Bello-monte. See Beaumont.
I Bendixgs, William DE. Hen. II. 218.
j Benefacta. See Richard Fitz- Gilbert.
Benet. Rich. I. 341.
Berkeley, Maurice de. Rich. I.

341,
Berks, Archdeacon of. See Geoffrey.
Beverley, Provosts of. See Robert de

Gant, Thomas Becket,
BiDUN, Walter de. Hen, II. 219.
Bigot, Roger, 2d Earl of Norfolk.

Rich. I. 343.
Bloet, Robert, Bishop of Lincoln.

Will. II. 58. ; Hen. I. 103.
Blundevil, Ranulph, Earl of Chester.

Rich. I. 343.
Bobi, Hugh de. Rich. I. 344.
Bocland, Geoffrey de. Rich. I, 344,
BocLAND, Hugh de. Hen. I. 107.
Bocland, Hugh de. Hen. II. 219,
Boteler, Alexander LE. Hen. II. 220,
Braiosa, William de. Hen. II. 221;

Rich. I. 344.
Brito, Ralph. Hen. II. 221.
Brito, Richard, Archdeacon of Co-
ventry. Rich. I. 347.
Briwer, William. Hen. II, 222 ;
Rich. I, 348,

Canterbury, Archbishops of See

Lanfranc, Theobald, Thomas Becket,

Hubert Walter.
Canterbury, Archdeacons of See

Thomas Becket, Geoffrey Ridel,

Henry de Chastillon.
Carii.efo, William de. Bishop of

Durham. Will, II. 58.
Chancellor, his office and duty, 13, 85,

428

IKDEX.

168. ; his ancient allowance, 14.

1()8. ; his clerks, ] 5. ; sale of the

office, 82. ; Chancellor's roll, 162. ;

increase of dignity, 144. 167. 330.

List of, under William I., 16 — 20. ;

William 11., 54. 57. ; Henry 1., 77

—81. 92.; Stephen, 142. 146.;

Henry 11., 163—166. 170. ; Rich. I.,

325 — 329. 332.
Chancellor to the Queen, 81.
Ci.ancery, removed from Exchequer,

325. ; Rolls of, ib. ; Clerks or

Masters in, 330.
Chanvill, William de. Archdeacon

of Richmond. Rich. I. 348.
Chastillon, Henry de, Archdeacon

of Canterbury. Rich. I. 348.
Chertsey, Abbot of. See Aymer.
Chester, Earl of. See Ranulph Blun-

devil.
Chichester, Archdeacons of. See Se-

fred, Josceline.
Chichester, Bishop of. See Sefred.
Chichester, Dean of. See Sefred.
Clare. See Richard Fitz- Gilbert.
Clare^ Roger de. Earl of Clare.

Hen. II. 222.
Clarembald, Abbot of St. Augustine's,

Canterbury. Hen. II. 223.
Clergy, lawyers and judges, 25. 57. 161.
Clerk, John le. Hen. II. 224.
Clinton, Geoffrey de. Hen. I. 109.
Colchester, Archdeacon of. See Ralph.
Coleville, Gilbert de. Hen. II. 225.
CoLUMBiERS, Gilbert de. Hen. II.

225.
CoNSTANTiis, Walter de, Archdeacon

of Oxford, Bishop of Lincoln, and

Archbishop of Rouen. Hen. II.

226. ; Rich. I. 349.
Conteurs. See Serjeants.
CoRNHiLL, Gervase DE. Hen. II.

226.
Cornwall, Earl of. See Robert.
Coventry, Archdeacon of. See Richard

Brito.
Coutance, Bishop of. See Geoffrey.
Creppings, Walter de. Rich. I. 353.
Cressi, Hugh de. Hen. II. 228.
Cumin, John, Archbishop of Dublin.

Hen. II. 229.
Curia Regis, instituted by William I.,

1. ; jurisdiction of, 9. ; pleadings in

French doubted, 10. ; members and

officers of, 10.
CusERUGGE, Baldwin de. Rich. I.

353.

Dammartin, Manaserhts de.

Hen. II. 230.

Daniel, Abbot of Chertsey. Hen. II.
186.

Davencestre, Philip de. Hen. II.
231.

Dene, Ralph de. Hen. II. 231.

Derby, Archdeacon of. See Godfrey
de Luci.

Dorset, Earl of. See Osmund.

Dover, John de. Hen. II. 232.

Drogo, Will. II. 60.

Dublin, Archbishop of. See John
Cumin.

Durham, Bishops of See William de
Carilefo, Ranulph Flambard, Geof-
frey Rufus, Hugh Pusar, Philip of
Poictiers.

Ely, Archdeacons of See Richard
Fitz- Nigel, Richard Barre.

Ely, Bishops of See Nigel, Geoffrey
Ridel, William de Longchamp,
Eustace.

EscuRis, Matthew de. Hen. II.
233.

EsPEC, Walter. Hen. I. 112.

Essex, Earl of See Geoffrey de
Mandeville, William de Mandeville,
Geoffrey Fitz- Peter.

Essex, Henry de. Hen. II. 233.

Exchequer, whether instituted under
William I. or Henry I., 21. ; de-
rivation of its name, 21. ; its juris-
diction, 21. ; barons of, 22. ; its
two terms, 22. ; rolls of, 73. ; civil
causes tried there, 94. 178. 336. ;
two principal rooms, 179.

Exeter, Bishop of See Osbert.

Eustace, Dean of Salisbury, Arch-
deacon of Richmond, and Bishop of
Ely. Rich. I. 353.

Fines introduced under Hen. II., 171.
Fines of Rich. I. and John, 325.
Fitz- Alan, William. Rich. 1. 356.
Fitz-Aldelm, William. Hen. II.

235. ; Rich. I. 357.
Fitz- Alexander, Nigel. Hen. II.

235. ; Rich. I. 360.
Fitz-Alured, Richard. Hen. I.

114.
Fitz-Bernard, Robert. Hen. II.

235.
Fitz-Bernard, Thomas. Hen. II.

236.
Fitz-Ernise, Philip. Hen. II. 237.

INDEX.

429

Fitz-Gerold, Henry. lien. II. 238.
FiTz- Gilbert, Richard. Will. I. 29.
Fitz- Gilbert, William. Steph. 43.
Fitz-Helton, William. Hen. 11.239.
Fitz-Hervey, Henry. Rich. I. 361.
Fitz-Hervey, Osbert. Hen. II 239.;

Rich. I. 361.
Fitz- John, Eustace. Hen. I. 115.
FiTZ-JoHN, Pain. Hen. I. 117.
FiTz-JoHN, William. Hen. II. 239.
Fitz- Martin, William. Hen. 11.240.
Fitz-Nigel, or Fitz-Neale, Richard,
Archdeacon of Ely, Dean of- Lin-
coln, Bishop of London. Hen. II.
241. ; Rich. L 361.
Fitz- Nigel, or Fitz-Neale, William.

Hen. II. 241.
Fitz-Oger, Oger. Rich. I. 364.
FiTz-OsBERNE, WiLLiAM, Earl of He-
reford, Will. L 31.
Fitz- Peter, Geoffrey, Earl of Essex.

Rich. L 364.
Fitz- Peter, Simon. Hen. II. 241.
Fitz-Ralph, Gerold. Hen. II. 243.
Fitz- Ralph, William. Hen. II. 243.
F'itz-Reinfrid, Roger. Hen. II.

248. ; Rich. I. 364.
Fitz- Richard, William. Hen. 11.248.
Fitz- Robert, Philip. Rich. I. 366.
Fitz- Robert, Walter. Hen. II.

248. ; Rich. I. 366.
Fitz- Roger, Robert. Rich. I. 369.
Fitz-Simon, Osbert. Rich. I. 369.
FiTZ-SiMON, Turstin. Hen. II. 248.
Fitz-Stephen, Ralph. Hen. II.

249.; Rich. I. 369.
Fitz-Stephen, William. Hen. II.

249.; Rich. I. 371.
Fitz-Torold, Nicholas. Hen. II.

249.
Fitz- William, Osbert. Rich. I. 373.
Fitz- William, Otho. Rich. I. 374.
Flambard, Ranulph, Bishop of Dur-
ham. Will. II. 61.
Flandrensis, Richard. Rich. I. 374.
FuRNELLis, Alan de. Hen. II. 249.

Gaerst, Hugh de. Hen. II. 250.
Galdrio. Will. II. 67.
Galsagus. See William Welson.
Gant, Robert de. Steph. 148.
Garland, John de. Rich. I. 375.
Gedding, Ralph de. Hen. II. 251.
Geokfrey, Archdeacon of Berks.

Rich. 1. .37.'5.
(iF.ori'REV, Bishop of Coutancc.

Will I. 34.

Gernemue, Adam de. Hon. II. 252.

Gestling, John de. Rich. I. 375.

Giffard, Richard. Hen. II. 253.

GiFFARD, William, Bishop of Win-
chester. Will. I. 36.; Will. IL 68.;
Hen. I. 118.

Glanville's Treatise on the Law, 1 80.

Glanville, Gilbert de, Bishop of
Rochester, Rich. I. 375.

Glanville, Osbert de. Hen. II.
253.

Glanville, Ranulph de. Hen. II.
254. ; Rich. L 376.

Glanville, William de. Rich. I.
384.

Gloucester, Archdeacon of. See
Robert de Inglesham.

Gloucester, Milo de, Earl of Here-
ford. Hen. I. 123.

Godfrey, Bishop of Bath, Hen. I.
126.

Grimbald, Robert. Hen. II. 254.

GuNDEviLLE, HuGH DE. Hen. II. 255.

Hadfield, W^alter de. Hen 1 1. 256.
Haget, Geoffrey, Rich. I. 384.
Hardres, Robert de. Rich. I. 385.
Helmham, Bishop of. See Arfastiis.
Henry, Duke of Normandy. Steph.

150.
HENRY L ; Survey of his reign, 73.
HENRY IL ; Survey of his reign,

160.
Herbert. See Lleibcrt Losinga.
Hereford, Archdeacon of. See Ralph.
Hereford, Bishops of. See Richard,

William de Verc.
Hereford, Earls of. See William

Fitz-Osbernc, Milo of Gloucester.
Herfastus. ^ee Arfastus.
Heriet, Richard de. Rich. I. 38.
Herjian, Bishop of Sherborne and

Salisbury. Will. I. 36.
HtJSE, Geoffrey. Hen. II. 257.
Ho.srrrALi, Ralph de. Hen. II. 258.
Huntingdon, Archdeacon of. See

Nicholas do Sigillo.
Husseburn, Thomas de. Hen. II.

258. ; Rich. I. 386.
Hyde, Abbot of. Sec John Suthill.

Inglesham, Robert de. Archdeacon
of Gloucester. Hen. II. 258.;
Rich. I. 386.

Insula, Godfrey de. Rich, I. 387.

Itinera, or Circuits, origin of, 12. ; in-
stituted under Henry I., 73. 92.

430

INDEX.

John. Hen. II. 258.

JoscELiNE, Archdeacon of Chichester.
Hen. II. 259. ; Rich. I. .'3b7.

Judges, payments to, 95.

JuKEL, John. Hen. II. 259.

Justices Itinerant, writ addressed to,
178. List of, under Henry I., 93. ;
Henry II., 174. ; Richard I., 334.

Justiciarius Anglias, or Chief Justi-
ciary, his office, 10. ; its discontinu-
ance under Henry III., 11. List
of, under William L, 11. 20.; Wil-
liam II., 53. 57. ; Henry L,86— 89.
92.; Stephen, 144. 146. ; Henry IL,
170.; Richard I., 331, 332.

Justiciers, or Justiciaries, their costume,
174. List of, under Henry I., 89. ;
Stephen, 146.; Hen. II., 172.;
Richard L, 333.

Keepers of the Seal, under William II.,

56. ; Henry I., 81.
Kent, Earl of. See Odo.
KiNGEsTON, Henry de. Rich. I. 388.
KuNiLL, William de. Rich. I. 388.
Kyme, Simon de. Rich. I. 388.

Lamvallei, William de. Hen. II.

260.
Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury.

Will. 1.37.
Ledenham, Eustace de. Rich. I.

388.
Leicester, Earl of. See Robert de

Beaumont.
Leonard. Hen. II. 262.
Lincoln, Alured de. Hen. II. 262.
Lincoln, Bishops of. See Robert

Bloet, Alexander, Geoffrey Plan-

tagenet, Walter de Cor.stantiis.
Lincoln, Dean of. See Richard Fitz-

Nigel.
Lincoln, Precentor of. See Walter

Map.
Lisieux, Archdeacon of. Ses John de

Alenyon.
Loches, Prior of. .S'ee Warine
London, Bishops of See Maurice,

Richard Fitz- Nigel, William de St.

Mariae Ecclesia.
Longchamp, William de. Bishop of

Ely. Rich. I. 389.
Losinga, Herbert, Bishrpof Thetford

and Norwich. Hen. I. 127.
Lu'i, Godfrey de. Archdeacon of

Derby, Bishop of Winchester.

Hen.'lL 263, ; Rich. L 394.

Lucx, Reginald de. Hen. II. 263.
Luci, Richard de. Steph. 151. ;

Hen. II. 264.
Luci, Robert de. Hen. II. 270.

Maine, Archdeacon of. See Maurice.
Malduit, John. Hen. II. 270.
Malduit, William. Hen. II. 271.
Malus Catulus, Roger. Rich. I.

396.
Mandeville, Geoffrey de. Earl of

Essex. Hen. IL 273.
Mandeville, William de, Earl of

Albemarle and Essex. Rich. I.

397.
Mantel, Robert. Hen. II. 275.
Map, Walter, Precentor of Lincoln,

Archdeacon of Oxford. Hen. II.

275.
Mareschall, William, Earl of Pem-
broke. Rich. I. 399.
Mnrmion, Robert. Hen. II. 278. ;

Rich. I. 404.
Maurice, Aichdeacon of Maine,

Bishop of London. Will. I. 41.
Monachus, Geoffrey. Hen. II.

278.
Montacute, Prior of See Reginald.
Moreton, Earl of. See Robert.
MoREviLLE, Hugh de. Hen. II. 279.
iVIoREWic, Hugh de. Hen. 1 1. 280.
Morgan, Hamon. Hen. II. 281.

MUCEGROS, MiLFS DE. Heu. II. 282.

MuRDAC, Hugh, Archdeacon of Cleve-
land. Hen. IL 282.

MuRDAc, Ralph. Hen. II. 283. ;
Rich. I. 404.

Narratores, -S'ee Serjeants.
Neville, Alan de. Hen. II. 283.
Neville, Alan de, Junior. Hen. II.

284.
NiGKL, Bishop of Ely. Hen. IL 284.
Norfolk, Earl of. See Roger Bigot.
Normandy, Duke of. See Henry.

NORTHAMITON, HeNRY DE. Rich. I.

404.
Norwich, Bishops of. See Herbert de
Losinga, John of Oxford.

Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, and Earl of
Kent. Will. I. ^S. ; Will. II. 68.

Oger the Dapifer. Hen. II. 286.

OsBERT, Bishop of Exeter. Will. I.
43.

OsJMUND, Earl of Dorset, and Bishop
of Salisbury. Will. 1. 44.

INDEX.

431

Oxford, Archdeacons of. See Walter
de Constantiis, Walter Map.

Oxford, Constantius de. Hen. II.
287.

Oxford, John of, Bishop of Norwich.
Hen. II, 288.

Pantulf, Hugh. Rich. I. 405.
Pateshull, Simon de. Rich. I. 405.
Pauper, Herbert, Bishop of Salisbury.

Rich. I. 405.
Pauper, Roger. Steph. 151.
Pec, Richard de. Hen. II. 291. ;

Rich. I. 406.
Pembroke, Earl of. See William

Mareschall.
Penenden Heath, trial at, temp.

William L, IS.
Peverell, Hugh. Rich. I. 407.
Philip. Steph. 152.
Pikenot, Robert. Hen. II. 291.
Pincerna. See Alexander le Boteler.
PiNKENi, Gilbert de. Hen. II. 291.
Pipard, Gilbert. Hen. II. 292.
Plantagenet, Geoffrey, Bishop of

Lincoln, Archbishop of York.

Hen. II. 293.
Poictiers, Archdeacon of. ^e Richard

Tocliffe.
Poictiers, Philip of, Bishop of Dur-
ham. Rich. I. 408.
Port, Henry de. Hen, I. 129.
Poterna, James de. Rich. I. 409.
Pusar, Hugh, Bishop of Durham.

Rich. I. 409.

Ralph, Archdeacon of Colchester.

Hen. II. 298. ; Rich. I. 41.3.
Ralph, Archdeacon of Hereford.

Hen. II. 298. ; Rich. I. 413.
Ranulph, or Arnulph. Hen. I. 130.
Ranulph, Treasurer of Salisbury.

Rich. I. 413.
Reginald, Priorof Montacute. Hen. I.

132.
Reginald, Abbot of Walden. Steph.

153.
RICHARD I. ; Survey of his reign,

324.
Richard, Archdeacon of Wilts.

Hen. II. 298.
Richard, Bishop of Hereford. lien. I.

132.
Richmond, Archdeacons of. See Wil-
liam de Chanvill, Eustace, Roger

de St. Edmund.
Ridel, Geoffrey. Hun. I. 133.

Ridel, Geoffrey, Archdeacon of Can-
terbury, Bishop of Ely. Hen. II.

299.
Rideware, William de. Rich. I. 414.
Robert, Earl of Moreton, and of

Cornwall. Will. I. 46.
Roceline. Rich. I. 414.
Rochester, Bishop of. See Gilbert de

Glanville.
Roger, Bishop of Salisbury. Hen. I.

134. ; Steph. 153.
Rolls of Exchequer, 73. ; history of

first roll, 74.
Ros, Peter de. Rich. I. 415.
Rotuli Curias Regis, Rich. I. and

John, 324.
Rouen, Aichbishop of. See Walter

de Constantiis.
Rouen, Sacrist of. «S'ee Ralph de

Warneville.
RuFus, Geoffrey, Bishop of Durham.

Hen. I. 134.
RuFUs, Guy, Dean of Waltham,

Bishop of Bangor. Hen. II. 301.
RuFUs, Richard. Hen. II. 302.
RuFi's, W'lLLiAM. Hen. II. 303.

St. Augustine's, Canterbury, Abbot of

See Clarembald.
St. Edmund's, Abbot of. See Samson

de Totington.
St. Edmund, Roger de. Rich. I.

415.
St. Jacobo, Stephen de. Rich. I.

416.
St. Marine Ecclesia, Willia:m de.

Dean of St. IVIartin's, Bishop of

London. Rich. I. 416.
St. Martin, Ralph de. Rich. I. 418.
St. Martin's, Dean of. See William

de St. Marias Ecclesia.
St, Quentin, Walter de. Hen. II.

304.
Salisbury, Bishops of. See Herman,

Osmund, Roger,

Herbert Pauper.
Salisbury, Dean of. See Eustace.
Salisbury, Treasurer of. See Ranulph.
Seal, the king's Great, 21, ; place of

deposit, 21.
Sefred, Archdeacon, Dean, and Bishop

of Chichester. Hen. IL 305.
Serjeants at Law, formerly called

Contents or Narratores, 22. ; form

of writ appointing them, 23. ; their

oath, 24. ; their coif and dress, 25. ^
Sherborne, Bishop of. See Herman.

432

INDEX.

SiGii.T.o, Nicolas de, Archdeacon of
nuntingdon. Hen. II. S05.

STEPHEN; Survey of his reign, 142.

Stikeswald, Roger de. Rich. I. 419.

Stkangk, Guy le. Hen. II. 307.

Stuteville, Robert de. Hen. II. 308.

Stuteville, William de. Rich. I. 419.

Surrey, Earl of. See William de
Warenne.

SuTHiLL John, Abbot of Hyde.
Rich. I. 421.

Taunton, Archdeacon of. See William

de Wrotham.
Terms, origin of, 2. ; only three at

first, 5. ; the third divided into two,

7.; changes in reigns of Hen. I., 77.;

Henry II., 162.
Terms in the Exchequer, only two, 8.
Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury.

Steph. 43.
Thetford, Bishops of .S'ee Arfastus,

William Welson.
TocLiFFE, Richard, Archdeacon of

Poictiers, Bishop of Winchester.

Hen. II. 309.
ToRELL, William. Hen. II. 311.
ToRNouRA, Adam de. Rich. I. 421.
ToTiNGTON, Samson de, Abbot of St.

Edmund's Bury. Hen. II. 312.
Totness, Archdeacon of. See William.
Tunbridge. See Richard Fitz- Gilbert.
Turnham, Stephen de. Rich. I. 421.

Vavasour, William le. Hen. II.
315. ; Rich. I. 422.

Vaux, Robert de. Hen II. 315.

Verdun, Bertram DE. Hen. 11.317.

Vere, Alberic de. Hen. I. 137.

Vere, William de, Bishoii of Here-
ford. Rich. I. 422.

Vice- Chancellors under Henry II.,
169. ; Richard I., 327.

Walden, Abbot of. See Reginald.
Waldric. Hen. I. HO.

Walter, Hubert, Dean of York, Bishop
of Salislmry, Archbishop of Can-
terbury. Hen. II. 319. ; Rich. I.
423.

Walter, Theobald. Rich. I, 423.

Waltham, Dean of. See Guy Rufus.

Warenne, Reginald de. Hen. II.
319.

Warenne, William de. Earl Warenne,
and Earl of Surrey. Will. I. 47.

Warenne, William de. Rich. I. 424.

Warine, Prior ofLoches. Rich. 1.424.

Warneville, Ralph de. Sacrist of
Rouen, Treasurer of York. Hen. II.
321.

Welleford, Ralph de. Rich. I. 425.

Wei.son, William. Will. I. 49.

Westminster Hall, erection of, by Wil-
liam II. in 1099, 51.; recent at-
tempt to remove the Courts from it,
52.

Wichinton, Henry de. Rich. I. 425.

WILLIAM I.; Survey of his reign, 1.

WILLIAM II.; Survey of his reign,
51.

William, Archdeacon of Totness.
Hen. II. 321.

Wilton, Richard de. Hen. 11.322.

Wilts, Archdeacon of See Richard.

Wimer, the Chaplain. Hen. II. 322.

Winchester, Bishops of. See William
GifFard, Richard Tocliffe, Godfrey
de Luci.

WisEBEC, Reginald de. Hen. II.
223.

WiTEFELD, Robert DE. Hen. 11.323.;
Rich. T. 425.

Wrotham, William de. Archdeacon
of Taunton. Rich. I. 426.

York, Archbishop of. See Geoffrey

Plantagenet.
York, Deans of. See Robert de Gant,

Hubert Walter.
York, Treasurer of See Ralpli de

Warneville.

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INDEX.

Abbott on Sight and Touch 7

Acton's Modern Cookery 19

Alcock's Residence in Japan 16

Allies on Formation of Christianity 14

Alpine Guide (The) 16

Apjohn's Manual of the Metalloids 8

Arago's Biographies of Scientific Men .... 4

roj'ular Astronomy 7

Arnold's Manual of English Literature, ... 5

Arnott's Elements of Fbysics 7

Arundines Cami 18

Atherstone Priory 16

Autumn Holidays of a Country Parson .... 6

Ayre's Treasury of Bible Knowledge 14

Bacon's Essays, by Wh ately 4

Life and Letters, by Speddinq. ... 3

Works 4

Bain on the Emotions and Will 7

on the Senses and Intellect 7

on the Study of Character 7

Baines's Explorations in S.W. Africa .... 15

Ball's Guide to the Central Alps 12

——Gui(ie to the Western Alps 12

Guide to the Eastern Alps 16

Barnard's Drawing from Nature 12

Bayldon's Rents and Tillages 13

Beaten Tracks 15

Becker's Charicles and Gallus 16

Beethoven's Letters 3

Benfey's Sanskrit-English Dictionary .... 5

Berry's Journals 3

Black's Treatise on Brewing 19

Blackley and Friedlanoer's German

and English Dictionary 5

Blaine's Rural Sports 18

Veterinary Art 18

Blight's Week at the Land's End 16

Boase's Essay on Human Nature 6

Philosophy of Nature 6

Boner's Transylvania 15

Booth's Kpigrams 6

Bourne on Screw Propeller 12

BouRNE'sCatechismof the Steam Engine.. 12

Handbook of Steam Engine .... 12

Treatise on the Steam Engine. ... 13

Bowdler's Family Shakspearb 18

Boyd's Manual for Naval Cadets 19

BRAMLEY-MouRB'sSixSistersof the Valleys 16
Brandb's Dictionary of Science, Literature,

and Art 9

Bray's (C.) Education of the Feelings 7

Philosophy of Necessity 7

On Force 7

Brinton on Food and Digestion ig

Bristow's Glo88ary of Mineralogy 8

Brodie's Constitutional History i

Brodie's (Sir C. B.) Works 10

■ Autobiography 10

Browne's Ice Caves of France and Switzer-
land 15

Exposition 39 Articles 13

Pentateuch 13

Buckle's History of Civilization 2

Bull's Hints to Mothers 20

Materual Management of Children. . 20

Bunsen's Ancient bgypt 2

BuNSEN on Apocrypha 14

Burke's Vicissitudes of Families 4

Burton's Christian Church 3

Cabinet Lawyer 20

Calvert's Wife's Manual 14

Campaigner at Home 6

Cats and Farlie's Moral Emblems 11

Chorale Book for England 15

Clouoh's Lives from Plutarch 2

CoLKNso (Bishop) on Pentateuch and Book

of Joshua 14

Colli Ns's Horse Trainer's Guide 18

Columbus's Voyages 16

Commonplace Philosopher in Town and

Country 6

Coninqton's Tranfclation of Virgil's yfineid 18
CoNTANSEAU's Two Frcuch and English

Dictionaries 5

Con YBEA RE and Howson's Life and Epistles

©fSt.Paul 13

Cook's Acts of the Apostles 13

Voyages 16

Copland's Dictionary of Practical Medicine 10

Cox's Tales o( the Great Persian War 2

Tales from Greek Mythology 17

Tales of the Gods and Heroes 17

Tales of Thebes and Argos 17

Crawley's Billiard Book 19

Cresy's Encyclopaedia of Civil Engineering 11

Critical Essays of a Country Parson 6

Crowe's History of France a

Crump on Banking, &c 19

CussANs'a Grammar of Heraldry 12

Da rt's Iliad of Homer ig

D'Aubionk's History of the Reforuration in

the time of Calvin 2

Dayman's Dante's Divina Commedia. 18

Dead Shot (The), by Marksman 18

Dk la Rivk's Treatise on Electricity 8

Delmard's Village Life in Switzerland.... 15

De la Prymk's Lifeof ChriBt 14

Dk Morgan on Matter and Spirit 6

Dk Tocqukville's Democracy in America 1

Disraeli's Speeches on Reform s

DoBsoN on the Ox 19

22

NEW WORKS PUBLISHED BY LONGMANS asd CO.

Duncan and Millard on Classification,

&c. of the Idiotic

Dybr's City of Home

Edwards's Shipmaster's Guide

Elements of Botany

Ellice, a Tale

Ellicott's Broad and Narrow Way

— Commentary on Ephesians ....

Destiny of the Creature

Lectures on Life of Christ

Commentary on Galatians ....

— — Pastoral Epist.

Philippians.&c.

Thessalonians

Engel's Introduction to National Music ,.

Essays and Keviews

■ on Religion and Literature, edited by
Manning

Fairbairn's Application of Cast and

Wrought Iron to Building

' Information for Engineers .,

Treatise on Mills & Millwork

Fairbairn on Iron Ship Building

Farrar's Chuptet 8 on Language

Ffoulkes's Christendom's Divisions

Francis's Fishing Book

Froude's History of England

Gee's Our Sermons

Sunday to Sunday

Gilbert and Church ill's Dolomite Moun-
tains

Gi lly's Shipwrecks of the Navy

GoETH e's Second Faust, by Anster

GooDK ve's Elements of Mechanism

GoRLft'sUiiestionson Browne's Exposition
of the 39 Articles

Grant's Ethics of Aristotle

Graver Thoughts ot a Country Parson

Gray's Anatomy

Green e's Corals and Sea Jellies

Sponges and Animalculae

Grove on Correlation of Physical Forces ..

Gwilt's Encyclopaedia of Architecture ....

Hooker and Walker-Arnott's British

Flora

Hopkins's Hawaii

Horn E's Introduction to the Scriptures. ...
Compendium of the Scriptures..

Horsley's Manual of Poisons 9

HosKYNs's Occasional Essays 6

' Talpa IS

How we Spent the Summer 15

Howitt's Australian Discovery 16

Rural Life of England 16

Visits to Remarkable Places .... 16

Hudson's Directions for Making Wills .... 20

Executor's Guide 20

Hughes's (vv.) Manual of Geography 7

Hullah's History of Modern Music 11

Transition Musical Lectures 11

Part Music

Sacred Music

Humboldt's Travels in South America,. .. 16

HuMPHRf vs' Sentiments of Sbakspeare.. .. 11

Hutton's Studies in Parliament 6

B ymns from Lpra Germanica 14

Ingelow's Poems 17

Icelatidic Legends, Second Series 17

Idle's Hints on Shooting 18

Jameson's Legends of the Saints and Mar-
tyrs 11

Legends of the Madonna 11

Legends of the Monastic Orders 11

Jameson and Kastlake's History of Our

Lord n

Johnson's Patentee's Manual 12

Practical Draughtsman 12

Johnston's Gaxetteer, or General Geo-

graphiral Dictionary 7

Jon Es's Christianity and Common Sense . . 7

Jordan's Elements 8

Kalisch 's Commentary on the Bible 5

Hebrew Grammar 5

Keller's Lake Dwellings of Switzerland .. 8

Kestkvkn's Domestic Medicine 10

Kirby and Spbnce's Entomology 9

KUENEN on Pentateuch and Joshua 14

Handbook of Angling, by Ephemera.. .... 18

Hark on Election of Representatives 5

Harley and Brown's Histological Demon-
strations 10

Ha rtw ig's Harmonies of Nature 8

Sea and its Living Wonders. ... 8

. Tropical World 8

Haughton's Manual of Geology 8

Hawker's Instructions to Young Sports-
men 18

Heaton's Notes on Rifle Shooting 18

Healey's Chess Problems 20

H ELPs's Spanish Conquest in America .... 2

Henderson's Folk-Lore 6

Hersch el's Essays from Reviews 9

Outlines of Astronomy , 7

Hewitt on the Diseases of Women 10

Ho dgson's Time and Space 7

Holland's Essays on Scientific Subjects . . 9

Holmes's System of Surgery 10

Lady's Tour round Monte Rosa 16

Landon's<L. E. L.) Poetical Works 17

Lath a m 's English Dictionary 5

Lawrknce on Rocks 8

Leg ky's History or Rationalism 2

Leisure H our»« in Town 6

Lewes's Biot^-raphicai History of Philosophy 2

Lewin's Fasti Sacri 13

Lewis on Early Roman History 4

on I nsh Disturbances 4

on Observation and Reasoning in

Politics 4

on Political Terms 4

Lewis's Essays on Administrations 4

Fables of Babrius 4

Li ddell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicon 5

Abridged ditto 6

Life of xMan Symbolised 11

LiNDLEY and Moore's Treasury of Botany 9

NE"W WORKS PUBLISHED BY LONGMANS aitd CO.

23

Longman's Lectureson History of Enjland 1

Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Ajfriculture.. .. 13

■ Gardening .... 13

Plants 9

Trees and Shrubs 9

Cottaee, Farm, and Villa Architecture 13

Lowndes's Engineer's Handbook 12

Lyra Domeatica • 14

Eucbaristica 15

Gernianica 11, 15

Messianica 15

Mystica 15

Sacra 15

Macaula y's (Lord) Essays 3

History of England 1

Lays of Ancient Rome 17

Miscellaneous Writings 6

Speeches 5

Works 1

Macfarren's Lectures on Harmony 11

MacLeod's Elements of Political Economy 4

Dictionary of Political Economy 4

Theory and Practice of Banking 19

McCuLLOCH 's Dictionary of Commerce. ... 18

Geographical Dictionary .... 7

Macfie's Vancouver Island 15

Maqui re's Life of Father Mathew 3

Rome and its Rulers 3

Mali no's Indoor Gardener 9

Manning on Holy Ghost 14

Marsh man's History of India 2

Life of Hn'elock 3

Martin's Commercial Handbook of France 19

M assey's History of England 1

Massingberd's History of the Reformation 3

Maundbr's Biographical Treasury 4

Geographical Treasury 7

Historical Treasury 2

Scientific and Literary Treasury 9

Treasury- of Knowledge 20

Treasury of Natural History .. 9

Maury's Physical Geography 7

May's Constitutional History of England . . 1

Melville's Digby Grand 17

G'.'neral Bounce 17

Gladiators 17

Good for Nothing 17

Holmby House 17

Interpreter 17

KateCoventry 17

Queen's Maries 17

Mendklssohn's Letters 3

Menz IRS' Windsor Great Park 13

Mebivale's (H.) Historical Studies ,, 1

(C.) Fall of the Roman Republic 2

Romans under the Empire 2

Boyle Lectures 2

Miles on Horse's Foot and Horse Shoeing. 19

on Horses' Teeth and Stables J 9

Mill «ii Liberty 4

on Rei>res«'ntative Government 4

on Utilitarinnism 4

Mill's DiHoertations and Discissions 4

Political Bconomy 4

System of Ixigic 4

Hamil'""''* l'liiln«(in(iv 4

Miller's Elements of Chemistry 9

Monsell's Spiritnid Songs 15

Beatitudes 15

Montgomery on Pregnancy 10

Moore's Irish Melodies ii, 17

Lalla Rookh 17

Journal and Correspondence .... 3

Poetical Works 17

(Dr. G.) First Man 8

Morell's Elements of Psychology 6

Mental Philosophy 6

Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History 14

Mozart's Letters 3

MiJller's (Max) Lectures on the Science of

Language 5

(K. O.) Literature of Ancient

Greece a

MuRCHisoN on Continued Fevers 10

Mure's Language and Literature of Greece a

New Testament illustrated with Wood En-
gravings from the Old Masters 11

Newmans History of his Religious Opinions 3

Nightingale's Notes on Hobpitals 20

Odling's Animal Chemistry 9

Course of Practical Chemistry. ... 9

Manual of Chemistry 9

O'Shea's Guide to Spain 16

Owen's Comparative Anatomy and Physio-
logy Of Vertebrate Animals 8

OjtfcNHAM on Atonement 15

Packk's Guide to the Pyrenees 16

PaGet's Lectures on Surgical Pathology .. 10

Pkrkira's Elements of Materia Medica.... 10

Manual of Materia Medica 10

Perkins's Tuscan Sculptors 12

Ph I LLi ps's Guide to Geology g

Introduction to Mineralogy. ... g

Pi iissb's Art of Perfumery is

Chemical, Natural, and Physical Magic IS

Pitt on Brewing ig

Playtime with the Poets 17

Practical Mechanic's Journal 12

Puatt's Law of Building Societies 20

Prescott's Scripture Uithculties 14

Pr .ctor's Handbook of the Stars 7

Saturn 7

Pycroft's Cuurse of English Reading .... 5

Cricket Field ig

Cricket Tutor ig

Cricketana is

Raymond on Fishing without Cruelty IS

Kfc.ADK*s Poetical Works 17

lit>cieMti«>n8 of a Country Parson 6

Kkilly'h Map of Mont Blunc 15

j Ki VKKs's Kose AiiuiKM.r's Ijiiiilc 9

]

24

NEW WORKS PUBLISHED BY LONGMANS and CO.

Rogers's Correspondence of Greyson G

Kclipse of Faith 6

Defence of ditto 6

Kssays frona the Edinburgh Review 6

Fulleriana 6

Reason and Faith 6

(E.) Fifth- Monarchy Man .... 3

Boqet's Thesaurus of En;ilish Words and

Phrases 5

RoNALDs's Fiy-Fisher's Entomology 18

Rowton's Debater 5

Russell on Government and Constitution . 1

Sandars's Justinian's Institutes 4

Scott's Handbook of Volumetrical Analysis 9

Lectures on the Fine Arts 11

ScROPE on Volcanos 7

Sewell's Amy Herbert lo

CleveHall 16

. Earl's Daughter 16

Experience of Life 16

Gertrude 16

Glimpse of the World 15

History of the Early Church 3

Ivors 16

Katharine Ashton 16

Laneton Parsonage 16

. Margaret Percival 16

Passinar Thoughts on Religion. ... 14

Preparation for Communion 14

Principles of Education 14

Readings for Confirmation 14

Readings for Lent 14

Examination for Confirmation .. 14

Stories and Tales 16

Thoughts for the Holy Week 14

Ursula 16

Shaw's Work on Wine 19

Shedden's Elements of Logic 4

Shipley's Church and the World 14

Short Whist 20

Short's Church History 3

Sieveking's (Amelia) Life, by Wink-
worth 3

Smith's (South wood) Philosophy of Health 20

(J.) Paul's Voyage and Shipwreck 13

(G.) Wesleyan Methodism ........ 3

(Sydney) Miscellaneous Works .. 6

Moral Philosophy 6

Wit and Wisdom 6

Smith on Cavalry Drill and Manoeuvres. ... 18

Southey's (Doctor) 5

Poetical Works 17

Stanley's History of British Birds 9

Stebbing's Analysis of Mill's Logic 5

Stephen's Essays in Ecclesiastical Bio-
graphy 4

Lectures on History of France 2

Stephenson's Life, by Jeaffreson and

Pole 3

Stepping-Stone (The) to Knowledge, &c. . . 20

Stirli n g's Secret of H egel 6

Btonehenge on the Dog 19

— _ on the Greyhound 19

Strange on Sea Air 10

Restoration of H ealth 11

Sunday Afternoons at the Parish Church. ... 6

TAsso'sJerusalem, by James 17

Taylor's (Jeremy) Works, edited by Eden 14

Tennent's Ceylon 8

Natural History of Ceylon .... 8

Wild Elephant 8

Thirlwall's History of Greece 2

Thomson's (Archbishop) Laws of Thought 4

(J.) Tables of Interest 20

Conspectus, by B I rkett 10

Todd's Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physio-
logy 10

and Bowman's Anatomy and Phy-
siology of Man 10

Trollope's Barchester Towers 17

Warden 17

Twiss's Law of Nations 19

Tyndall's Lectures on Heat 8

Lectures on Sound 8

Ure's Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and

Mines 12

Van Der Hoeven's Handbook of Zoology 8
Vaughan's (R.) Revolutions in English

History 1

(R. a.) Hours with the Mystics 7

Way to Rest 7

Walker on the Rifle is

Watson's Principles and Practice of Physic 10

Watts's Dictionary of Chemistry 9

Webb's Objects for Common Telescopes .. 7

Webster & Wilkinson's Greek Testament 18

Weld's Florence -...,.. is

W'kllington's Life, by Brialmont and

Gleig 3

by Gi^EiQ 3

West on Children's Diseases 9

Whately's English Synonymes 4

■ — Life and Correspondence 3

Logic 4

■ Remains 4

Rhetoric 4

Paley's Moral Philosophy .... 15

Whewell's History of the Inductive Sci-
ences 2

W^bist, what to lead, by Cam 20

White and Riddle's Latin-English Dic-
tionaries 5

Wilbebforce (W.) Recollections of, by

Harford 3

Willich's Popular Tables 20

Wilson's Bryologia Britannica 9

Windham's Diarv 3

Wood's Homes without Hands 8

Woodward's Historical and Chronological

Encyclopaedia 2

Wright's Homer's Iliad 18

Yonge's English-Greek Lexicon 5

Abridged ditto 5

Young's Nautical Dictionary 19

Youatt on the Dog 18

on the Horse ' 18

BPOTTISWOOBE AlfD CO., PBINTEBS, KEW BTBEET-SQiTAEE, LOKDOK

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1^.

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