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DEMCO 38-2 97
Cornell University Library
SB 45.B15
CVcloped,ao.Arnencanhor,icu^^
3 1924 000 537 732
Cornell University Library
The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library.
There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text.
http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000537732
Cyclopedia of American horticulture
^jrt^^^
Plate X. Prominent American Horticulturists.
Cyclopedia of American Horticulture
COMPRISING SUGGESTIONS FOR CULTIVATION OF HORTI- CULTURAL PLANTS, DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES OF FRUITS, VEGETABLES, FLOWERS AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS SOLD IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, TOGETHER WITH GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES
BY
L. H. BAILEY
Professor of Horticulture in Cornell University
ASSISTED BY
WILHELM MILLER, Ph.D.
Associate Editor
AND MANY EXPERT CULTIVATORS AND BOTANISTS
JllusJttatcli toit^ obet 'W-'tDO 1l^o\i0sint} jaDriffinal dmtatinss
In Four Volumes E-M
THE MAC MILL AN COMPANY
LONDON: JIACMILLAN & CO., Ltd.
1901
The rights of reproduction and of translation are strictly reserved
Copyright, 1900, By the MACMILLAN COMPANY
-^ // 3, a / Y
S©ount ©Irasant ©rintcrg
J. Horace McFatland Company JIarrijburg, Pa.
COLLABORATORS
I. PABTIAL Ll.sr (IF COXTUIBrrOUS TU THE rrCLOl'EIlIA
The asterisk ih'sigtiates the runlrtljutors to the second enl proofs and in 'itiiei- lea'js.
Adams, Geo. E., Afjst. Hortieulturist, R. I. Exp. yta., Kingston, K.I. [IHioiJc I.ilaiiil.)
*Ames, Oakes, Asst. I)ir. Botanic Garden, and Instructor in Botany in liarvai'd Univ., Cam- bridge, Mass. (Several, genera of Orcliitls.)
*Archdeacon & Co., Commission merchants. New York, N. Y. {Miishrootti .) Arnold, Jr., Geo., Florist, Rochester, N. Y.
{China J.ster.) ArtiiuDx, Brof. J. C, Bnrduo Univ., Lafayette, Ind. ( rinjsiolof/ii of Fhiiits-.)
*Atkins()M, Geo. F., Frot'. of Botany, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, K. Y. ( Miisliroom.) Balmer, Prof. J. A., Horticulturist, Wash. Exp. Sta., Pullman, Wash. ( Washington .)
^Barclay, P. W., Gardener, Haverford, Pa. [Ber- haeeous Perennials, Aster, Enjngiiini, etr.)
■*Barnes, Charles R., Prof, of Plant Physiology, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, 111. (Fertilization. Flower.)
*Barnes, William H., Secretary Kans. Hort. Soc, Topeka, Kans. (Kansas.)
*Bayersdorfer, H., Dealer in florists' supplies, Philadelphia, Pa. (Everlasting floirers.) Beach, Prof. S. A., Horticulturist, N. Y. E.xp.
Sta., Geneva, N. Y. ((''or)i. Thinning.) Beadle, C. D. , Botanist and horticulturist, Bilt- more, N C. (Bamboo.)
*Beal, Prof. W. J., Mich. Agric. College, Agri- cultural College, Mich. (tjrtiss. Bus read ]>roofs of nianij genera 0/ grasses.) Beckert, Tfieo. F., Florist, Allegheny City, Pa. (BoiigainriUa-a . )
*BERCKltAXS, P. J., Pomologist and nurseryman, Augusta, Ga. {Laicns for the Soutli. Mag- nolia. Melitt. Miehelia. Has read proof 0/ matin groups of itnportance in the Soiifli.)
*Blair, Prof. J. C, Horticulturist, 111. Exp. Sta., <?liampaign. III. (Greenhouse Glass. FUinois.)
*Brandegee, Mrs. Katharine, Botanist, editor of Zoe, San Diego, Calif. (Matnmillaria, ilelo- eitetiis, and oilier caeti. )
^Bruckner, Xichol X., Dreer's Nursery, River- ton, N. .1. (The article " Ferns." Manij groups of tender ferns. )
Mann of II,,
also assisteii in readOiii
BuFFUii, Prof. B. C., Horticulturist, \X\o. Kxji.
Sta., Laramie, Wyo. (irijoiiiing.) ■■"BURNETTE, Prof. F. H., I-Iorti(.'ulturist, La. Exp.
Sta., Baton Kouge, La. (Lnnisinnit .) BuTZ, Prof. Geo. C, Asst. Horticulturist, Fa.
Exp. Sta., State College, Pa. {Carnation.
Fcnnsijlvaniit .) *Cajieron, Robert, Gardener, Botanic Garden of
Harvard Univ. ( J'anous arlirles and iiiueh
helji on rare jilanls. Aljiinia, Cainpaniila, Fell-
iiioeaetus, etc.) *CanniN(:, Edward J., Gardener, Smith College,
Botanic Gardens, Nortliami)ton, Mass. (Manij
artieles ami ninrli help <oi rare and dijiieult
plants. A nthuriiini , Fehiuoraet us, Kpiphijlluni ,
Glo.rinia, etr.) *Card, Prof. Fred W., Horticulturist, R. I, Exj).
Sta., Kingston, R. I. (Neliraska. Bolaui/ and
eulture of hn.'ih-fruits, as Ainclanehier, Brrheris,
Blael-berry, Buffalo Berry, Currant, Logunli, rnj .) *Clinkaberry, Henry T., tSardi-ner, Trenton,
N J. (Certain oreliids, as Livlia.) Cook, <). p., Div. of Botany, Section of Seed and
Plant Introduction, De]it. of Agric, Washing- ton, D. C. (Coffee.) CoRBETT, Prof. L. C, Horticulturist, W. Va. I^xp.
Sta., Morgantown, W. ^'a. ( IVest Virijitiiii.) "CouLSTON, Mrs. M. B., Formerly assistant editor
of Garden and Forest, Ithaca, N. Y. (Mitehellii,
and some other natire plants.) *CouLTER, John M., Professor and Head of the
Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago,
lilinois. ( Eehinoeaelus.) ""Cowen, J. II., formerly Assistant in Ilorticultur.-,
Colo. Exp. Sta., Ithaca, N. Y. (Certain CoU,-
rado plants, as Lejniehi/s, Lrur,,rrinii in .) *Craig, Prof. John, Horticulturist, la. Exp. Sta.,
Ames, la. (Canada, tioosehernj. Kale. Kolil-
rahi. ) Craig, Robert, Florist, Philadelphia, Pa. (Araii-
eiiria. Anlisia. Codiaum.) *Craig, W. N., Gardener, North Easton, Mass.
(.)Iushrooni.) Crandall, Prof. C. S., Horticulturist, Colo. Exp.
Sta., Fort Collins, Colo. {Colorado.)
(V)
/6 /s
Copyright, 1900, By the MACMILLAN COMPANY
^ // 3, c /
S©ount ©Itasant ©dntctj)
J. Horace ^icF;lrland Company llarrisbiirg, Pa.
COLLABORATORS
I. PARTIAL LIST OF CdNTUlliDTOUS I'O THE CYCLOPEDIA
The asterisk designaJe.^- the proofs and in other wa!/.s.
utrihutors to the si:cond rutuioi
Adams, Gko. E,, Asst. Hoi'tieultuiist, R. I. Ex]!.
Sta., Kiugstoii, R. I. (Plioilr Island. )
*Ames, Oakes, Asst. I>ir. Botanic Garaen, ami
Instructor in Botany in Harvaj'd Univ., ('am-
bvidge, Mass. (Sererul (jencra of Orchids.)
■"'Archdeacon & Co., Commission merchants. New
York, N. Y. [Muskrooiii .) Arnold, Jr., Geo., Florist, Rochester, N. Y.
{Chitia Aster.) Arthur, Prof. J. C, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. [Physiolngij of Plants.) *Atkinson, Geo. P., Prof, of Botany, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. { Muslironm.) Balmer, Prof. J. A., Horticulturist, Wash. Exp. Sta., Pullman, Wash. ( Was)iin(jtou.) *Barclay, F. W., Gardener, Haverford, Pa. (Her-
haceous Perennials, Aster, Eri/iKjiiim, etc.) *Barnes, Charles R., Prof, of Plant Physiology, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, 111. {Fertilisation. Floirer.) *Barnes, William H., Secretary Kans. Ilort. Soc,
Topeka, Kans. (Kansas.) *Bayersdorfer, H., Dealer in florists' supplies, Philadelphia, Pa. (Everlasting Jloiccrs.) Beach, Prof. S. A., Horticulturist, N. Y. Exp.
Sta., Geneva, N. Y. (Corn. Thinning.) Beadle, C. D., Botanist and horticulturist, Bilt- more, N C. (Bainhoo.) *Beal, Prof. W. J., Mich. Agric. College, Agri- cultural College, Mich. (Grass. Has rcml proofs of tnamj genera of grasses.) Beckert, Theo. F., Florist, Allegheny City, Pa. (PougainrilUca . ) *Berckmans, p. J., Pomologist and nurseryman, Augusta, Ga. \lAiinis for tlie Soiilh. Mag- nolia. Alelia. Mielielia. Has read pro<f of iiiantj groups of inijiortaiice in tJie Soitlh.) *Blair, Prof. J. C, Horticulturist, 111. Exp. Sta., Champaign, 111. (GreenJiouse Glass. Illinois.) *Brandegee, Mrs. Katharine, Botanist, editor of Zoe, San Diego, Calif. (Mammillaria, Melo- cactns, and oilier cacti.) *BRrcKNER, NiCHOL N., Dreer's Nursery, River- ton, N. .J. (The article " Ferns." Matiy groups of tender ferns. )
Many of tin' co,,t ribotors hore at.^o assisted in readiii:i
BuFFUM, Prof. B. C, Horticulturist, Wyo. Ex)!. Sta., Laramie, Wyo. (iryoniing.)
""BuRNETTE, Prof. F. H., Horticulturist, La. Exp. Sta., Baton Rouge, La. {Louisiana .) EuTZ, Prof. Geo. C., Asst. Horticullurist, Pa. Exp. Sta., State College, Pa. (Carnation. I'ennsylvania .)
*Cameeon, Robert, Gardener, Botanic Garden of Harvard Univ. ( Various articles and iiiiieh help on rare jihints. Alpiiiia, Camjianula , Ech- inocaetiis, etc.)
*CANNiNii, Edward .J., Gardener, Smith College, Botanic Gardens, Northampton, Mass. {Manij articles and mui-li liclii on rare and itijlicult jilaiits. A nthuriuin , EcJiinocaeliis, EjiiphiiHiiiii , Gloxinia, etc.)
*Card, Prof. Fred W., Horticulturist, M. I. Exp. Sta., Kingston, R.I. (Xelirasfa. Hotaui/ ami eidture ef hush 'fruits, as Antelanehier, lierheris, lilaeldierry, Buffalo Berry , Currant, Logaitherrij .)
*Clinkap.erry, Henry T., Gardener, Trenton, N J. (CJerlaiu orchids, as Lerdia.) Cook, O. F., Div. of Botany, Section of Seed ami Plant Introduction, Dept. of Agiac, Washing- ton, D. C. (Coffee.) CORBETT, Prof. L, C, Horticulturist, W. Va. Exp. Sta., Morganfown, W. Va. ( West Virginia.)
*CouLSTON, Jlrs. ]\I. B., Formerly assistant editor of Garden and For.'st, Ithaca, N. Y. (Milchclla, and some other natne jilants.)
*CouLTER, John M., Professor and Head of the Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. (Echinocactus.)
"CowEN, J. 11., formerly Assistant in Horticulture-, Colo. Exp. Sta., Ithaca, N. Y. (Certain Cola- rado jdaiils. as Lcpachys, Lrucneriniiin .)
*Craig, Prof. .loHN, Horticulturist, la. Exp. Sta., Ames, la. (Canada. Gooseherry. Kale. Kohl- rabi. ) Craig, Robert, Florist, Philadelphia, Pa. (Araii- caria. Ardisia. Cadiieiim.)
*Craig, W. N., Gardener, North Easton, Mass. (.Uuslirooni. )
Ckandall, Prcf. C. S., Horticulturist, Colo. E.\p. Sta., Fort Collins, Colo. I Colorado.)
(v)
VI
COLLABORATORS
*CusHMAN, E. H., Gladiolus specialist, Euclid, Ohio, {nladiolus.)
*Darlikgtox, H. D., Wholesale florist, specialis in heaths and hard-wooded plants. (Epacris. Leptospermum. Has read proof of iiiani/ articles on harel-tcooded pJants.)
*Davis, K. C, Science teacher, Ithaca, N. Y. (Genera in Banunculacece .)
*Davy, J. BuRTT, Asst. Botanist, Univ. of Calif. Exp. Sta., Berkeley, Calif. [Acacia. Euca- lyptus. Maytenus. Myrtacew.)
*Deane, Walter, Botanist, Camhridge, Mass. [Herbarium. Has lielped on riirivus hotanical prohlems.)
*Dewet,,Lyster J,, Div. of Botany, Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C. [Mentha.) DoRNER, Fred, Carnation specialist, Lafayette
Ind. [Carnation.) DoRSETT, P. H., Associate Physiologist andPatholo gist, Dept. of Agric, Washington, D.C. ( Violet.)
*DonGLAS, Thos. H., of R. Douglas & Sons, nur- serymen and specialists in conifers, Waukegan, 111. [Laru:.) Duggar, B. JI., Asst. Cryptogamie Botanist, Cor- nell Exp. Sta., Ithara, X. Y. (7'i)/,'r».)
*DusxiNG, D. M., Amateur, Auburn, N. Y. ( Grapes uvder Glu.^is.)
*DUPUY, Louis, Wholesale florist and specialist in hard-wooded plants. College Point, L. I. [Erica. Has read other articles on iieatli-like plants.) Earle, Prof. F. S., Horticulturist, Ala. Poly- technic Institute, Auburn, Ala. (Alahnma.) Earle, Parker, Horticulturist, Eoswell, N. M. (Xew Mcj-ie,,.)
*Egan, W. C, Amateur, Highland Park, 111. [Ereniurus. Has lielped on liardy jilants.) ElSELE, J. D., Foreman Dreer's Kursery, River- ton, N. J. [Cordyline.) Elliott, William H. , Florist, Brighton, Mass. [ A-tparagus pliirnosus. )
*ElIERr, S. M., Director Mont. E.Kp. Sta., Boze- man,Moiil. [Mmitinia.)
*Endicott, Joiix, Bulb-grower, Canton, Mass. [Littonia . )
*Endicott, W. E., Teacher, Canton, Mass. [Achiiii- enes. Jcidantheni. I.ria. Has made important corrections in niani/ articles on hulhs.) Evans, Walter IL, Ofdee of Exp. Stations, Dept. of Agric. , Washington, D.C. [Alaslca.)
*Fawcett, Wm., Dir. Dept. Public Gardens and Plantations, Kingston, Jamaica. {Tropical fruits, as Chcrimoya, ilarmcdnde Plum, Egrj Fruit, Mango, Mangosteen, Xutnieg )
*Ferxow, Prof. B. E., Dir. College of Forestry, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Conifers. For- estry.)
FiNLAYSON, Kenneth, Gardener, Brookline, Mass. [lliiisnia.)
*Fletcher, S. W., Horticulturist, Ithaca, N. Y. [Ipomma and other Convohmlacea; . Helianthus- and related genera.)
*Franceschi, Dr. F., Manager S. Calif. Acclim<a- tizing Ass'n, Santa Barbara, Calif. [Bare plants of S. Calif., as Dasylirion, Ftacourtia, FiHiijuicra, Furcra:a, Hasardia, etc. Has read many proefs and made numerous correctio)is. )
*Galloway, B. T., Chief Div. Veg. Phys. and Path., Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C. [Floricul- ture. Has read articles on fungi. )
*Gareield, C. W., Horticulturist, Grand Rapids, Mich. [Michigan.)
*Gerard, J. N., Amateur, Elizabeth, N, J. [Many articles, especially on litilbous plants, as Crocus, Iris, Mnscari, A'arcissus.)
*Gillett, Edward, Nurseryman, Southwick, Mass. [Hardy Ferns. Liparis. Has read numerous proofs on -n at ire plants.) GoFF, Prof. E. S., Horticulturist, Wis. Exp. Sta.,
Madison, Wis. ( fVisconsin.) CtOULD, H. p., Asst. Entomologist and Horticul- turist, Md. E.xp. Sta., College Park, Md. [Brussels Sprouts. Celcriac.)
*Green, Prof. S. B., Horticulturist, Minnesota Exp. Sta., St. Anthony Park, Minn. [Minnesota.)
*Grecn, Wm. J., Horticulturist, Ohio Exp. Sta., Wooster, Ohio. [Ohio. Greenhouse suh-irriga- tiirn.)
*CtREEN'lee, Miss Lennie, Bulb-grower, Gi-arden. City,N.C. [Ixia.)
*Greiner, T., Specialist in vegetables, La Salle, N. Y. ( Garden vegetables, as Articlioke, Aspara- gus, Bean, Cress, Corn Salad, Kolilrabi, Lettuce. )
*Grey, Robert M., Gardener, North Easton, Mass. [Numerous important orchid groups, as Cypripe- dium, Epidendrum, Lycaste, Maxillaria, 2Iasde- rallia.)
*Groff, II. II., Gladiolus sjiecialist, Simeoe, Out. [Gladiolus.) Gurney, James, Gardener, :\lo. Botanical Ciardeii,
St. Louis, Mo. (Cacti. ) Hale, J. H., Nurseryman and pomologist, South Glastonbury, Conn. (Ciiniu liicut.)
*Halsted, Prof. B. D., Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J. [Diseases. Fungus.)
*Hansen, CtEO., Landscape architect and botanist, Berkeley, Calif. [Ejiidcndrnm .) I-Iansen, Prof. N. E., Ilorticultuiist, S. Dak. Exp. Sta., Brookings, S. Dak. [.'<oulh Dakota.)
""Harris, F. L., Gardener, Wellesley, :Mass. [Lis- ianthus. Mcdinilla. ]
*Harris, W., Acting Dir., Dept. Public Gardens and Tlaiilnl ions, Kingslnn, .lanniica. (Mammcu Apple and some oilier tropieiil fruits.)
COLLABOKATOKS
Vll
*Harris, W. K., Florist, Philadelphia, Pu. {Ficits elastica. Help on Liliiim HdrriKii.)
*Hasselbring, Heinkich, Asst. in Botany, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Iris ami mosl orvhids from Gongora to MasdevaUia.)
*Hastings, G. T., Asst. in Botany, Cornell Univ., Ithaea, N. Y. [Some tropical phuils, ns Berria, BerthoUetin. A few grasses, as Uicroeliloc, Rol- ens, Sordetim.)
*HATriELD, T. 1)., Gardener, Wellesley, Mass. (Numerous and varied emitribatious, as Gesiicra, Gloxinia, LaelienaUa, Lcca, M((cro:iimia.)
*Hedrick, U. p., Asst. Prof, of Horticulture, Agri- cultural College, Mich. [Eoapnralion of Fruit.)
*Henderson & Co., Peter, Seedsmen, 37 Cort- landt St., New York, N. Y. ( Bulbs. Eccrcmo- carpus. )
*Herrington, a., Gardener, Florham Farms, Madi- son, N. J. (Chnisanthemuni eoeciiicinii . Iliilbj- jiock. )
*Hexamer, I")r. F. M., Editor American jVgricul- turist. New York, N. Y. (Scrcriil bioiiropliical sJcetclies, as Fuller, Harris.) Hicks, G. H., late of Dept. of Agric, Wasliington, D. C. (Seed-tesling.)
*PIiCKS, Henry, Nurseryman, Westport, L. I. [Li- gustruiii . )
*HiGaiNS, J. E., Horticulturist and teacher, Hono- lulu, H. I. (Hawaiian Islands. ) Hill, E. G., Florist, Bichmond, Ind. (Bcgouiu .)
*HlTCiiooCK, A. S., Prof . of Botany, Kansas State Agric. College, Manhattan, Kans. (Most nftlie genera ttf gntssrs in. the second, rolurnr.)
*HoOPES, JosiAH, Nurseryman, AVest Cliestcr, Pa. {Hedges.)
*I-l0RSF0RD, Fred. H., Nurseryman and specialist in Lilies, Charlotte, Vt. (Alpine Gardens. Lilinin. Has read proof of via.nij articles on natire jilauis. )
*HuNN, Charles E., Gardener, Cornell E.xp. Sta., Ithaca, N. Y, (Forcing of Vegetables. Mign- onette.)
*HUNTLEY, Prof. F. A., Idaho E.xp. Sta., Moscow, Idaho. [Idaho.) Hl'TCHMS, Rev. W. T., Sweet Pea specialist, In- dian Orchard, Mass. (t^weet Pen.)
*Irish, H. C, Horticulturist, Mo. Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. (Capsicum. Lactuca.) Jackson & Perkins Co., Nurserymen and spe- cialists in Clematis, Newark, N. Y. (flnn.tti.-i. )
*.Jeffers, a., Editor "Cornucopia," Norfolk, Va. (Kale.) Jordan, A. T., Asst. Horticulturist, New Bruns- wick, N. J. (Xew Jersey. )
*Kains, M. G., Div. of Botany, Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C. (Minor vegetables, as Horse- Fadish. Herhs, as Hi/ssopus ; also Ginseng and Ghjcijrrhiza.)
*Kearney, Jr., T. H., Div. of Botany, Dei.t. of Agric, Washington, I). ('. (Three orchid gi n- era, Grammangis, Granunatopliyllum, Hahina- ria.)
■'Keller, J.B., Florist, Rochester, N. Y. {Many groups of hardy herbaceous perennials. Article on. "Herbaceous Perennials.")
*Kelsey, Harlan P., Landscape architect, Boston, JIass. [Xorlli Carolina jilauts, as Galax and r.eiicothoe.) Kennedy, P. Beyeridge, Horticulturist, Nev. E.xp. Stiu, Reno, Nev. (Ma)iy genera of grasses. Begonia.)
*KERn,.I.W., Nurseryman, DeTiton, Md. (Mary- land.) KiFT, Rodert, Florist, Philadelphia, Pa. (Ciit-
ftn.rers.) KiX-XEY, L. F., Horticulturist, Kingston, R. 1.
(Cetcry.) Lager & Hurrell, Orchid cultivators. Summit,
N.J. (Cattleyu.) Lake, Prof.E. B., Horticulturist, Ore. Exp. S(a., Corvallis, Ore. (Uregoii.)
*Lan'dretii, Bl'rnet, Seedsman, Philadeljihia, Pa. {Jhirid Landrctli.)
*LArMAN, (!{. N., Instrnclor in Horticulture, Cor- nell Univ., Ithaca, N. \. [Geraniitnt. lu/pa- tnir-. Pclarginiiuui.) LoNsiiALE, Edwin, Florist, <;iiestnut Hill, Phila- delphia, Pa. [Coitserralory . )
*Lo];d & Burniiam Co., Hoiticultural architeids and builders, Irviugton-on-Hudson, N. \'. (Greenhonse Construction. ) LOTiiRop & Higgins, Dahlia specialists, East Bridgewater, ilass. i Dahlia )
*MaoPhekson, James, Landscape gardener, Tren- tiin, N. J. (Enjdojrbia . Has read proof ef scr- eral oi'chid genera.)
*J[anning, J. Woodward, Horticultural expert and ])urchasing agent, Boslou, Mass. (Pyrr- Ihrnm. Hardy Itrrbs. Has rcail proof c>f uaiuy groups of herbaceous jirrenuials.)
'■Manning, Warren II., Jjinidscape architect, Boston, Mass. (Article, "Herbaceous Peren- nials.")
*Mas(>n, Prof. B.C., Berea, Ky. (Labeling. Lay- ering. )
*Massey, Prof. AV. P., Horticulturist, N. C. Exp. Sta,, Raleigh, N. C. (Figs. Xorth Carolina.) Mathews, F. Schuyler, Artist, 2 Morley St., Boston, Mass. (Color.)
*Mathews, Prof. C. AV., Horticulturist, Ky. Exp. Sta., Lexington, Ky. {Kentucky.)
'■'Mathews, AA^m., Florist ami orcliid grower, Utica, N. Y. (A'arious rare and important orchids, as Gongora, Graniinatojihyllu in , lonopsis, Linia- todrs, Miltouia.)
COLLABORATOPuS
*Maynard, Prof. S. T., Hoi-tlnillui-ist, Mass. Hatch Exp. Sta., Amhersl, Mass. (il/os.sa- chusclts. ) McDowell, Prof. R. II., Reno, Xev. (Xenvla.) McPaelaxu, J. HuKACE, Horticultural ]M'inter and expei't in photograpliy, Harrisburi;', I'a. [Border. ) *McMillen, Robert, Wholesale grower of migno- nette. Pearl River, N. Y. { MhjiionctU:.) *McWilliam, Geo., Ganlenei', Whitinsyille, Mass. (Dipludniiii. Luriiliii.) Mead, T. L., Horticulturist, (")vic.lo, Fla. [Cri- niiiii. Bii.i liclpeil in iiiaiterx i>f c.rlroiic .soiillicni Iiorticullnrc. ) *Meehan", .To.seph, Nurseryman, Germantown,
Philadelphia, Pa. {Idi'shi.) *Meredith, a. P., Gardener, South Lancaster, Mass. (Iltimca. ) Moon, Samuel C, Nni-seryman, Morrisville, Pa. ( Trees fur uniaitwHl . ) *M0REIS, O. JI., Asst. Horticulturist, Okla. Exp. Sta., Stillwater, Okla. (Indian Terrilonj. OklalioiiHi.) *Mdnson, T. v.. Nurseryman and grape hybridist,
Denison, Tex. ( Grape eulliire in tlie Sonlli.) *MUNS0N, Prof. W. M., Horticulturist, Me. Exp. Sta., Orono, Me. [Maine.) Newell, A. J., Gardener, Wellesley, Mass. ( Certain orcliids. ) ^Norton, J. B. S., Botanical Assistant, Mo. Botan- ical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. {Euphorhiacea;. Meiniliot. Several hotanieal ■pu::les, as Lithrwa.) Ogston, Colin, Gardener and orchid cultivator, Kimball Conservatories, Rochester, N. Y. {De-iuirohinm.) *Oliver, G. W., Gardener, U. S. Botanic Gardens, Washington, D. C. [Many arlieles on palms, aroids, succulents and rare plants, and inucit help on proofs. Alstra'meria . Amaryllis.) Oepet, Edward O., Gardenei', So. Lancaster, Mass. {Ma)iy ardrhs. TSonler. Cyelanien. Vianthus, and certain orchids.) "-Parsons, Jr., Samuel, Landscape architect. New York, N. y. [J.au-ir] Peacock, Lawrence K., Dahlia specialist, Atco,
N.J. (Dahlia.) Powell, Prof. G. I-Iakold, Horticulturist, Del. Exp. Sta., Newark, Del. (Clierry. Dehuriire.) Price, Prof. R. H., Horticulturist, Tex. Exp. Sta., College Station, Tex. (Tcras.) *PuRDY, Carl, Specialist in California bulbs, Ukiah, Calif. (California native plants, as Brodicca, Cnlochorlus, Erytlironinni, Fritillaria .] Rane, Prof. F. W., Plortieulturist, N. II. Exp. Sta., Durham, N. H. (New Jlanipsliii'e.) *Rawson, Grove P., Florist, Elmira, N. Y'. (Lan- /aiia. )
*Rawson, W. W., Seedsman and market- gardener,
Boston, Mass. [Cueuniher. Bettuce.) *Reasonek, E. N., Nurseryman and horticultui-ist,
Oueco, Fha. (Miiny articles, and much heli> on
e.rtrenic southern iiortieullure. Ctvsalpinia. Cocas.
(iuava. Kuniejuat. Lemon. Lime. Afango.) *Reiidek, Alfred, Si)eeialist in hardy trees
and shrubs, Jamaica Plain, Mass. (Bolany
aiol eultnre of most of the hardy trees and
.•<hruhs.) *Robeets, Prof. I. P., Dir. College of Agiac,
Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y'. (Th-fvinarje. Fer-
tilily. Manure. P<dafo.) *R0LFS, Prof. P. H., Botanist, S. C. Exp. Sta.,
Clemson College, S. C. (Eiigplanl . Florida.) Rose, J. N., Asst. Curator, V. S. Nat. Herb.,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.
(Agave.) Rose, N. Jonsson, Lan<lscape Gardener to New
York City Parks, New York, N. Y'. ( Varions
erotics. ) *R0TH, FiLiBERT, Asst. Prof. of Forestry, N. Y.
State College of Forestry, Cornell Univ.,
Ithaca, N. Y. (Fagns.) *RowLEE, Prof. W. ^V., Asst. Prof, of Botany,
Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y'. (Definitions. Lia-
tris. Nymphcea. Salix.) Sargent, Prof. C. S., Dir. Arnold Arboretum,
Jamaica Plain, Mass. (Ahies.) *ScOTT, Wm., Florist, Buffalo, N. \. (Important
florists' plants and floivers, as Acacia, Con-
rallaria. Cyclamen, Cytisus, Smilax, Metrosid-
eros, etc.) Scott, Wm., Gardener, Tarrytown, N. Y'. (Berlo-
lonia and other dwarf lender foliage plants.) Semple, James, Specialist in China Asters, Belle-
vue, Pa. (Aster.) *Sext()N, Joseph, Founder of the pampas grass
industry, Goleta, Calif. (Gy)ierinm .) *Si-iiNN, Charles H., Inspector of Experiment
Stations, Uniy. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.
[California, Fig, Loganljerry, etc.) *Siiore, Robert, Gardener, Botanical Dept., Cor- nell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y'. (Various articles, as
Acalyplui, Bedding, Dichorisa)idi-a, Episcea, Fil-
tiinia, Hynieuojdiyllum. ) *Sieereciit, Henry A., Florist and nurseryman.
New Y'ork and Rose Hill Nurseries, New Ro-
chelle, N. Y. (Much help on rare greenhouse
jd((nts, juirticnlarly urciiids and pahns. Draccoia.
Ficns. Fuchsia, (larilenia. Brora. Lajuojeria.
Lanrus.) *Simonds, O. C, Supt. Graceland Cemetery, Buena
Ave., Chicago, 111. [Landscape Cemeteries.) *Slingerland, Prof. M.V., Asst. Prof. Economic
Entomology, CormOl Univ., Ithaca, N. Y'.
(Insecticides, lir^ccls.)
COIiljAP.OlfAToRS
Smith, A. W., (Josraos i-ultivator, Aiuevinis, Oa.
{Cos)ii(is.) Smith, Ei.mkr I)., Chrysanthemum siifcialist, AJi-iaii, Jlii'li. ( Clinjxdiitliviinuii. )
*Smith, Jarki) (";., l>iv. of BotaTiy, Kept, of A;,'rif., Wasbingtoii, L). ('. [Ncnrly (ill pttliiis. Vn- riou>: iji'iivni, ti.i Ciiiliinnii, Ciriislniiii, C'dh/lr- ihiii. )
*Spf.>icer, John W., Fi'iiit-e-row.-r, Westfleld, Chau- tauqua < ^o. , N, y. [dfiii^i's III IIk' Xoi-lh. Help nil iiiijinrliiiil friiils. )
*Starnes, Pi'uf. Hugh N., Hoilii-ultui-i t, Ca. Exp. St., Athens, Ga. {GeDrgia. ) Stinson, Prof. .TOHH T., Dir. Mo. l-'vuit E.\p. Sla., Mountain (.irove. Mo. (Arl:iiii.-<iis-.)
*Strong, W.m. C, Nurseryman, AVat>aii, .Mass. (h't'iirirk.)
*Taft, Prof. ]j. E., Horticulturist, Mieh. Agrie. College, Agrieultur.-il College, Jlieli. ((Irccii- hiiiise Jlcaliiiij. Jliilheili.)
*Taplik, W. II., Specialist in palms ami ferns, Holmesburg, Philadelphia, Pa. {('iillnrr of many palms, ferns anil folkujc plants.)
*Taylor, Wji. a., Asst. Pomologist, Div. of Po- mology, Dept. of Agrie., Washington, 1>. C. ( rarious articles on nuts, as lliel-orij.)
*Thilow, J. CJtto, of H. A. Dreer, Inc., Phila- delphia, Pa. (Leek. Alusknielon.)
^Thompson, C. H., formerly Asst. Botanist, Mo. Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. {Some (jenera of cacti, as Eclnnocerus, Epipjliijllnm.)
*THORBrRN & Co., J. M., Seedsmen, New York, N. Y. {Ui/acintli. Hare read niamj proofs of hulljs, annuals, reijctahles, lierhs, etc.) TiiTTMEY, Prof. J. W., Biologist, Ariz. Exp. Sta., Tucson, Ariz. (Ari-ona. Date. Opiinlia.]
*Tracy, S. M., Horticulturist, Biloxi, Jliss. (Mis- sissippi.)
*Thacy, Prof. \V. AY., Seedsman, Detroit, Jlich. (Culihaije. Lettiiee. Alichiijan .)
*Trelea.se, Dr. Wii., Dir. Mo. Botanical Garden, St. Louis, i\Io. (Certain ilesert pliinls of the till/ familij, as Aloe, Apiera, (lasteria, llairor- lliia.)
*Tri('ker, Wm., Specialist in aquatics, Dreer's Nursery, Riverton, N. J. (Aijiiarium. Most .lipiatiiv, as Liiiiiianllieiiium, Limnocliaris, Xi/iii- pluea, Xel iiiiihiiiin , Victoria, etc.)
*Troop, Prof. James, Horticulturist, Ind. Exp. Sta., Lafayette, Ind. (Indiana.)
*Tl'RNER, Wm., Gardener, Tarrytown-on-Hudson, N. Y'. (Forcing of Fruits. Mushroom.) Ti"i'TijE, H. B., Cranberry-grower, Valley Junc- tion, Wis. I^Cranherri/.)
^Unpf.R'^yood, Prof. L. M., Columbia UniYersity, New Y'ork, N. Y. {Botany of all ferns.)
Van Dejian, H. E., Pomologist, -Parksley, \a.
{ Dale. ) *Vaughan, J. ('., Seedsman and llorist, Chicago,
III. {Christmas dreens.) *\'iCK, James, Editor " \'ick's Magazine," Pochos-
ter, N. Y'. {Malrariseus. Melolhria.) *\'(iORHEES, Prof. Edwaiio B., Dir. N. J. Exp. Sta.,
New Brunswick, N. J. (Fertilisers.) Waldeon, Prof. C. P., Horticulturist. N. Dak.
Exp. Sta., Fargo, N. Dak. (yorth Dakota.) *Walker, Ernest, Horticultnrist, Ark. Exp. St.-i.,
PayetteYille, Ark. (Annuals. nasket I'lants.
Heliolriqie. JVaterinij.) *Watr(ies, C. L., Nui'seryman and piomologist,
Des Moines, la. (Joira.) ■■^Wat.son, I;. JI., Instructor in Horticulture, Bus-
sey Inst., Jamaica Plain, Jlass. (Coleliienm.
Ciittaije. Forcing Hardy Plants. House I'lants.) Watts, R. L., Horticulturist, Tenn. Exp. Sta.,
KnoxYille, Tenn. (Tennessee.) *\YAi-nK, Fro(. F. A , Hoi-ticulturist, Vt. Exp. Sta.,
Biirliiigl(jn, Vt. (Heel. Carrot. Cueuinlnr.
Creens. Lilium. J'entslemon . .Salad Plants.
\'ernionl . ) *Webber, II. J., Ill charge of Plant Breeding Lab- oratory, Div. of Veg. Phys. and Path., Dept.
of Agri<'., W^ashington, D. C. (Citrus. Miir-
raya and oilier citrous genera.) *Wellhouse, Col. Fred, Fruit-grower, Fair- mount, Kans. {Kansas.) *Wheeler, H. J., Dir. K. I. Exp. Sta., Kingston,
R. I. (Lime.) *Whitney, JIieton, C'hief, Div. of Soils, Dept. of
Agric, Washington, 1). C. (Irrigation. iSoils.) *Whitten, Prof. J. C, Horticulturist, Mo. Exp.
Sta., Columbia, Mo. (Missonri.) *Whyte, R. B., Amateur, Ottawa, Out. (Henicro-
callis. L^ilium.) *WlCKSON, Edward J., Prof, of Agricultural Prac- tice, IJniv. of Calif., and Florticulturist, Calif.
Exp. Sta., Berkeley, Calif. (Almond, Apricot,
Cherry, Crape, L^enion, Lime, etc., in Californiii .) *W00LS0N, C4. C, Nurseryman, specialist in hardy
herbaceous perennials, Passaic, N. J. (Mer-
tensia. Mas read numerous jimofs.) *Wortman, S. W., Mushroom-grower, Iseliri, N. J.
(Muslirooin. ) *WiEGAND, K. M., Instructor in Botany, Cornell
Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Coreojisis. Cordyline.
Cyperiis. Driinriia . Junciis. Lysimacliia.
Miisa. Myosotis ] . *Wymax, a. p.. Asst. to Olmsted Bros., Landscape
Architects, Brookline, !Mass. (Dirca, E]iigiea,
E.xochorda , Halesia, Hy)ierienin, Eerria. l.iqnid-
amtar, and oilier hardy trees and shrubs. Also
Lathyriis. Lupinua.)
COLLABORATORS
//. PARTIAL LIST OF
THOSE iniO HAVE AXI) ly OTHER
ASSISTED BY READING EROOF,
iiA rs.
Andrews, D, JI., Nurseryman, Boulder, Colo.
{XdtiveKcstcni pla)its,espcfialli/ new liardy cacti.) Ball, C. D., Wholesale florist, Holmesburg, Phila- delphia, Pa. {Ferns. Foliage Plants. Palms.) Barker, Michael, Editor "American Florist,"
Chicago, 111. (Many suggestions.) Bassett & Son, Wm. F., Nurserymen, Hammon-
ton, N. J. (Natire plants, as Hihisciis. ) Bergek & Co., H. H., New York, N. Y. (.lapa-
nese and Californian plants .) Bessey, Chas. E., Prof, of Botany, Univ. of Neb.,
Lincoln, NeVi. [Natire plants, particularly
grasses.) Bet.<3CHER Bros., Florists, nurserymen and seeds- men, Canal Dover, Ohio. {Gladiolus.) Blanc, A., Seedsman and plantsman, Philadel- phia, Pa. (Cacti. Norelties.) Boardjian, S. L., See. Maine Hort. Soc, Augusta,
Me. (Maine.) Braokett, CoI.Ct. B., Pomologist, Dept. of Agric,
Washington, D. C. (Hicoria. Hiel.-ory. .Juglans.) Braunton, Ernest, Gardener, Los Angeles, Calif.
(Many valuaNe notes on plants cult. in. Calif.) Breck & Sons, Joseph, Seedsmen, Boston, Mass.
(Portrait of Josepit Bred;.) BuDD, Prof. J. L., Horticultural author, Ames,
Iowa. {Iowa. luiporlnnt fruits.) Budlong Bros., Pickle-makers, Providence, K. I.
(Cucumher. Martynia .) BuRBANK, Luther, Hybridist, Santa Kosa, Calif.
(Gladiolus.) Bush & Sons & Meissner, Bushberg, Mo.
(Grapes.) Caldwell, Geo. C, Prof, of Agric. Cliemistry,
Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. \ Fertility. Fcrti-
li'ers. Lime. ) Clark, Miss Josephine A., Asst. Librarian, Dept.
of Agric, Washington, D. C. (luformaliou as
to species after tiie date of Index Keu-ensis.) Clinton, L. A., Asst. Agriculturist, Cornell Exp.
Sta., Ithaca, N. Y. (Lime.) Coates, Leonard, Nil pa City, Calif. (Fruit Cul- ture in California . ) CoviLLE, Frederick v., Botanist, Dept. of Agric,
Washington, D. C. {,/uniperus. Suggestions in,
various matters.) Cranefield, Fred, ,\sst. Horticulturist, Wis. Exp.
Sta., Madison, Wis. (Irrigation .) Dailledouze Bros., \Vholesale florists, Flatbush,
Brooklyn, N. Y. ( Mignrmdle. ) Dandridgk, Mrs. Danske, Auiateur, Sliepherds-
town, W. A'a. (Hardy plants.) Davenport, Geo. E., Botanist, specialist iu ferns,
Medford, Mass. (Several genera of ferns.)
Day, Miss Mary A., Librarian, Ciray Herbarium
of Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. (Rare
books . ) Devron, Dr. G., Amateur in bamboos, New Or- leans, La. (Batnlxni.) Dock, Miss M. L., Harrisburg, Pa. (Bartram.) Downer's Sons, J. S., Fairport, Ky. (Kentucky .) Dreer, II. A. (Inc.), Seedsmen and plantsmen,
Philadelphia, Pa. (Many and varied services,
especially in. aepiatics, ferns, foliage plants anil
rare annuals.) Elliott, J. Wilkinson, Landscape architect,
Pittsburg, Pa. (Kockia, and some herbaceous
perennieds. ) EllwaN(3ER & Barry, Nurserymen, Rochester,
N. Y. (Hardy ]>lanls. ) Fisher, Jabez, Fruit- grower, Fitchburg, Mass.
(Massaclrusctls. ) Ganonq, W. F., Prof, of Botany, Smith College,
Northampton, Mass. (Cacti.) Goodman, L. A., Fruit-grower, Westport, Mo.
(Missouri. ) Halliday Bros., Florists, Baltimore, JId.
(A'alca. Comellia.) PIarris, J. S., Fruit-grower, La Crescent, Minn.
(Minnesota . ) Heiss, J. B., Florist, Dayton, Ohio. (Palms.) Hctt, R. L., Prof, of Horticulture, Ont. Agric.
College, Guelph, Ont. (Kale. Kohlrabi.) Jones, Rev. C. J. K., Los Angeles, Calif.
( Various Californian plants.) Jordan, Dr. W. H., Dir., N. Y'. Exp.
Geneva, N. Y'. (Fertility. Fertilisers.) Kedzie, Dr. R. C, Prof, of Chemistry,
Agric. College, Agricultural College,
(Fertility. Fertili-ers. Lime.) ■■■King, F. H., Prof, of Agricultural Physics, Madi- son, AYis. ( Irrigation, Mulching, etc.) Latham, A. W., Secretary Minn. Hort. Soc,
Minneapolis, Minn. (Minnesota .) LuPTON, J. M., Market-gardener, Gregoi^y, L. I.
( Cahhage. ) Mackenzie, R. R., Manager bulh deiiartment,
J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York, N. Y.
(Many important bulbs.) iMakepeace, a. D., Cranberry-grower, West Barn- stable, Mass. (Cranberry.) Manda, W. a.. Nurseryman, South Orange, N. J.
{ Orchid pictures. ) Manning, Jacoii W., Nurseryman, Reading, Mass.
( Dried specimens of lierbaceous perennial
j'lants.) Manning, Robert, Sec .Mass. Hort. Soc, Boston,
Mass. (Biographical sketches. Horticulture.)
Sta.
Mich. Midi.
COLLABORATORS xi
May, John N., Florist, Summit, X. .1. (Florisl.'i' Seavey, Mrs. Fannie Copley, Landscape
J'YoH'o-.s. ) gardener, Bri^jliton, III. (Liin<lsra]/c Gardcii-
Meehan, Tiics., Nurseryman, Germantowii, Pa. '".'/■)
{The article " Horliciil lure.") Shady Hill Nursery Co., Boston, JIass. (Hcr-
Miller, E. S., Speeialist in bulbs, Floral Park, baeeoit.'i jierejiiu<i!.-i.)
L.I. {Many articles 0)1 Inilhs.) Shaw, Thos., Prof, of Affric, I'niv. of Minn.,
MuDGE, W. S., Hartland, N. Y. {.Vi(slniicIoii.) Jlinneapolis, .Minn. { .][eilieaii<i. Mrtilotn.-,-.)
Nanz & Neuner, Florists and seedsmen, Louis- Slay^maker, A. "\V., Fruit-grower, Camden, Del.
ville, Ky. {Kcniiiekij.) {Dcldifare.)
Nash. Geo. Y., Asst. N. Y. Bot. Garden, Bronx Smith, Irving C, Market-gardener, Green Bay,
Park, N. Y'. {Genera of yrasses.) Wis. {KohInil)i .)
Parsons, Samuel, Nurserym.an, Flashing, L. I. Stanton, Geo., Ciinseng specialist. Summit,
{'llic artieic " Hortieiillurc.") N. J. {Ginxemi .)
Pendergast, \V. ay., Pres. Minn. LTort. Soe., Storrs & Harrison, Nurserymen, Painesville,
Hutchinson, Minn. (Miiiiiesnta.) Ohio. {Varinuf: pla)ils.)
PlERSON, F. K., Nurseryman, Tarrytown-on- Su/.UKI & IlDA, Y^okoliama Nursery (!'o.. New York,
Hudson, N. Y. {Jlidbs.) N. Y. {Japanese plants.)
Powell, Geo. T., Pomologist, Ghent, N. Y. Todd, Frederick G., Landscape architect, Mon-
{Important fruits.) treal, P. Q. {Hanli/ In cs and slirnhs. ]
Ragan, W. H., Div. of Pomology, Dept. of Agric, Yick's Sons, James, Seedsmen, Rochester, N. Y.
Washington, D. C. {rmliaiia.) { Vai-ions jilanls.)
Rider, Prof. A. J., Trenton, N. •!. (Cranlierrij.) Ward, C. W., Wholesale florist and ca)'nation
Robinson, r>r. B. L., Curator (Iray Herbarium of specialist. Cottage Gardens, i,iueens, L. I.
Harvard Univ., C'ainbridge, Mass. [Varienis (Car)aition.)
articles mi natirc jilants.) Webb, Prof. AYeslev, Duver, Del. (Delan-are.)
Robinson, John, Author of "Ferns in their Homes Wedge, Clarence, Fruit-grower, Albert Lea,
and <~>nrs," Salem, IMass. {Sereral articles an Minn. [Miniiesnta.)
ferns.) Wheeler, C. F., Prof, fd' Botany, Midi, Agric
Sander & Co. (A. Dimmoek, Agent), New York, College, Agricultural College, ilich. (Ihjperi-
N. Y. {Becoit 'i)ni>(>rtations, partienlarhj orcltids cifin. Miniuhis.)
anil jnilne^.) White, J. J., (.'ranberry-grower. New Lisbon,
Schultheis, Anton, Nurseryman and llorist, (.'ol- N. J. {('ranhernj. )
lege Point, N. Y. ( iraadi/ }>lanls from An\-- Willard, S. D., Nurseryman, Geneva, N. Y.
tralia and the Cape, as Ei'iea.) [Important frnils, as Clierri/.)
SCOON, C. K., Fruit-grower, Cleneva, N. Y. Wittbold, CIecj., Florist, Chicago. 111. {I'alnts
{ Chcrrij. ) and fene^. )
ScETBNER, F. La.mpson, AgrostologisI , Dept. of Wright, Charles, Horticulturist, Seafoid, Del.
Agric, Washington, D. C. ( Gi mra .i/iinrises. ) (Delair<ire.)
Sears, Prof. F. C, School of Horticulture, Wolf- Yeomans, L. T., Fi-uit-grower, Walworth, N. Y.
ville. Nova Scotia. {Canada.) [Eraporation nj' fruits.)
ABBREVIATIONS
7. OF a km: UAL EXniESSIOX.S
<■"" cultivated, etc.
'''""' diameter.
Ji east.
./■' feet.
in iiiclies
-V iiortli.
^ soutli.
''■"/' triijiies, tropical.
/)■ west.
//. UF JiOTAMCAL TFllMS
." flower.
Jh flowers.
.rf'' flowered.
,/■/■ fruit.
'i height.
(/■ leaf.
Ift leaflet.
li-'s leaves.
si stem.
sts stems.
syii synonym.
riir variety.
III. OF BOOKS AXTi rERIODICALS
To aid the student in the verification of the work, and to introduce liini to the literature of the various subjects, citations are made to the por- traits of plants in the leading periodicals to which the American is most likely to have access. These references to pictures have been verified as far as possible, both in the MS. and in tlie proof. A uniform method of citation is much to be de- sired, but is extremely difficult, because periodi- cals rarely agree in methods. With great reluc- tance it was decided to omit the year in most cases, because of the pressure for space, but the student who lacks access to the original volumes may generally ascertain the year by consulting the bibliographical notes below.
An arliitrary ami brief method of citation has been chosen. At the outset it seemed best to indi- cate wliethei' the cited ])icture is colored or not. This accounts for the two ways of citing certain publications containing both kinds of pictures, as The Garden, Revue Horticole, and Gartenfloi'a.
The figures given below explain the method of citation, and incideutally give sonni hints as to the imrnber of volumes to date, and of the uundter of pages or plates in one of the latest volumes.
A few works of the greatest importance are mentioned elsewhere by way <if arknowledgraent (p. XV). The standard works on tlie bibliography of botany are Pritzel's Thesaurus and Jackson's <Tiiide to tlie Literature of Botany; also, .Taekson's Catalogue of tlie Library of the Ivoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
AA-". . . . Tlic Anicrican Flcrisl. ('Iiicago. A trade jiaper founded August 15. ISS."). Tlie vol- uiiie-s end witli -luly. iMaliy pictures re- peated in"Gng." { 14 : l.j2i^vol. and page.)
A.t-T. . . . -Vini-riean Gardenin.e. New York. Represents
1 4 extinct 111 irticultural iK^riodicais, iiichul-
inii: Till' American liardiai ( 1SKS-18H0).
■ Founded IST'JCf) (20:SyG=vol. and page. )
B Tlic Botanist. Edited by Mannd. No yrars
I'M title pages. Founded ls;;ii. s vols., .".n cdnri'd i.latr-i in ea(di Vid. iS:4lia = vul. and cul. phitc. ) C'uiiiulati\-e index.
B.B. . . . Britton & Brown. An ilbistrated Flora nf llie Nertlierii V . S., ete. New Yeik. lyyiJ-ISlW. (.■l:.")BS=vul. and |Mge.)
B.F. . . . See F.
B.H. . . .La Bel(,'ii|uc Ilorti.'nl... r;),,.nt. :l.^ vols. (IS.'jl-lss.-,.)
B.M. . . . Curtis' Botanical ^fati-azine. London. Founded 1787. Tlie oldest current peri- odical devoted to garden plants. The vol. for 1899 is v.)l. 12."i of the whole work. Index to first 107 volumes by E. Toulis. London. (7G9U=col. plate.)
B.R. . . . Botanical Register (18].">-1847). Vols. l-U edited by Edwards: vols. l.",-:;:i l,y Lind- ley. In vols. l-2:i the plates are num- bered troin 1-2014. In vols. 24-.3:i they are iiuinliered independently in each vol. There are dS8 plates in vols. 24-3.3. "An Appendix to the First Twenty-three Vol- umes" (bound separately or with tlie 2.1th vol.) contains an index to the first 23 vols. An index to vols. 24-.31 may be fouml in vol. 31. 1 3.3 : 7d^=vol. and c<"d. plate. 1
D Dana. T-Tow to Know tlie Wild Flowers.
New York. 1893. (298=page.)
Em. . . . Emerson. C. B. Trees ami Shrubs of Mas- sachusetts. Boston. 2 Vols. 149 plates.
F The Florist. London. 1840-1884. (1884:
192^year and page pp. col. plate. ) Editors and title ]aiges changed many times. Known as the Florist, Florist's .Journal and Florist and PomoloLcist. Sometimes improperly called British Florist.
F.C. . . . Floral Cabinet. Knowles ct Westcott. Lon- don. 1837-1840. (3:1,37 vol. ami eol. plate).
(,xiii)
XIV
ABBREVIATIONS
F.E.
F.J.
F.M.
F.P. F.R.
F. S.
G.C.
G. F. G.M.
Gn. .
Gug.
Gt.
G.W.P. HBK.
I.H. .
J.H.
The Florists' Exchange. New York. A trade paper, whose pictures sometimes are repeated in "A.G." Founded Dec. 8, 1888. (ll:1298=voI. and page.)
. See P.
. Floral Magazine. London. Series I. 1801- 1871, 8vo. Series II. 1872-1881, 4to. (1881:450=year and col. plate.)
. See F.
. Florists' Review. Chicago. A trade paper. Vol, 1, Dec. 2, 1897, to May 26, 1898. Two vols, a year. (4:660=vol. and page.)
. Flore des Serres. Ghent. (1845-1880.) Inconsistent in numbering, but the plate numbers are always found on the plate itself or on the page opposite. Valuable but perplexing indexes in vols. 15 and 19. (23:2481=vol. and col. plate.)
. The Gardeners' Chronicle. London. Se- ries I. (1841-1873) is cited by year and page. Series II. or "New Series" (1874- 1886), is cited thus: II. 26:824=series, volume and page. Series III. is cited thus: III. 26:416. Two vols, a year, be- ginning 1874. A select index is scattered through 1879 and 1880. Consult II. 12:viii (1879), and similar places in sub- sequent vols.
. Garden and Forest. New York. 1888-1897. (10: 518= vol. and page.)
. Gardeners' Magazine. London. Ed. by Shirley Hibberd. Founded 1860. Vols. 31-42 are cited. (42:872^vol. and page.) The Garden. London. Founded 1871. Two vols, a year. (56:1254^vol. and col. plate. 56, p. 458=vol. and page contain- ing black figure.) An Index of the first 20 vols, was separately published. Com- plete Index of Colored Plates to end of 1888 in vol. 54, p. 334.
. Gardening. Chicago. Founded Sept. 15, 1892. Vols, end Sept. 1. (7:38i=vol. and page.)
. Gartenflora. Berlin. Founded 1852. (Gt. 48: 1470= vol. and col. plate. Gt. 48, p. 670^vol. and page containing black figure.)
. Goodale's Wild Flowers of America. Bos- ton, 1886. (50=col. plate.)
. Htimboldt, Bonpland & Kunth. Nova Genera et Species, etc. Paris. 1815-25. 7 vols. Folio.
. L'lllustrationHorticole. Ghent. (1854-1896.) (43:72=vol. and col. plate.) The volumes were numbered continuously, but there were 6 series. Series I. = 1854-63. Se- ries II. =1864-69. Series III. =1870-80. Series IV. = 1881-86. Series V. = 1887- 93. Series VI. =1894-96. The plates were numbered continuously in the first 16 vols, from 1 to 614: in vols. 17-33 they run from 1 to 619: in series V. from 1 to 190: in Series VI. they begin anew with each vol. Valuable indexes in vols. 10 and 20. Series V. in 4to,the rest 8vo.
. Journal of Horticulture. London. Founded in 1848 as The Cottage Gardener. Series III. only is cited, beginning 1880. (III. 39:504:=series, vol., jjage.)
K.W. L. .
L.B.C.
LiTid. Lowe . M. . . M.D.G Mn. .
N. . . P.F.G. P.G. . P.M. .
R. . . E.B. .
R.H.
. See F. C.
. In vol. 1 of this work, sometimes means
Lindenia, sometimes Lowe's Beautiful
Leaved Plants. See "Lind." and "Lowe." . The Botanical Cabinet. Loddiges. 1817-
33. 100 plates in each vol. Complete
index in last vol. (20:2D00=vo]. and col.
plate.) . Lindenia, Ghent. Founded 1885. Polio.
Devoted to orchids. . Beautiful Leaved Plants. E. J. Lowe and
Howard. London. 1864. (60=col. plate./
. A. B. Freeman-Mitford. The Bamboo Gar- den. London. 1896. (224=page.)
. Moller's Deutsche Giirtner-Zeitung. Erfurt. Founded 1886. ( 1897 :425=year and page.)
. Meehan's Monthly. Germantown, Phila- delphia. Founded 1891. (9:192 = vol. and page opposite col. plate.)
. :Ticholson. Dictionary of Gardening. Vols. 1^ (1884-1887). Vol. 5 in preparation.
. Lindley & Paxton. Flower Garden. Lon- don. 1851-53. 3 vols. 4to.
. Popular Gardening. Buffalo. 1885-90. (5:270=vol. and page.)
. Paxton's Magazine of Botanj^. London. 1834^9. (16:376 = vol. and page oppo- site col. plate.) Vol. 15 has index of first 15 vols.
. Reichenbachia. Ed. by Fred. Sander. Lon- don. Founded 1886. Folio.
. Revue de 1' Horticulture Beige et EtrangJre Ghent. Founded 1875? (23:288=vol. and page opposite col. plate. ) In the first vol. of the Cyclopedia "R.B." sometimes means Belgique Horticole, but the confusion is corrected in later vols., where Belgique Horticole is abbreviated to "B.H."
. Revue Horticole. Dates from 1826, but is now considered to have been founded in 1829. ( 1899 :.596=y ear and page opposite col. plate. 1899, p. 596=year and page opposite black figure. )
. Schneider. The Book of Choice Ferns. London. In 3 vols. Vol. 1, 1892. Vol. 2, 1893.
S.B.F.G.
S.M.
S.S.
Sweet British Flower Garden. London. Series I., 1823-29, 3 vols. Series II.. 1831-38, 4 vols.
S.H. . . . Semaine Horticole. Ghent. Founded 1897. (3:548=year and page.)
.Semaine Horticole. Erroneously cited in this fashion a few times in first vol.
Sargent. The Silva of North America. 13 vols. Vol. 1, 1891. Vol. 12, 1898. (12:620=vol. and plate, not colored.)
S.Z. . . . Siebold & Zuccarini. Flora Japonica. 1, 1835-44. Vol. 2 by Miquel, (2:150=vol. and plate.)
V. or V. IM. Vick's Magazine. Rochester, N. Y. Founded 1878. Vols. numbered continuously through the 3 series. Vols, begin with Nov. (23:250=vol. and page.) Some- times cited as "Vick."
Vol. 1870.
Additional abhreviations and (.rplanations will he found in the introdactorij pages of Vol. I.
Cyclopedia of American Horticulture
EARTH NUT, EARTH PKA. Kn-li Peanut, or i.iuuber, ^Lroclii.s liyjxxjrea.
<h n:iiiu-s fdi Also Ai'io.'i.
EATdNIA (Amos E:iton, Ainorican botatiist, 177 "181'J; authorof popular Manual ot' liutany of the Unit States, which was for a loiiy; time the ouly i^t^U'Tiil wo available for American studi-ius | , O' rum i)ieiv . North American ffenus of 4 or .') specit-s of luftod i>( ennial tJ:rasses. Three kinds have- l)een catalo^^m-d Wilfred. Brothertou, Rochester, Mich.
A. Pui.
Spikrli'ts crowded on tlie six
obtus^ta, (ira^v
erect panicle-hranolics : upj.icr cinply tj:lnin(.' rounds obovate, very obtuse. Dry yuil.
AA. Pnuirh' more Icosp tnul ^hiulcr.
PeunBylvd.nica, Gray. Lvs. :)-() in. lon^r : p>aniclc- branches lax, noddiu;^'. iMoist wo<ids and meadows.
Diidleyi, \'asr'y, Tjvs. 1-2 in. loni:: : pani(dc-bran(d]rs si'readiug in lloweriny time, afterwards rri-ct.
A. S. niT(.'H(_OcK.
EBONY, nio.ynjros I'Jh<',nfs.
ECBALLITJM iGreeli. to throir out). CnvurljiJ-'irnr. S^tUKTiNG (Jri'UMBER. The Squirting Cucumber is one of the most amusing aud disconcerting of all plants. Few if any cultivated plants fire their seeds at one witli such startling suddenness and force. It is a hardy an- nual trailing vine, easily grown in an}' ganlen. When ripe, the oblong, prickly fruit squirts its seeds at tlje slightest touch, or sometimes at the mere vibration of the ground made by a person walking by. "^Phe boy or girl who did not like this plant never lived. Some of the old herbalists called this plant. Ciirutnis osiiihnis. Another carious fact about the plant is that a power- ful cathartic is made from the juice of the fruit, which has been known for many centuries. A preparation of it is still sold In the drug stores as Triturdt'u) A'tati'ri)// . Ecballiuni has only one species, aud is closely relateil to the important genera (.'ucumis and ( 'itrnllus. With them it differs from JMomordica in lacking the 2 or 'A scales which close the bottom of the calyx. Other ge- neric characters are : prostrate herb, deshy, rough hairy: lvs. heart-shaped, more or less H-loi>ed; tendrils wanting; fls. yellow, the stamiuate in racemes, pistillate usually from the same axils with the staniintite tis. ; calyx 5-cut. It is a native of the middle and eastern Mediterranean regions, especially rich, moist forests. Sims, in the Botanical Magazine, says the plant "is gen- erally considered as an annual, but if the soil is dry and the situation sheltered, the root will survive two or thi'ee winters, and the plants will tiower earlier and .spread farther than those iif the same year."
Elat6rium, A. Rich. ( Moment I >■</ J'.lnlh-initt . Linn.). Squirting OrcuMBKK. Fig. 744. Described above. B.M. 1914. W. M.
ECCREMOCARPUS (Greek, pendent fruits). Big- ■}wnidce(e. Three to five species of tall, somewhat woody plants from Peru and Chile, climbing by branched ten- drils at the end of the twice pinnate leaves, and having very distinct flowers of somewhat tubular shape, which are colored yellow, orange or scarlet. The sjtecies men- tioned below is doubtless perennial in southern Califor- nia, where it is said to show best when clindjing over shrubbery, but in the East it is treated as a tender an- nual aud is perhaps usually trained to a trellis or south wall. It bears flowers and fruits at the same time, and the orange flowers make an effective contrast with the pale green foliage. The genus belongs to an order fa- mous for its superb tropical climbers, but in its own
Ihe tribe oiih' twn ij:ener:i lia\'e anv horticultural fame, and that small. Tlie>e are .iacara'nda and Colca. IiaviuL- .a L'-i-elled ovary, while t.hat of Eccrenmcai'pus is 1-celled. 77(1- li]ccr(-:moi"irpus has two sections, in om^ nf which tin^ e(( c(.)r<dlas are cylindrical, but in the section Calampeli--, rk to wlii<di A', sriihrr b.don-s. the <-'irolla has a ioint at a. A short distance beyon<l Ihe i-alyx, then swells out on tlie ■ f- uuder side, ami suildenly constricts into a neck befoi-e |,v it rea.fdies the siuall, cii-cnhir mouth, sui-rounth'd l.iv '» short, I'ounded h,lM-s.
SCaber, Ruiz, .'c Pav. \ ( 'olaoipf lis sraJ,rr, 1). Don). Although the specitic name means rouirh. the wild ]dant '"^ is only sparingh' ])uberalous, and in cnltiviition entirely ■'I- iA-labrous. About 10 ft. high : lvs. bii>innate; Ifts. ob"- li(piel\- cordate, entire or saw-toothed : fls. ] in. I'.utg. orangi-, in raceun-s. .luly, Aug. Chih/. B.K. II -.'XWK , Petek HenjjEkson A: (.'n,
ECHEVfiRIA. All i-cferred t.. Cnlnledini.
ECHINACEA l Greek, pchinos, hedgehog ; allndinij to Ihe sharp-].)ointeil bracts of the receptacle). <'iiiii}i6.^ltii . I'l'iti'LE GoNE-FLowEK. Four species of North American ]»erennial herljs, two of them from Mexico, the others native to the United States, and cultivated in our hardv "'■ borders. Thny are closely related to Kudbeckia, bu"t tijeir niys range from flesh color, thj'<tu;^d] rose, to pur- ple and crimson, while those of Rudbeckia ai'i- yellow <m- jiartly (rarely wholly) Ijrown-pnr|)h'. The high disk and the downward angle at whi^di the ra\s are pointed are (duirming features of Echinaceas. The disk is only convex at flrst, but becomes egg-shaped, and the receji- tacle conical, while Rudbeckia has a greater range, tlie disk Croni trlobose to columnar, and the recepta<de from
744. Ecballium Elaterium (/ t-^).
:?ouical to cylindrical. Echinaceas and Rudbei-kias are st'.)ut, and perhaps a little coarse in appearance, but their flowers, sometimes (i in. across, are very attractive, and borne in succession for two months or more of late summer. With the growing appreciation o hardy bor- ders and of native plants, it shouhl be ].ossible to procnri- 4 or 5 {listinct c(jlors in the flower, associated with low, medium aud tall-growing haidts. Tln-y do well
33
(511)
512
ECHIXACEA
in orrlinary soils, and may In- urird to liclp cover uuusu- ally dry and exposeil spots. They respond well to ricli soil, especially saudy loam, and prefer warm aud sunny sites. They are perennials of easy culture. Prop, liy division, though not too frequently ; sometimes by seeds. The roots are black, pnngent-tasted, and are said to be used in popular medicine under the name of Black Sampson. Bentham & Hooker refer Echinacea to Rudbeckia.
purpiirea, Mamcli. (_:om]uouly not hairy, typically taller than A', aiiiiii.xli folia , 2 ft. or more high : Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, or the lower ones broadly ovate, often 5-nerved, commonly denticulate or sharply serrate, most of them abruptly contracted into a nuirgined petiole: rays at first an inch long and broadish, later often 2 in. long or more, with the same color range as E. niigusti' folia, ))nt rarely almost white. Eich or deep soil. Va. and <^)hio to 111. and La.
Var. aer6tina, Nntt. (i,'. infcrmnjia, Lind!.). The varietal name means late-tiowering, but the chief point is the hairy or bristly character of the plant. L.B.C. ]ll:1539. P.M. l."):79.-J. B. Kellersays "this is, perhaps, the best form of the genus for garden purposes, the rays being much brighter colored, broader aud not roll- ing at the edges."
angustiSolia, DC. Bristly, either sparsely or densely: Ivs. narrower than in JJ, piirparea , from broadly lan- ceolate to nearly linear, entire, y-nerved, all narrowed gradually to the base, the lower into slender petioles : flower-heads nearly as large as in E, purpurea, but sometimes much smaller. Prairies and barrens, Saskat- chewan and Xeb. to Tex., east to 111., Tenn. and Ala. B.M. .5281. G.W.F. 25. — This species has several forms, which approach and run into £. purpurea, j^ jj^ g
ECHINOCACTUS (Greek, spiue aud eactus). Cae- lAceit. A very large genus of globular, strongly ribbed, and strongly spiny forms. Sometimes they become very sliort-cylindrical ; occasionally the ribs are broken up into tubercles which resemble those of Mammillaria; and rarely spines are entirely wanting. The flowers usually appear just above the young spine-bearing areas, but sometimes they are further removed, and occasion- ally they are in the axil of a tubercle. The ovary bears scales which are naked or woolly in the axils, and the fruit is either succulent or dry. The genus is well developed within the United States, about forty species having been recognized, but its extreme northern limit is the southern borders of Colorado, Utah, and Nevada, apparently having spread from the great arid plateau regions of Mexico proper and Lower California. The genus extends throughout Mexico and Central America, and is well represented in the drier regions of South America. The genera Astrophytum and Lophophora are here included, although they seem to be very differ- ent from the typical forms of Echinocactus. It is im- possible to identify with certainty all of the specific names found in trade catalogues, but the following synopsis contains the great majority of them. In all cases the original descriptions have been consulted, and in some cases it is certain that a name originally applied to one form has been shifted to another. The iiollowing synopsis may be useful, therefore, in checking up the proper application of names, but it may thus leave some of the common species of the trade unaccounted for. No attempt is made to group the species according to relationships, but a more easily handled artificial ar- rangement, based chiefly upon spine characters, is used It must be remembered that the species are exceedingly variable, especially under cultivation, and large allow- ance must be made for the characters given in the key and in the specific descriptions.
Ecliiuoearlu^ Poat'.hjeriauuii, A. Dietr., proves to ))e Mammillaria tirlieerii. The fcdlowing horticultural names have not been identified: E. chri/sanlhus {ehrys- acautkns /) , Erffgea u us Irtfurcal us.
John M. Coulter. When starting with newly collected plants of Echino- cactus the rautilateil roots should be well cut back to within an inch or two of the base of the plants. If the plants are procured in early summer, the best way to get new roots on them is to place the plants on a bench
ECHIXOCACTL'S
of a greenhouse with a southern exposure, in a mound of fine gravel about eight or teTi inches deep. Insert the base of the plants in the gravel and syring? them overhead once a day on bright days. The gravel gets verv hot with the sun, and in this they root freely m three or four weeks. When well rooted they can be placed in pots. A good compost consists of six parts of good fibrous loam, one part sand and one part brick rubble. Pots should be just large enough to hold the plants and should be drained about otle-fifth of their depth. From March to May is a good time to pot estab- lished plants, but if the soil is good and the drainage all right they can remain in the same pots for two or three years.
The plants should receive all the sunlight possible at all times of the year. During the winter they should be watered very sparingly, but in spring and summer they can be watered freely and syringed overhead on bright days. In winter Echinocactus require a night temperature of from 4.5° to 50° Fahr., and the atmos- phere should be perfectly dry. Propagation is effected by seeds, cuttings and grafting. Robert Cameron.
The diversity of fonn exhibited in the genus Echino- cactus since the genera Astrophytum and Lophophora are now included, makes this one of the most interest- ing of the whole Cactus family. Unlike most globular forms of Cacti, they do not readily produce offsets; consequently they must be propagated by seeds if one wishes to increase these plants in quantity. Seeds of Echinocactus, and, in fact, most cactaceous plants, will germinate as freely as seeds of other plants, provided they have been allowed to ripen properly before gather- ing and carefully dried afterwards. From the experi- ence of the writer, who has raised some hundreds of seedling Cacti and sown them every month in the year, he has found the months of May and June to be by far the most favorable for germination. Seeds of Echino- cactus will then germinate in five or six days, while during the winter months it takes almost as many weeks. Opuntias wdll germinate in even less than six days. They germinate most readily of all the Cactacese, and grow the fastest afterwards, while Mammillarias are the slowest to germinate and grow the slowest afterwards. The seeds should be sown in w-ell-drained 4-inch pots in a finely sifted mixture of one part leaf-mold, one part loam and one part charcoal dust and silver sand. The surface should he made very smooth, and the seeds pressed lightly into the soil with the bottom of a flower- pot and then covered with about three-eigliths of an inch of fine silver sand. This allows the seedlings to push through readily and prevents the soil from crusting on the surface of the pots, as they usually have to stay in their seedling pots at least one year. The pots should be placed in a greenhouse where they will receive plenty of light but not the direct sunlight, for, although Cacti are natives of desert regions, the writer has found from experience that the seedlings will simply roast if ex- posed to full sunlight under glass. For the first winter, at least, the seedlings should be kept in a temperature of not less than 00° and carefully loolced over every day to ascertain the condition of the soil, for, although they should be kept on the dry side, they must never be al- lowed to become quite dry during the seedling stage. When about a year old they may be transplanted to shallow pans not more than 0 inches in diameter, and prepared with the same mixture as for seedling pots. These pans will be found better than small pots, be- cause the soil may be kept more evenly moist and the seedlings do better in consequence.
When grown from 2 to .3 inches in diameter, seedling Echinocactus may be transferred to pots, using sizes only just large enough to accommodate them, as they make but few roots. Pot them in a mixture of two parts fitirous loam, one part leaf -moid and one part pounded brick and silver sand. During the spring and summer months, established plants may be given a lib- eral supjdy of water, b\it nnist be sttidiously watered during the fall and winter months. During the winter they should be given a light position in a dry green- house, with a night temperature of 45° to .5()°, and a rise of 10° by day. For the summer, they may be either kept in an airy greenhouse or placcil in some conve- nient position outside, plunging the pots in the soil or
ECHIXOCACTUS
ECHIXOCACTUS
J13
ill some licrlit non-coinluctiiiij; niateri;il. Some of the si.ecies will coinmriict; to blossom in May und others at intervals during the summer. The tlowers vary con- siderably in size, and embrace a good range of color, from white to deep yellow, and from tbe faintest pnrple to deep rose. They do not rmdily produce seed fin New England, at least) unless artiticially fertilized. Like most of the Cactus family, the more cylindrical species will readily unite when grafted upon other kinds, not only in the same genus, but in other genera of Cactacese, and for weak-growing species it may often be an advan- tage to graft upon some stronger-growing species. Oereus JJmonanni (or O. coitibrhtus) makes an excel- lent stock to graft upon, choosing stock plants of rea- sonable size and height. The system known as "wedge- grafting" is perhaps best for the purpose, and the early spring months, or just as the growing season is about to commence, is the best time for grafting.
If plants of Echinocactus can be kept in a healthy condition, they are not Tuuch troubled with insect pests; mealy-bug is their worst enemy and should be removed at once with a clean mucilage brush. As a guide to amateurs, the writer has found the following to he among the most easily grown: JJchinoractns capricor- nis, jfc'. copfonogonns , J^. rornif/erus, _£-'. Grusoni, iJ. Jiorlzonthalonius , £1. Jongihamafns, A', w i/rlosfignia, £". setispinuSjE. Texensis, E. WilUamsii and E. Wisliseui
Edwakd J. Canning.
Anhalonium, 51. ■arrigens, 30. Astrophytuvi, 50. bicolor, 35. brevihamatus, 5. t-apricoruis, 15. coptonogonus, I'.i. eornigerus, 9. erispatus, 30. ■cylindraceus, 2. Echidne, 2;i electraeanthus, 22. Emoryi, 25. flavovirens, 3G. Grusoni, 44. lielophorus, 28. hexjedrophonis. 31. horizonthalonius, iTigens, 20. [21.
intertextus, 37. Johnsoni, 31),
INDEX.
Lecontei, 42. leumcanflius, IS. Lewinii, 52. iongihamatus, 3, Lopliophora, 51. lophothele, 32. ■niicrnmeris : see Ma in miliaria. Mirbdli, v.). Monvillii, 11. multieostatus, 14. myriostigma, 50. obvallatus, 29. Orcuttii, 38. ornatus, 10. orthacanthus, 36. Ottonis, 34. Pfeift'eri, 12. phyllacanthus, 17, pilosus, 47. IjoJycephalus, 40.
polyancistn.is, 10, recurvus, 2IJ. Rini.'oueiiHis. I'i. rdbustus, 33. Saltillensis, 45. 8oop;i., 40. setispinus, 27. 8ileri, 43. Simpsoni, 48. sinuatus, 6. Texensis, 24. Treciilianus, 6. tiirhinifonnis, 49. uncinatus. 1, 7. YandfTa'!/' , 23. viridcsceiis, 41. Tlsnapa, 20. Whipplei,8. WiHiamsii, 51. Wisli'/eni, 4. Wrightii, 1.
A, Spines, or some of tliem, liookeO. B. Central spine solitary.
1. Wrightii i^. uncindtus, var. Wrlghfii, Engelm.). Oval, 3-fi in. high, 2-3K in- in diam. : radial spines 8, arranged as in uncinatus; central spine solitary, angled, flexuous and hooked, elongated (2-6 in.), erect, straw- color, with dark tip: flowers 1-lK in- long, dark pur- ple. Texas and northern Mexico.
BE, Central sjyines 4. 0. Some or all of the spines annulate.
2. cylindriceus, Engelm. Globose to ovate or ovate- cylindrical, simple or branching at base, becoming as much as 3 ft. high and 1 ft. in diam. : ribs 13 in younger specimens, 20-27 in older ones, obtuse and tuberculate: spines stout, compressed, more or less curved, reddish; radials about 12, with 3-5 additional slender ones at upper edge of areola, 1-2 in. long, the lowest stouter and shorter and much hooked; centrals 4, very stout and 4-angled, about 2 in. long and one-twelfth to ^8 in. broad, the uppermost broadest and almost straight and erect, the lowest decurved: tlowers yellow. Southwestern United States and Lower California.
3. longihamitus, Gal. Subglobose or at length ovate, becoming 1-2 ft. high: ribs 13-17, often oblique, broad, obtuse, tuberculate-interrupted: spines robust, purplish or variegated when young, at length ashy; radials 8-11, spreading, straight or curved or flexuous, the upper and lower ones 1-3 in. long, the laterals 2-4 in.; centrals 4, angled, the upper ones turned upwards, straight or curved or twisted, tbe lower one stouter, elongated (3-8 in.), flexuous and more or less hooked: flowers yellow, tinged with red, 2H-3Vg in. long. Texas and -Mexico.
4. Wislizeni, Engelm. At lirst globose, then ovate to cylindrical, Ir^—i ft. high: ribs 21-25 (13 in small speci- mens), acute and oblique, more or less tuberculate: radial spines three-fifths to 2 in. long, the 3 upper and 3-0 lower ones stilf, straight or curved, annulate, red ( in old specimens the 3 stout upper radials move toward tbe center and become surrounded by the upper bristly ones), the 12-20 laterals (sometimes additional shorter ones above) bristly, elongated, flexuous, horizontally spreading, yellowish white; centrals 4, stout, angleii, and red, one and three-fifths to three and one-fifth in. long, the 3 upper straight, the lower one longest (sonie- times as much as 4-5 in.), very robust (flat and chan- neled above), hooked downward: flowers yellow or sometimesred, two to two and three-fifths in. long. Prom southern Ttah to northern Mexico and Lower California.
CO. None of the opines annulate.
5. breviham^tus, Engelm. Globose-ovate, very dark green; ribs 13, deeply tuberculate-interrupted, the tu- bercies with a wo«.'lly groove extending to the base: radial spines mostly 12, terete, straight, white or yel- lowish, with dusky tips, .^.^-l in. long, tbe upper longer; central spines 4 (rarely 1 or2 additional ones), flattened, white with black tips, the 2 lateral ones divergent up- ward, straight or a little recurved, 1-2 in. long, the uppermost one weaker, the lower stoutest and darkest, porrect or deflexed, hooked downward, ^4-1 in- long: flowers funnelform, rose-color, l-l?'i in. loDg. South- western Texas and New Mexico.
0. sinuatus, Dietr. {E. Treeulianus, Labour.). Glo- bose, 4-8 in. in diam., bright green: ribs 13, oblique, acute, tuljerculate-interrupted, the tubercles short- grooved: radial spines 8-12, setiform and flexible, the
745. Echinocactus Emoryi, var. rectispinus.
514
ECHINOCACTUS
3 upper and 3 lower purplish brown and straightisli (the lower ones sometimes more or less hoolsed), four-fifths to 1 in. long, the 2-6 laterals more slender, longer (1 to one and two-fifths in.), often flattened, puberulent and whitish, sometimes flexuous or hoolied; central spines 4, pnberulent, yellowish (or purplish variegated), the li upper ones slender, flattened or subangled, erect and genei-ally straight (rarely hooked), one and three-flfths to 2 in. 'long, the lowest one much .stouter, flattened or even channeled, straw-color, flexuous, more or less hooked (sometimes straight), 2-4 in. long: flowers yel- low, 2-3 in. long. Texas, Arizona, and northern Mexico.
7. uucinS,tus, Gal. Glaucescent, globose to oblong: ribs 13, obtuse, tuberculate-interrupted: radial spines Tor 8, 1-2 in. long, the upper 4 or 5 straw-color, straight, flattened, the lower 3 purpli.sh, terete and hooked; cen- trals 4, the upper 3 rather stout and straight, about 1 in. long, the lowest one very long, flattened, hooked at apex: flowers brownish purple. Northern Mexico.
8. Whipplei, Engelni. Globose-ovate, 3-.5 in. high, 2-4 in. in diani. : ribs 13-15 (often oblique), compressejl and tuberculately interrupted: radial spines usually 7, compressed, straight or slightly recurved, K to three- flfths in. long, lower ones shorter than the others, all white excepting the two darker lowest laterals; central spines 4, widely divergent, the uppermost one flattened, straight and white, 1 to one and three-fifths in. long, turned upward in the plane of the radials (completing the circle of radials), the others a little shorter, quad- rangular-compressed, dark brown or black, becoming reddish and finally ashy, the 2 laterals straight, the lowest one stouter and sharply hooked downward: flower greenish red. Northern Arizona.
BBB. Central spines 5 to 8.
9. cornigerus, DC. Globose or depressed -globose, 10-16 in. in diam. : ribs about 21, very acute and wavy (not tuberculately interrupted): radial spines 6-10, white and comparatively slender, or wanting; centrals red and very robust, angular-compressed, with long, sharp, horny tips, the upper 3 erect-spreading, 1-1 >^ in. long, the lower 2 weaker and declined, the central one longer, more rigid and keeled, very broad (one-fifth to one-third in.) and hooked downward: flowers purple, 1-1 K in. long. Mexico and Central America.
10. polyancistrus, Engelm. & Bigel. Ovate or at length subcylindric, becoming 4-10 in. high and 3-4 in. in diam.: ribs 13-17, obtuse, tuberculately interrupted; radial spines 20 or more, compressed and white, the up- permost wanting, the 4 upper ones broader and longer (1-2 in.) and dusky-tipped, the laterals shorter (four- fifths to one in.), the lowest very short (K in.) and sub- setaceous; central spines of several forms, the upper- most one (rarely a second similar but smaller one above or beside it) compressed-quadrangular, elongated (3-5 in.), white with dusky tip, curved upward, the other ,5-10 teretish or subangled, bright purple-brown; upper ones long (2-4 in.) and mostly straight, the others gradu- ally shortening (to about 1 in.) downward and sharply hooked: flowers red or yellow, 2 to two and two-flfths in. long and wide. Nevada and southeastern California.
AA. Spines not hooJ^ed. B. Central spines none or indisttnel .
11. Monylllii, Lem. Stout, globose and bright green: ribs 13-17, tuberculate, broadest toward the base, undu- late; tubercles somewhat hexagonal, .strongly dilated below: radial spines 9-12, the lower ones somewhat longer, very stout, spreading, yellowish translucent, reddish at base ; central wanting: flowers varying from white to yellow and red. Paraguay.
12. Pfelfferi, Ziicc. Oblong-globose, becoming 1-2 ft. high and 1 ft. in diam.; ribs 11-13, compressed and somewhat acute: spines 6, about equal, rigid, straight, divergent or erect, pale transparent yellow with a brownish base; very rarely a solitary central spine. Mexico.
13. coptonfigonus, Lem., var. major, Salm-Dyck. De- pressed, from a large indurated naked napiform base, 2-4 In. across the top : ribs 10-15, acute from a broad base, more or less transversely interrupted and sinuous : spines 3, annulate, very stout and erect from deeply sunken areolaB, reddish when young, becoming ashy
ECHINOCACTUS
gray upper spine stoutest, erect and straight, or slio-htly curved upward, flattened and keeled, and occa- sionally twisted, lK-2>i in. long; the two laterals erect- divergent, straight or slightly curved, terete above and somewhat quadrangular below, \-\% in. long; aU ffom an abruptly enlarged base: flowers not seen, but said to be small and white, with purplish median lines. Mexico.
14 multicostatus, Hildmann. Depressed-globose: ribs very numerous, 90 to 120, compressed into thin plates which run vertically or are twisted in every direction: spines exceedinglv variable, in some cases wanting en- tirely, in others iror 4, short, rigid, and translucent yel- low; in others more numerous, larger, and often flatfish ; in still other cases very long and flat, interlacing all over the plant; no centrals: flower white, with a broad pur- ple stripe.
15. capricdmis, A. Dietr. Globose: ribs about 11, broad, spotted all over with white dots : clusters of spines distant, usually seen only near the apex; spines ,5-10, long and flexuous; centrals not distinct: flowers large, yellow. Mexico.
16. Eincon^nsis, Poselg. Cjdindrical, covered with ivory white spines which are tipped with crimson; spines :!, with no centrals: flower large, purple-crimson, darker at base. Northern Slexico.
17. phyllacAnthus, Mart. Prom globose to cylindrical, with depressed vertex, simple or proliferous, two and one-third to three and three-flfths in. broad: ribs 40-55 (sometimes as few as 30), very much crowded and com- pressed, thin, acute, very wavy, continuous or somewhat interrupted: radial spines 5 (sometimes 6 or 7), straight and spreading, the 2 lowest ones white, rigid, one-sixth to one-fourth in. long, half as long as the 2 darker, angled, larger laterals, the uppermost spine thin and broad, channeled above, faintly annulate, flexible, gray- ish pink, three-flfths to 1 in. long; central spines none: flowers small, dirty white. Mexico.
BB. Central spine solitary [sometimes 2-4 in E . cris- pifttiK, hflnphoriis, and setispinus, or tcan/ui(/ iu Inpholhel''}.
c. nibs less than 13.
18. leucacAnthus, Zucc. Somewhat clavate-cylindrical, pale: ribs 8-10, thick, obtuse, strongly tuberculate, the- areolas with strong wool: radial spines 7 or 8, similar, straight, flnely pubescent, at first yellowish, at length white; central spine solitary, more or less erect, rarely wanting: flowers light yellow. Mexico.
19. ornatus, DC. (E. WirUUi, Lem.). Subglobose: ribs 8, broad, compressed, vertical, thickly covered with close-set white woolly spots, making the whole plant almost white: radial spines 7, straight, stout, yellowish or becoming gray ; central spine solitary. Mexico.
20. ingens, Zucc. (E. Pi.^ixlffo, Hook.). Very large (sometimes as much as 10 ft. high and as much in cir- cumference), globose or oblong, purplish toward the top : ribs 8, obtuse, tuberculate: areolaa large, distant, with very copious yellowish wool: radial spines 8 or more; central spine solitary; all the spines shaded yellow and red or brownish, straight, rigid, and interwoven: flow- ers bright yellow, about 3 in. broad. Mexico.
21. horizonthaldnius, Lem. Glaucous, depressed-glo- l>ose or at length ovate or even cylindric with age, 2-8 in. high, 2%-i in. in diam.: ribs 8-10 (fewer in very young sx^ecimens), often spirally arranged, the tubercles scarcely distinct by inconspicuous transverse grooves: spines 6-9, stout, compressed, reddish (at length ashy), recurved or sometimes almost straight, nearly equal, four-fifths to IK in. long (sometimes long and slender and almost terete, sometimes short, stout and broad): radials 5-8, upper ones weaker, lowest wanting; a single stouter decurved central (sometimes wanting): flowers pale rose-purple, 21^ in. long or more. New Mexico and northern Mexico.
cc. liibs lS-27.
22. electracAnthus, Lem. Globose or thick cylindrical, becoming 2 ft. high and 1 ft. in diam.: ribs'about 15: radial spines aliout 8, equal, rigid, spreading, yellowish, about 1 in. long; the central one solitary, ri'il at base: flowers clear yellow. Mexico.
ECIIIXOCACTUS
23. Echidne, DC. {f. r.nulr, , r,ji. Leni.). Dc-pressed- globose, 5-1 in. Ill di;i]ii.,:(-4 in. Iiit,-h: riljs l.l.afute: radial spine.s 7, broad, rii^id, spii-adiiig, yidlowisli, 1 in. or more long; ceiifral spiin- solitary and 'si-arcely long-t-r than the others: Howers iirlKht vellow, 1 in. or more long. Mexico.
2t. Textosis, Hopf. Mostly depressed (sometimes gl(.liose), S-12 in. in diani., i-ti in. high, simple: ribs mostly 21 (sometimes 27, and in smaller specimens IM or 14) and undulate: spines stout and fasciculate, red- dish, compressed; the exterior G or 7 radiant, straight- ish or curved, une(iual, I., to four-tiftlis in. long in some cases, one and one-tifth to 2 in. in others, much shorter than the solitary and stout recurved cintial, which is sometimes one-sixth to H in. broad: flowers about one- tifth in. long, parti-colored (scarlet an. I ..range bel.nv t.. white above). Texas and uortheasteru Mexico.
2.'). fimoryi, Engelm., var. rectispinus, Engelm. Fig. 74.J. Globose, at length cylindrical: ribs l:!-21, obtuse and strongly tuberculafe : radial spines 7-U, very unequal, the :! upper ones 4-.i in. long, the lower i;.j-:! in. long and iniler; the central very long (12-i:i in.), straight or slightly decurve.l. Southwestern United States and imrthern Mexico.
2G. reciirvus, Liidict (">tto. Rnb:.d..bose an. 1 verv stout : ribs about 1.5, covereil with l.r..ad. .lark r.'.l spin. -s, the radials spreading, the central ..ne recurve. 1 an. I very stout. Mexico ( f ).
27. setispintis, Engelm. Subglobose, 2 fo thn-e and one-tifth in. in ili;ini.: ribs l:i,"ni..re or l.-ss olili.pie, often undulate or somewhat interrupted: radial spines 14-16, setiform and H.'xiVde, two-lifths to f.iur-tittbs in. long, the uppermost (tin: longest) and lowest ones yel- lowish brown, the laterals white; central siiin.'s i-3. setiform and flexuous, dark, 1 to one ami .no' tifth in. long: flowers fnnneltorm, one and three-tifths to I! in. long, yellow, scarlet within. Texas and Mexic...
28. hel6phoru3, Lem. Depressed globose, light green, with purple-red veins: ribs ab.nit 20, compresse.l, ob- tuse: radial spines 9-12, \"ery sb.ut and ]iorre<'t; central siniies 1-4, stronger and annulate; all the spines pearl- gray. Mexico.
ei'.'. J,'ihs rJO or man:.
29. obvallatus, DC. ob.ivate-globose, depressed : ribs very numerous, vertical: spines most abundant towards the apex, unequal, spn-adini;-, st.jut, whitish; the H up- per radials ami solitary ccinr;d strong, the otliers (espe cially the lowest) small : flowers purple, with whitish margin. Mexico. — The luime was suggesteil by the ap- jH-arance of the terminal clu>ter of flowers surr.iunde<l by a f('rtif]cation of str.uig spines.
311. crispatus, DC. ( A', i/rr/./.ii.s. Link), (ll.ibose, 5 in. ttv more high: ribs 3(I-G0, coin|n-essed ami sharp, more or less undulate-crispe.l : spines 7-11, widely s]n-eading, more or less flattened, the upper larger and brown at tip, the lower shorter and white, or all of them lu'own : flowers purple, or white with purple stripes. Mexic.j and Central America.
.:'(•.■("'. Tnherrtfhitf . r/,s' h\ JIam iti illnri'i .
31. hexaedrdphorus, Lem. More or less globular, dark gray: ribs deeply tuberculate, giving the appearance of a Mammillaria, with hexagonal tubercles: radial spines a or 7, radiating like a star; central spine solitary, erect, longer; all the spines annulate, reddish brt.wn: flowers white, tinted with rose. Mexico.
32. lopothele, Salm-Dyck. Globose, strongly tubercu- late, after the manner of Mammillaria: tubercles .;iua.l- rangular, bearing clusters of 5-10, more or less porrect, long, rigid, and equal spines; central solitary or want- ing: flowers white or yellowish. Mexico.
EBB, Central spine.^ 4 {3 or o in Silcri n ml smnctiiHes
d ill iSccj-i'i ) .
c. I?ihs iess than 1.^,.
33. robiistus, Otto. Clavate and stout: ribs about 8. compressed, vertical- radial spines about 14, the upper ones slender, the lowest 3 stronger; central spines 4, 4-angled at base, transversely striate, the lowest one largest; all the spines purple-red, l>2-3 in. long: flow- ers golden yellow. iMexieo,
ECHIXOCACTL'S
515
34. Ottdnis, Link & Otto. Depresse.l-globose or ovate, 3-4 in. high: ribs 10-12, obtuse: radial spines 10-18, slender, yellowish, more or less straight and spreading, about K in. long; central spines 4, dusky red, stronger, the uppermost very short, the two laterals horizontal, the lowest longest (1 in.) and deflexed : flowers lemon- yellow, becoming 2-3 in. in diameter. Mexico.
35. bicolor, Gal. Globose-ovate, stout, IS— t in. in diam., sometimes becoming 8 in. high: ribs 8, oblique and obtuse, compressed, tuberculate-interrnpted : lower radnils an.l centrals variegated reil and white; radials y-li, spreailing and recurved, slemler an.l rather rigid, the lowest one 'o-l in. long, the hit.-rals 1-2 in. long and about e.iualing the 2-4 flat Ih-xnous ashy upper ones; centrals 4, flat and flexuous, 1 \,-3 in. hjng, the uppermost thin and not longer than the erect and rigid laterals, the lowest very stout, porrect and very long: flowers funnelform, bright purple, 2-3 in. long. North- ern i\lexico.
cc. Eihs lJ-37.
30. orthacinthus, Link & Otto, {E. flnvorlrenx, Scheidw.l. Gloliose, yellowish gn-.'n: ribs 12 or 13, vertical, acute: radial spines 14, uio-qual. straight an.l spreading; central spines 4, str.uig.T. the i.iwest the largest; all the spines rigid, annulate, and grayish white. I\lexic..i.
37. intertSxtus, Engelm. Ovate-globose, 1-4 in. high: ribs 1.'!, acut.-, somewhat oldbju.-, tuberculate-inter- ruide.l, th.' tubercles with a woolly groove ; spines sh.irt an.l rigid, reddish from a whitish base and with tluskv'tips; ra.lial 16-25, closel}' a]tpressed and inter- woven, the upper 5 to 9 setaceous ami white, straight, one-tifth to ^2 in. long, the laterals more rigid and a
746. Echinocactus myriostigma.
little lunger, the lowest stout and siiiu-t, a little re- curved; Centrals 4. tlie 3 upper ones turnt-d upward and exceeding tin- radiaN and interwoven witli them, the lower one v»-ry .short, stout and porrct: tlowers about 1 in, long and wide, ]'urplish. Te.xas and northern 3Iexico.
38. Crcuttii, Engelm. Cylindrical, 2-3?^ ft. high, 1 ft. in diam., single or in clusters up to 18 or more, not rarely decumbent: ribs 18-22, often oblique: spines ex- tremely variable, angled to tlat, H~3 in. wide; radials 11-13, unequal, lowest and several laterals thinnest; cen- trals 4: liowers about 2 in. long, deep crimson in center, bordered by light greenish yeUow. Lower California.
39. J6hiisoili, Parry. Oval. 4-G in. high : ribs 17-21, low. rounded, tuberculately interrupted, close set, often ol.dique, densely ct:)vered with stout ish reddish gray spines: radial spines 10-14. three-tifths to one and one- third in. long, the upper longest; centrals 4, stouter, recurved, about Po in. long: tlowers 2 to two and three- fifths in. long and wide, from di.-ep red tct pink. Ctah, Nevada, California.
40. polycephalus, Engelm. & Bigel. Globose (G-10 in. in diatn. ] to uvate ( 10-1(1 in. high. .^-10 in. in diam.) and cylindrical (reaching 24-28 in. high and about 10 iu. in
516
ECHIXOCACTUS
ECHIXOCACTrS
diam.), profusely branched at base: ribs 13-21 (occa- sionally 10): spines 8-15, very stout and compressed, more or less recurved and reddish; radials 4-11, com- paratively slender (the uppermost the most slender), 1-2 in. long; the 4 centrals much stouter and longer (IK to two and four-fifths in.), very unequal, the upper- most one usiially broadest and curved upward, the low- est one usually the longest and decurved: flowers yel- low. From Utah to northern Mexico.
41. virid^scens, Nutt. Globose pr depressed, simple or branching at base, 4-12 in. high, (j-10 in. in diam.: ribs 13-21 (fewer when young), compressed and scarcely tuberculate; spines more or less curved and sometimes twisted, reddish below, shading into greenish or yellow- ish above; radials 9-20, two-fifths to four-lifths in. long, the lowest shortest, robust, and decurved; centrals 4, cruciate, much stouter, compressed and 4-:ingled, four- fifths to one and two-fifths in. long, the lowest broadest, longest and straightest: flowers yellowish green, about one and three-fifths in. long. Southern California.
42. Lecdntei, Engelm. Resembles Wislizeni, but often somewhat taller (sometimes l)ecoming 8 ft. high and 2 ft. in diam.}, usually more slender, and at last clavate from a slender base: ribs somewhat more inter- rupted and more obtuse: lower central spine more flat- tened and broader, curved (rather than hooked) or twisted, usually not at all hooked, sometimes as much as 0 in. long: flower rather smaller. From the Great Basin to Mexico and Lower California.
43. Sileri, Engelm. Globose : ribs 13, prominent, densely crowdnd, with sliort rhombic-angled tubercles: radial spines 11-13, white; centrals 3, black, with pale base, three-fifths in. long, the upper one sli^litly longer: flower scarcely 1 in. long, straw-colored. Utah.
44. Griisoni, Hildmann. Globose, completely covered by a mass of almost transparent golden spines, which give the plant the appearance of a ball of gold; centrals 4, curved : flowers red and yellow. Mountains of Mexico. — From illustrations it is evident that the radial spines are somewhat numerous and widel}'' spreading, and that the centrals are prominent and more or less deflexed.
45. SaltilI6nsis, Poselg. Very stout, globose : ribs 15-19, compressed, dark green: spines very prominent, 5-7 in a cluster, stout and porrect, sometimes becoming 5 in. long; centrals 4. Mexico. — Schumann makes this a variety of E. imi'fnx.
746n. Mammillaria macrometis. l^ir rnniimvison witli Ecbii
coc. liiba .JO or more. 4G. Scdpa, Link & Otto. More or less cylindrical. 1 ft. or more high, 2-4 in. in diameter, at length branching above : ribs 30-3(), nearly vertical, tuberculate ; radial spines 30-40, setaceous, white ; central spines 3 or 4, purple, erect ; sometimes all the spines are white: flow- ers yellow. Brazil. — The species is exceedingly plastic in form, branching variously or passing into the cris- tate condition.
EBEB. Central spines f--lO.
47. pil6sus, Gal. Globose, G-18 in. high: ribs 13-18, compressed, little if at all interrupted : radial spines i-epresented by 3 slender ones at the lowest part of the piilvillus or wanting; centrals G, very stout, at first pur- l)lish. becoming pale yellow, the 3 upper ones erect, the 3 lower recurved-spreading: flowers unknown. North- ern Mexico.
48. Simpsoni, Engelm. Subglobose or depressed, turbi- nate at base, simple, often clustered, three and one-fifth to five in. in diam. : ribs 8-13, only indicated by the spiral arrangement of the prominent tubercles, which are }<, to three-fifths in. long, somewhat quadrangular at base and cylindric above : exterior spines 20-30, slender, rigid, straight, whitish, y^-]4 in. long, with 2-5 addi- tional short setaceous ones above; interior spines 8-10, stouter, yellowish and reddish brown or black above, erect-spreading, tw^o-fifths to three-fifths in. long ; no truly central spine: flowers three-fifths to four-fifths in. long and nearly as broad, yellowish-green to pale pur- ple. Mountains of Colorado, Utah and Nevada.
AAA. Spines entirely tvantlnrj.
49. ttirbimf6rmis, Pfeiff. Depressed-globose, grayish green, with 12-14 spirallj' ascending ribs, cut into regu- lar rhomboidal tubercles; tubercles flat, with a depressetl pulvillus, entirely naked excepting a few small setaceous spines upon the younger ones : flowers white, with a purplish base. Mexico. — The depressed and spineless I'ody, with its surface regularly cut in spiral series (f low% flat tubercles, gives the plant a very characteristii- appearance.
50. myriostigma, Salm-Dyck (Astrophi/tum wyrin- sfii/nia, Lem.). Fig. 746. Depressed-globose, 5 in. in diam.: ribs 5 or 6, very broad, covered with numerovis somewhat pilose white spots, and with deep obtuse sin- iisps: spines none: flowers large, pale yellow. Mexico.
51. "Williamsii, Lem. {AnJialoniitm Wl/- tiainsit, Lem. Loph/jpliarn Wittiavisii , Coult. ). Hemispherical, from a very thick root, often densely proliferous, transversely lined below by the remains of withered tuber- cles : ribs usually 8 (in young specimens often G), very broad, gradually merging above into the distinct nascent tubercles, which are crowned with somewhat delicate pencillate tufts, which become rather inconspicuous pul- villiontheribs: flowers small, whitish to rose. Texas and Mexico. — The well-known "mescal button," used by the Indians in religious rites.
52. Lewinii, Hennings {Anhaldniiim Leir- inli, Heimings. Lo/ihdjjJiortr Leivinii, Coult. |. Like L\ Williaiiisii, but a much more robust form, with more numerous (usually 13) and hence narrower and more sinuous "ribs, and nmch more prominent tufts. Along the Rio (irande. John M. Coulter.
Other names of Echinocacti may be looked fin- under Echinocereus and Mammillarin. Echinocactus and IMammillaria are distin- guished chiefly by the way in which the Us. are borne, -terminal on the tubercles in the former, and axillary to tubercles or ribs in tlie latter. In cxlernal aiqiearance thev are very similar. Some sp(M-ies may bo referred to either genus or to both. jV<nn miliaria HiicromeriH (Fig. 302) is .•onsi<lered bv some lo be an Echinocactus. The strong resem- lilances lu-tween tiiese two genera may be seen by comparing the Echinocacti in Figs. 745 and 74ii with tlx- IMammillaria in Fig. 74G(f . See, also. Figs. 1355-7 under .Alammillaria.
ECHINOCfiREUS (.sv"".'/ Corii.^]. CarU}ce<e. Stems usually low and gruwiug in tUivk clusters, which yome- tiiuus reach a considerably size: lis., as a rule, mostly short fuunel-fonu: t.vary and tube covered with bracts, from the axils of whi.-h arc- produced to a greateror less extent woo], bristles and spines: I'r. globose to ellip- soidal, covered with spines until ripe. The genus is so closely allied to Ccreus, and merges so gradually into it, that it seems impossible to draw a sharp line of dis- tinction between them, and, indeed, by some authors they are combined under Cereus. For culture, see Cactus, Ccniis, and Kvlihiov((ctns.
KrHixocKRErs;
)I7
;j.
acit'er. 11). ailustns, 'li. Berlaiidit-ri, Blankii, 4. ca^spitosns, 21. '•hlorantlnis, "jn. <'hi-ysoceiitrns, i;.{. coccineus, 17. I'onKlomeratns, 1-1. conoidens. 17. ctenoides, 2!i. dasyacauthus, 'S2.
Kii
rlui
\'[]v
, 1-
KoiiJi'-iintlius, \). Inii^isetiis, 10. Merkeri, 8. Mojavensis, IG. liaucispinus, d.
IlOctilKLtUS, 1^4.
I.>!iu-ijici.>us, 17.
liolyacrmthus, 18
JJlMi'llKlllli'llS, ").
ri^M(.hssiii(u,s, '^4. Ra-tteri, 11. rufispinus, 24. iScheeri, 2. stramiiieus, l.'i. triglo'.'hidiatus^ tuViPresus, 1. variejijitus. i:;. viviiliriorus, 21
9.
Sfi'his
'<il/.
>L murh
embUinj
C' n IIS.
1. tuberosus, Riimpl. [Cvr<-ns inhiro^us, Puselg. ). Stems cyliudi-ical, u[iright, ur later recliuint:. clustered, from a nuuiber of more or less globular or ellipsoidal tuberous roots, the lower part woody and about tlie size of a lead pencil, the upper part more Heshy, about Sjin. in diam.. reaching a length of 1-2 ft.: ribs about 8, straight, low. rounded: areola? very close together : ra- dial spines 9-1'J, horizontally spreading, straight, white, thin subulate, very short ; central solitary, subulate, from a tuberous base, about twice the length of the radials, white or brownish, with darker brown or black tips, directed upward, appressed: lis. from the end of the stem, about '1 in. long, tube covered with an abun- dance of white woo] intermingled with bristles, rose-red to purplish: fr. ovoid, green, covered with the white wool and bristles. Tex. and northern 3Xex.
AA. StctHs jirosl rnii . soiinti iiics IJic hranrlirs uprifiht u'hi-ii ijoutKj, inosihj /ess than 1 in. in diam.
2. Scheeri, Lem. {Cereus Schctri, Salm-Dyck). Branching freely from the base of the stem and forming dense clusters ; branches upright or ascending, about 8 in. long by 1 in. in diam., slightly tapering toward the apex, dark green: ribs 8-9, straight or sometimes in- clined to spiral. sei>arated above by sharj) grooves, which become liattened toward the base, low arched: areolepi little more than ^-lin. ajiart, round, yellowish white: ra- dial spines 7-0. spreading, needle-like, the under pair the longest, about ^[-''siii. long, white with yellowish bases; centrals 3, the lower the longest, about ^^in., red with brown bases ; later all the spines become gray : fi. red, from the upper part of the stem, about '^ in. long: ovary and tube bracteate and furnished with abundance ui wi.>ol and spines. IMex.
;"i. Berlandieri, Lorn. i<'rr>ns B<Thinili> ri . EnLrelm.l, Stems prostrate, richly branching, forming dense clus- ters, the branches upright or aseending, 2-3 in. long or longer by 3-j-?4 in. in diam.. lii,dit or dark green, and in young growth often ])ur]dish : ribs 5-G, broken up into as many straiglit ()r spiral rows of tubercles, tul)ercles conical, pointed : areohe '■'■ ^-■' s i". apart, round, white- woolly, soon naked : radial spines 0-8, stiff bristle-form, thin, horizontally spreading, white, about ^s in. long, the upper one sometimes light brown and somewhat stronger ; central solitary, yellowish hrown, sometimes reaching ?4 in. in length : Us. from the upper lateral areolse, 2-3 in. long, red to light pink: fr. ovoid, green, bristly. Southern Tex. and northern Mex.
4. Bldnkii, Palm. (iC'rrcjrs' i??,f)i/,:;'/, Poselg.b Branch- ing freely from the base and thus forming clusters: stems columnar, tapering above, about 6 in. long by 1 in. in <liam., dark green: ribs Ty-Q (rarely 7), straight, almost divided into tubercles: areolse about % in. apart, round, white curly-woolly, later naked : radial spines mostly 8, horizontally spreading, the under pair the longest, reaching about '% in. in length, all stiff,
straight, thin, white or the upper ones carmine-red when young, later reddish brown; central solitary, por rect, later deflexed, 1-1 ^ in. hnig, white or brownish, black when young : tls. from nntr rlie crown, 2^2-3 in. long, purple-red to violet. iMe\. iMl. 18ii5;9U.
5. procumbeus, Lem. [Cwcus i>i-<>i-uiiihi-ns, Eugelm.). Branching from the lower i)art of the strni, and so form- ing clusters : branches procumbent or ascen<liiig. an- gled, at the base tapering into cyliinirical, 1 ^j-.'i in. long by 3^-2-/4 in. in diam.: rilis mo,sily,j, rarely 4, straight or spiral, on the upper jM>rtion of the braiicli almost divided into tubercles : ari'oh-e Vj-^,^, in. apart, round, sparingly white cx;rly-woully. soon naked : ra- dial spiTies 4-(J. subulate, stiff, straight, sharp, in young growtli brownish, then white, at the hase cd'ten yellow- ish and the ti]) lirowni^lj, horizonlally s]>reading, tin' upper the longest, reaching ^4 in. in Icngtli ; centra! solitary, or absent on the lower areohe, somewliat stronger, ■'■^-■'h in. long, darker; tls. lateral, fmni jnst below the crown, 3-4 in. lonu:, carmine-red to violet. with white or yellowish throat: Ir. ellipsoidal, '^Vi^t:-]\, •; ^ in. long. Isli^y..
6. enneacdnthus, Emrelm. {Cvrms < ninardnthus, Eugelm. ). Freely branching at the base of the stem, and thus forming thick, irregular clusters : branches as- cending, xisually 3-."» in. long by 1^2-2 in. in diain., green or sometimes reddish: rilis 8-](), straight, often divided by transverse grooves into more or h-ss con- spicuous tubercles: areola- ''.^-'^'s in. apart, round, white curly-Wf'oUy, soon naked: radial spines 7-12 (mostly 81, horizontally sjireading, needle- form, straight, stitf, translucent white, base bnlliose. the tmder one lon^j^est, reaching about '.jiii.,the upper one ^'ei-v slmrt ; central solitary, or seldom with two additional tipper ones, straight, porrect or deth-xed, round or angled, whitish to straw-yellow or ilarker, ■',s-l'- in. hmg ; later all the spines are gray : tls. lateral, from near thi' crown or lower, l^--4-2 .^j in. long, re<l to ptn-plish : fr. spherical, green to red, spinv, ''^-1 in. Ion;,'. Tex. and noi'thern Mex.
AAA. S(t')iis errrt, inorr than 1 in. in il ia nirf^-r.
B.
rrrl, , L'ih>
e/ .s/, ni
h-
7. diibius, Rii]tipl. ( < 'rrms ifiihiiis, Engelm. ]. Tol- erably thickly clustered ; stems branching at the l>ase, cylindrical or elonL;at<.-d ellipsoidal, 4b;*7 in. hii^h by 1^0-2^4 in. in diam.: ritis 7-9, undulate: arecda* ■'t.-':H in. apart, i-ound, covered with short curly white wool, later naked: radials .V8, subulate, horizontally spread- ing, stiff, round or faintly angled, the lower ones usually the longest, abotit 1 in. long, the upper ones about half as long, or sometimes absent, transparent white; centrals 1-4, stronger and longer, bulbose at the base, straight or curved, reaches 2J-2 in. in length, the lowest one longest, straight, yiorrect or deflexed, the upper ones spreading : Hs. lateral, 2 in. long, rose-red to violet: fr. spherical, greenish to pi^in-'lt'"red, covered with Inindles ot deci(hious si>ines. Tex. ami noi-thern Mex.
8. Merkeri, Hihlm. Stems at first upright, columnar, later reclining, and by liranching at the base formiiiLC clusters, in new growth bri^dit green, later gray to gray- brown and corky: ribs fi-Ii, undnhite to more or less tu- berculate : areoh'e ■'4in- -'iiid )nore apart, round, white velvety, later naked: radial siunes (i-9, the up]ter ones the longest, reaching P4 in. in length, somewhat con- fitient with the centrals, sniitilate, spreading, straight; centrals 1-2, stronger, reaching a length of 2 in.: all the spities are white, nearly transparent, with red-tinted bulbose base. Northern ]Mex.
9. paucispinus, Pum]il. ( C r r>' n s juiw/is/nn a.- . Eugelm.). Clustered in irre.gular bunches: sti.'nisc\- lindrical to ovoid, 4-7 in. high by li^''4-3 in. in <liam.:' ribs 5-7, undulate : areolae %-^a in. apart, round, white woolly, later naked: radial spines 3-G, spreading, subu- late, straight or curved, round, bulbose at the base, the lowest one longest, reaching ^i in., light colored, the iipper ones reaching to about ^2 in., reddish or brown- ish ; central solitary or none, reaching about 1^2 in. in length, somewhat angled, bro-\i-n-black, porrect or tip- right ; later all the spines blackish: tls. 2 in. or more long, dark scarh-t to \-ellowish. Tex. and <_"o]o.
518
ECHINOCEBErS
Var. triglochidiitus, K. Si-li. {Erhhiorerens tnnloclii- diAtu.-i, Engelm. Corns ti-ighiehirlMiix, Engelm.). Radial spines usually 'J, sometimes us manj' as i>, strong, angled, hase bulbose, straight or currecl, aliout 1 in. long, soon ash-gray. Tex. and Ne\v Hex.
Var. gonacAnthua, K. Sch. (Eclilnni-crnis gnnacdii- tJius. Lera. CerfUS tionacdntlius. Engelm. and Bigel.). Radial spines 8, very large, angled and sometimes twisted, the upper .strongest, reaehing nc-arly H m. in length, light or dark yellow with brown tips ; fentral always present, deeply grooved, often flattened, :i in. or more long. Colo.
BB. Iiihs of steni. aliout 0-13.
10. longisetus, Lem. (Cereus longisetnx, Engelm.). Stems clustered, cylindrical, covered with long, dirty white spines, about 8 in. high by 2 in. in diani.. light green: ribs 11-11, .straight, undulate: radial spines 18- 20, straight, compressed, base thickened, subulate, Hex- uose, usually horizontally spreading, interlocking with adjacent clusters, the lower laterals the longest, reach- lag j^in. in length, the upper more bristle-like and the shortest, all white ; centrals .5-7, longer, reaching 2M in., stronger, the upper ones scarcely longer than the longest radials ; all are bulbose at the hase ; the three lower ones the longest and deflexed, spreading and sometimes curved: Us. red. Mex.
11. Edetteri, Riini])!. (Cereus Bntteri, Engelm.). Loosely open clustered: stems upright, 4-G in. high, 2- :i in. in diam., cylindrical or ovoid: ribs 10-13, straight: radial spines 8-i5, subulate, thickened at the base, stiff, sharp, straight or slightly curved, the laterals longest, about K in., the uyiper ones shortest, reddish with darker tips ; centrals 2-5, stouter, bulbose at base, H- •li'm. long, the lower ones the longest; later all the spines are gray: fls. lateral, from near the crown, 25^-3 in. long, purple-red to violet: fr. short ellipsoidal, spiny, green, 54in. long. Tex. to Ariz, and northern Mex.
12. F^ndleri, Riimpl. (Cereus Fhirlleri, Engelm.) Irregularly clustered : stem cylindrical or rarely ovoid or even globose, sparingly branching, 3-7 in. high by 1%-2K inch in diam. : ribs 9-12, straight or slightly spiral, undulate : radial spines 7-10, subulate, straight or curved, the lowest or the two lower laterals the longest, about 1 in., stronger, quadrangular, white; the two next higher brownish; the upper ones round, white and much shorter; all are bulbose at the base ; central solitary (or in old plants 3-4), very strongly thickened at the base, round, black, sometimes with a lighter col- ored tip, curved upward, reaching a length of ]'4 in.: tls. lateral, from near the crown, 2-3K in. long, dark carmine-red to purple and violet: fr. ellipsoidal, spiny, green to purple-red. about 1 in. long. Colo.. Utah and south to northern Jlcx. B.JI. 0.">33.
13. fingelmannii, Lem. (Cereua Enrielmanvii, I'arry). Stems clustered, cylindrical to ovoid, 4-10 in. liigh^ 1 '.t-2'.> in. in diam., light green : ribs 11-13, un- dulate : radial spines 11-13, somewhat angled, stiff, sluirp, straight or somewhat curved, horizontally spread- ing, the lowest or lower laterals the longest, about % in., the upper ones the shortest, whitish with brown tips; centr.als 4, stiff, straight, angled, stout, the lowest one deflexed, white to dark-colored, reaching a length of 2 'jin., the upper ones about % as long, spreading, brown : fls. lateral, from just below the crown, \%-2% in. long, purple-re<l : fr. ovoid, green to purple-red. spiny, later naked, ai)Out 1 in. in diant.; pull" puri)le- red. Calif, to Utah and south into Mex.
Var. chrysoc§ntru3, Engelm. and Bigel. The three upper centrals golden yellow, the lo\vest \vhite. Mojave desert, Calif.
Var. variegitus, Engelm. and Rigel. The three up- per centrals curved, horn-colored and mottled with black. Utah, Nev. and Calif.
14. conglomeritus, Forst. Stems clustered, colum- nar, somewhat tapering above, reaching a height of 1 ft. and 2 in. in diam., light green: ribs 12-13, strongly un- dulate, tubercled above : radial spines 0-10, glossy, spreading, the lower pair the longest, base yellow; cen- trals 1-4, the lowest straight, porrect, reaching a length of \}4 in. and more, somewhat stronger than the rest. Northern Mex.
15.
ECHINOCEREUS
stramineus, Riimpl. (Cereus sfrawJnens, Engel- mann). Clustered in thick, irregular bunches : stems ovoid to cylindrical, 4-8 in. long, 1K-2K in. mdiam. : ribs 11-13- radial spines 7-10 (usually 8), horizontally radi- ate, straight or slightly curved, subulate, sharp, round or the long lower ones angled, transparent white, toler- ably equal in length, about }■:,-% in. or the lower ones sometimes longer and reaching a length of 1J4 m. ; cen- trals 3-4, much longer, .stronger, twisted, angled, straw
747. Echinocereus chloranthus.
yellow to brownish, when young reddish transparent, the upper ones shortest and spreading upward, the lower ones porrect or depressed : fls. lateral, 2>2-3^2 in. long, bright purple-red or deep dark red to scarlet: fr. ellipsoidal, about IJ^ in. long, covered with numerous spines, purple-red. Tex. to Ariz, and northern I\lex.
16. Mojavtosis, Riimpl. (Cereus Mnjuvhisis, Engelm. and Bigel.). Stems clustered, ovoid, reaching 3 in. in height by 2 in. in diam. : ribs 8-12, conspicuously undu- late : radial spines ,5-8, the lowest pair the longest, reaching about 2Ki in. in length ; all are white with brown tips, subulate, straight or curved, strongly bul- bose at the base; central solitary, or sometimes absent, stronger and somewhat longer and darker colored; later all the spines become gray: fls. 2-3 in. long, deep carmine: fr. elli])soidal, about 1 in. long. Mojave des- ert of Ariz., Nev. and Calif.
17. phoenfceus, Lem. (Eelih-.orrreus eoeeiueits, Engelm. Cereus pJwnice-us, Engelm.). Steins irregu- larly clustered, ellipsoidal to short cylindrical, 2^ in. high by i;^-2'4 in. in diam.: ribs 8-11, straight; spines tiristle-form. straight, round; radials 8-12, white, Vi-M in. long, upper ones shortest ; centrals 1-4, stouter, white to yellow or brown, witii bulbose base: fls. from upper lateral areolre scarlet-red, with the CO roUa throat yellow. Colo, to Ariz.
ECIIINOCEKKUS
ECHINOC'VSTIS
>19
Var. conoideus, Eiigelm. { Erh'ni<>r,>nn<s ronoideiis, Riinipl, Vetrns conoideas, EniT'lni.). ( Viitral spine long and robust : Us. larp:e. red. Soutln-ni Calif, and northwest Mex.
18. polyacilnthus, Eiiiivlni. {fere}!.^ p»h/ara„f ],>(.■<. En^^elm.). Stems clustert-d, funning thick masses, i-y- lindrical to ellipsoidal: ribs9-i;{: radial s])iues H~V2, robust, subulate, stifl' and sliarp. under one tlie Inngest, nearly 1 in., upper ones scarcely % in., white to red- dish gray with dark ti])s ; centrals 3-4, bull)ose base, str()nger, about the length of the radials <.r the lowest sometimes reaching 2 in., hnrn-colurfd ; hit. t all the spines become gray: fls. lateral, al)Out 1 ' ,-:2'4 in. long. dark scarlet to l)lood-red: fr. spherical, about 1 in. long, greenish red, spiny. Tex. to Calif, and northern Mex.'
19. Acifer, Lem. {Cpreus dclfer, Otto). Stems thickly clustered, 6-8 in. high by 1^-2 in. in diani., becoming gray and corky wfth age : ribs 9-11, usually 10: radial spines usually 9, spreading, under pair long"- est, about K in., in young growth white, later horn-col- ored to gray, the upper ones brownish ; central soli- tary, straight, porrect, at first ruby red, later brown, 1 in. long : fis. lateral, '2 in. and more long, clear scarlet- red, with a yellow throat and sometimesa carmine bor- tier. Nortlieru Mex.
BBB. I^lhs of stem IS or morr.
20. chlordnthus, Klimpl. {Cert' u s rhjordufhus, Engelm.). Fig. 747. Stems in small clusters, cylindri- cal, slightly tapering above, 4-9 in. high by 2-23-2 in. in <liam.: ribs 13-18. straight or rarely spiral: radial spines 12-20, horizontally spreading and appressed, sharp, the shortest one about 'Vsin. long and white, the lower laterals a little longer and have purple tips; cen- trals 3-5, or in young plants absent, bulbose at the base, the upper ones shortest, about the length of the radials, and darker colored, with purplish tips, the lower ones stouter, about 1 in. long, defiexed, white; frequently all the spines are white: rls. lateral, little more than 1 in. long: ovary and tube white bristly; petals green : fr. ellipsoidal, about 3^-^in. long, spiny. Texas and New Mexico.
21. viridifldrus, Engelm. (CerrHs ri ridll'lnrns, Engelm.). Stems solitary or only in age forming snuUl, loose clusters, cylindrical or elongated ellipsoidal, 3-7 in. high by 1-2 in. in diani.: ribs 13 : radial spines 12- 18, horizontally radiate, pectinate, straight or somewhat curved, subulate, the lower laterals the longest, aliout % in., translucent ruby red, the others white ; centrals usually absent, rarely 1, strong, about % in. long, curved upward, red with brown point: fls. lateral, from just below the crown, broad funnel-form, little more than 1 in. long: ovary and tube spiny : corolla green, with a broad darker olive green to pink stripe down the mid- dle of each petal : fr. ellipsoidal, about H in. long, greenish. Wyo. and Kans. to Tex. and New Mex.
22. dasyacinthus, Engelm. ( Cerens ildsf/acdnfhns. Engelm.). Stems solitary or sometimes forming open clusters, ellipsoidal to short cylindrical: ribs ir)-21, straight or sometimes slightly spiral, obtuse : radial spines 20-30. straight or sometimes slightly ctirved, subulate, stiff, sharp, pectinate, white witli red or brown tips, later gray, the laterals longest, ^-...-l in., the upper ones shortest, about % in., those of one cluster interlocking witli those of the adjacent chisters; centrals 3-8, the lower one longest, white with colored tips, mostly with hulhose bases: fls. from near the crown of the stem, large, 2K-3 in. long: ovary and short ttibe ^.'overed with white, reddish tipped stiff bristles ; co- rolla vellow: fr. l-l^'i in. long, ellipsoidal, spinv. green to reddish. Tex.
23. ctenoides, Lem. (CrreHs cfi.'))o)ih'>:. Engelm. |. Stems solitary or rarely branching, cylindrical to elon- gated ovoid, reaching a height of 6 in. and a diam. of 2^2 in.: ribs 15-16, tisually straight : radial spines 13- 22, horizontally radiate, pectinate, subulate, bases bul- bose and laterally compressed, stiff, straiglit or often slightly curved, the laterals longest and about 'js in., the upper ones very short, white or sometimes with brownish tips ; centrals 2-3 or rarely 4, stiperposed, ■coarser, bulbose at the base, short and conical to ^4 in. long, reddish; later all the spines are gray: fls. lateral,
from near the crown, 2C;-^3 in. long: ovary and sh^rt tube white bristly: corolla yellow, with greenish throat. Tex. and northern Mex.
24. pectin§,tu8, Engelm. {<''<> reus pectindfus, Engelm.). Clustered stems cylindri-'al or ovoid, reach- ing a height of 10 in. by 3 in. <liam.: ril)s 13-23, straiglit: rtidial spines 16-30, pectinate, horizontally spreading and appressed, straight orctirved, the laterals longest, round, hardly ^8 in. long ; central usually ab- sent, or as many as 5, which are short, conical and su- perposed, white, with tips and liases variously colored with pink, yellow or brown; later all iiecome gray: fls. lateral, from near the crown, 2'._.-4 in. long: ovary tu- berculate and spiny, light to dark rose-red or rarely white: fr. globose, spiny, green to reddish green. Mex.
Var. adustus, K. Sch. (Ci-'-nnf.^ arh'fsfus, Engelm.). Like the type, but with liia'/k-brown to chestnut-brown spines. Mex.
Var. rigidissimus, Eii;z;elm. ( C c re u s cdndicavs,
Hort. *' '. rii/ii/!.ssi llltis. Hurt. ). Ka1NB(:iW CAr'TUS. Fig.
748. Stems comparatively shorter and tlii<-ker: radial spines 16-20. coarser and stiti'er. straight or very little curved; base thickened, white, yellow or red to brown,
748. Echiiiocereus pectinata, var rigidissimus.
these colors commonly arranged in alternating bands around the jilant. the spines of adjacent clusters inter- locking ; centrals aVtseut. Tex. ti.' Ariz, and northern
Mex.
Var. caespitdSUS, K. Sch. {A^rhinon'reus r,i .■ipifi<.<;)i<; , Engelm. Cereiis ci^spifosiis , Engelm. |. Kadials 2n-:-{0, curved, clear white or with rose-re<l tips ; centrals ab- sent, or 1-2 verv short ones. Indian Terr., Tex. and Mex.
Var. nifispinus, K. Sch. Of more robtist growth: ra- dial spines curved, red. ^lex.
Hnrtieiiltural names nn identifier!: E. poJ^/cpj'habfS.—E. snnfn'iuciis. — E. Vehri. — E. rsi.ienfiK-ii. — E. pnvnijAnri, no doubt a mutilation of paucispinus.— A". .Schliiii^E. Srjieeri ?
C. H. Thompson-.
ECHINOCYSTIS (Greek. ;/^r7,-//'-/M->f/ and hhidder: from the prickly fruit). Ciirnrhitdrriv. Wild (.^'cumber. Wild Balsam-Apple. This genus contains a hardy na- tive annual vine which is a great favorite for home ar- bors, although not especially beautiful in foliage, flower or frtiit. Its bladdery frtiits about 2 in. long, covered with weak prickles, are a source of unfailing delight to children, who love to make them burst. It is one of the quickest growing of all vines, and is therefore useful in hiding unsightly objects, while the slower-growing shrubbery is getting a start. The latest reviewer of the gourd family ( Co^uianx, in DC. Mon. Phan. vol. 3, 1881) makes three sections of this genus, and this plant the sole representative of the second section, or
520
ECHIXOCYSTIS
true Echinocystis, because its juicy fruit bursts irregu- larly at the top, aud coutaius 2 cells, each AvitU 13 tlat- tish seeds.
lobita, Torr. & Gray. Lys. wider than long, deeply 5-lobed, slightly emarginate at the base : tendrils .'i— 1- branched: staminate fls. small, in raany-tld. panicles longer than the Ivs.; calyx glabrou-s : fr. egg-shaped, sparsely covered with prickles. Saskatchewan to Win- nepeg, south to Va. and Ky., west to Colo. A.G. 14; 161. "R.H. 189.5, p. 9. (i.C. III. , 22 :271. Sometimes be- comes a weed. W. M.
ECHtNOPS (Greek, like a heddeJing; alluding to the spiny involucral scales). Coit/jju^lfw. ("tlobe Thistle. A large genus of thistle-like x>lants, with blue or whit- ish flowers in globose masses. The structure of one of these globes is very curious. Each flower in the globe has a little involucre of its own, and the whole glolx^ has one all-embracing involucre. Another way of say- ing the same thing is "heads 1-fld., crowded into head- like glomes." More or less white-woolly herbs: Ivs. al- ternate, pinnate-dentate or twice or thrice pinnatisect, the lobes and teeth prickly.
Globe Thistles are coarse- growing pl.ants of the easi- est culture, and are suitable for naturalizing in wild gardens and shrubberies. An English gardener with an eye for the picturesque (W. Goldring) reconnnends massing them against a background of Boccoiiiu cor- data, or with such boldly contrasting yellow- or white- flowered plants as Ilelianfhus riijiilnni or Meliatithus tiiitlfiflorus. The best species is -t'. JRuthenicus . A few scattered individuals of each species are not nearly so effective as a condensed mass or group of one kind. I'J. Huthenicus flowers in midsummer and for several weeks thereafter. The silvery white stems and hand- somely cut prickly foliage of Globe Thistles are interest- ing features. They make excellent companions for the blue-stemmed Eryngiums. All these plants are attrac- tive to bees, especially E. exaltattis, which has con- siderable fame as a bee-plant. Globe Thistles are some- times used abroad for perpetual bouquets.
A. Leaves not puhescent nor setulose above. Eitro, Linn. Tall, thistle-like plant, with pinnate- lobed Ivs., which (like the stems) are tomentose be- neath, the lobes lanceolate or linear and cut, but not spiny: involucre scales setiform, the inner ones much shorter: fls. blue, very variable. Var. tenuifdlius, DC. (A'. Biifhinicus, Hort. ) has the lower leaves more nar- rowly cut, more or less spine-tipped. Gn. 4.5:9.'>1. — Per- ennials of S. Eu., growing 2-.S ft. high. They bloom all summer. Lvs. sometimes loosely webby above.
AA. Leaves puheseent or sefniose ahove.
Bannitieus, Rochel. Lvs. hairy-pubesoent above, tomentose beneath (as also the stems), the lower ones deeply pinnately parted, the upper pinnatifld, spinv: fls. blue. Hungary. li.H. 1858, p. .019.
exaltatus, Schrad. Tall biennial, the stem nearly simple and glandulose-pilose, the lvs. pinnatifld', .scarcely spiny: fls. blue. Russia. B.M. 24.')7 as E. strietus, Pisch. Distinguished by its simple, erect .stem. The garden A', comiiiiildtus may be the same as this.
sphaeroc^phalus, Linn. Tall (,5-7 ft.) perennial : lvs. pinnatifld, viscose-pubescent above, tomentose below, the teeth of the broad lobes yellow-spined: fls. white nf bluish. S. Eu. B.R. 5:350. " L fl B
ECHIN6PSIS (Greek, lieehjeling^like) . Caetaeew. Se.\- UBOHiN Cactus. Stems spherical to ellipsoidal or rareh columnar: ribs prominent anil usually sharp-angled': fls. usually long trumpet-shaped, ovary a'nd tube covereil ■with linear-lanceolate, cuspidate bracts which become longer toward the outer end of the tube, where they pass gradually into the outer petals, in their axils bearing long, silky, wavy hairs and usually a few rather rigid bristles. This is a well marked genus, though by so]iii' authors combined with Cereus, confined entirely to South America. Culture as for Cereus.
a. i?/7^s- of stem elirided info more or less rridetii Inhercles. P^ntlandii, .Salm-Dyck. .Stem sini|d(s later brnm-h- ing, spherical or ellipsoidal, reaidiiiig (I in. in diaiii.:
ECIIIXOPSIS
ribs 12-15, divided between the areolaj into oblique com- pressed tubercles : radial spines 9-12, spreading, straight or slightly curved, yellowish brown, the upper the longest and strongest, reaching }4-\% in.; central solitarv, or seldom in pairs, porrect, curved, 1-13^ in., rarely':; in. long : fls. lateral, 2-2?^ in. long, yellow, orange, pink to scarlet-red : fr. spherical, green, ''i in. in diam. Peru. B.^1. 4124.
A.\. ItiJis of stem not divided. fi. Fii'ivers red or pink.
multiplex, Zucc. Stems at first rather clavate, later globose ti> ellipsoidal, abundantly branching, C-12 in. in diam. aud the same in height, or rarely taller, light green to yellowish: ribs 12-14, straight, scarcely undu- late : radial spines about 10, suoulate, straight, yellow to yellowish brown, with darker tips, reaching % in. in length, very unequal, horizontally sp>reading; centrals mostly 4, of these the lowest is the longest, reaching 1% in., somewhat porrect at first, later curved and deflexed, darker colored than the others: fls. rare, lateral, 11-15 in., rose-red. S. Braz. B.M. 3789.
Var. cristMa, Hort. Stems flat and spreading in growth, like an open fan or the flower stalk of the com- mon garden cockscomb, spines reduced to flne, stiff bristles. This is merely a inontrosity of the species.
ox^gona, Zucc. Stems at first simple, nearly spheri- cal or rarely clavate, becoming short columnar, reaching 1/i ft. in height and 1 ft. in diam., gray-green, darker above: ribs 13-15, straight or wavy at the base : radial spines 5-15, horizontally spreading, very unequal, reach- ing % in., subulate, obliquely upright ; centrals 2-5, somewhat longer, straight, porrect or deflexed, dark horn-colored, with Idack tips: fls. commonly many to- gether, lateral, reaching 1.'! in. in length, pink to car- mine-red, the inner petals lighter than the outer ones. S. Braz.
triiimphans, .Tacoto. This is a hybrid between IJ. Eij- riesii and vj'U'jona, with pink double flowers.
BB. FIoive7^s white. Eyriesii, Zucc. stem simple, commonly branching later, at flrst somewhat depressed, later short to rather tall columnar, reaching a height of 2 ft. and a diam. of
74J. E^hinopsis cemmata.
4-(; in., (lark green: ribs 11-18, straight, undulate, with sharp-angled margins: radial spines about 10, scarcely more (han ' ,; in. long, rigid, straight, slender conical, point.'d, dark brown to blatd;; centrals 4-8, but vi'ry lit- tle dilTcn.iit fr.iin the jvidials: fls. i:it.'i'al, 10-15 in. long
ECHI.XCII'SIS
white: fr. small, ellipsoidal, about 1 in. l.ms. S. Braz., Uruguay and Argentine Republii-. B.M. ;!111. B.K. 20:1707.
gemmita, K, Sob. (£. I„rbin,)l.i. Zucp.l. Fis. 749. Stem simple or sometimes branrbing, at lirst low- spherical or short, columnar, later more top-.shaped, reaching 1 ft. in height by 4-G in. in diam,, dark green: ribs 13-U, rarely more, straight or sometimes slightly spiral with sharp or obtuse margins, which are but lit- tle or not at all undulate; central spines appear tirst, about 3-IJ in number, very short, stiff, black; later the radials appear, about 10-U, longer, horizontallv spread- ing, at first yellowish brown, later horn-colored : lis. lateral or from the upper areoK-p, 9-11) in. l.iii:r. clear white, with a pale greenish midline in the iJctals. S. Braz. ' '
tubiildra, Zucc. (A'. Dm;Uii, Hort. E. Ziiei/ai-hiii, Pfeiff. ). Stems spherical to ellipsoidal, at first simple but later more or less branching, reaching 10 in. in height by 8 in. ;.in diam., dark green : ribs 11-12, straight, with margins inconspicuously undulate : radial spines nninerous, sometimes as numy as 20, unequal, horizontally or obli(iuely spreailing," yellowish white with bri.wn tips, sometimes darker ; centrals :j-l, the lowest the longest, reaching 5^in., later defie\ed: fls. lateral, about H in. long, white with pale green midline in the petals. ,S. Braz. and Truguay, B.M. 3027.
Jichiicoj^S'S 21uU'jrt is a horticultural name only.
C. H. Thojipson.
ECHIN6STACHYS {spiiiij head, from the Ureek). A bronieliaceous genus, nciw referred by Mez to .-Echmea, which see. Three species have been oifered in the Amer, trade: E. Hystrix, Wittm,, for which see p. 28. E. Fiueliana, Wittm., which is ^i'. Piiiiliclna, Baker: 2-3 ft.: peduncle and bracts brilliant red: Ivs. banded, spine-edged: spike dense, 2 in. long, spiny: petals yellow, the tips fringed and incurved. Brazil. B . jM . .532 1 . E. Van Houtteana, Van Houtte, is .E. Win Hmittetliia, Mez iQic-snrlta rii n Houtd'nna, Morr. ) . Lvs. many, strong spined, sometimes white-banded beneath : tls. white, blue-tipped, in a crowded spike: 1-2 ft. Brazil.
L. H. B.
ECHITES ((ireek, viper: possibly from its poisonotis milky juice or from its twining habit). Apoct/ndceie. A large genus of tropical American twiners related to Dipladenia, and of similar culture. Differs technically from Dipladenia in the 5-Iolied disk and the glandular or 5-scaled calyx.
Andrewsii, Chapman {E. suherA'tei, And. ). Lvs. 1K~'1 in. long. cl(.ise together, oval or oblong, mucronate, acute or rounded at the base, margins revolute: peduncles axillary, 3-5-tld,, shorter than the lvs.: fls. yellow; corolla ttibe 1 in. long, J-^in. wide, much dilated above the insertion of the stamens, bell-shaped, scarcely longer than the lobes; anthers tapering into a long, bristle-like awn: glands of the nectary o, rounded, as long as the ovaries, Sandy shores, S. Fla. W. Indies.
paluddsa, Vahl. Lvs. oblong, oval-oblong, or lanceo- late-oblong, rounded toward the mucronate top: calyx segments glandular, devoid of an interinr scale, oblong, mucronate-blunt, spreading; corolla tube funnel-shaped above a cylindrical base ; anthers oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded-cordate at the base, hirsute on the back above.
umhellata, Jacq. Lvs. ovate or ovate-roundish, mticro- nate : lis. greenish white; calyx segments glandular, devoid of an interior scale; corolla tube cylindrical, en- larged below the middle, tapering again above; anthers rigid, tapering fri ni a liastate base, glabrous, W. Indies.
W. :,i.
ECHIUM (T^reek. meaning unkni.iwn). Eorrai/iuaciir. Viper's Bu-tLoss. Coarse beriis anil shrubs, with spikes of blue, violet, red or white Ilowers. Their ne:u-est jilly of garden valtie is Cerinthe, btit they are very distinct in general appearance, E. fastuo.'<itm, for instance, has dark blue, .5-lobed tlowers al)Out half an inch across, in spikes (J inches long an<l 2 inches wide, perhaps as many as 200 fls. in a sptike. Great masses of stamens are thrust out and add to the interest, and the young tiower-tmds look like pink 5-pointed stars. Tbi-ee kinds arc cult, out-
EGUPLAXT
521
doors in California. There Ix-'in'c no pul-ilished American, experience with their cultivation under gluss, the follow- ing points are y:leaned from The Garden 4L*, p. 88i (1892). In rich soil they grow coarse and scarcelj" flower, and the Ilowers are never as richly colored as when the plants are more or less starved. Biennials seed freely, and the seed is sown as soon as gathered. £". cunifhi/rs/on is a greenhouse slirub or small tree which produces hundred.^ of spikes during summer. After liowering "the old stems or branches are cut back, when the plunt breaks away again, and in this way may be had in bloom almost at will." Cuttings strike freely, flower soon, and make good pot-plants. Seedlings require a greater age and size before blooming. £. ftLsfuosmu is the handsomest of the shrubby kinds, grows 2—4 ft. high, has long, pale green lvs., covered with soft wliite hairs, and fls of a peculiarly brilliant deep blue. In California, Franceschi says, Echiums are eminently suited for drj- places, and need good drainage. B. ruh/an is a common weed in the East.
A. Fls. '7r,rl- line.
cd-ndicans, Linn, f iE. f'l.K/udsKtn, Ja-cq. t., not Ait.). Forms a bush :j ft. higii. but flowers at 3 ft., and its f»)liage is grreii wlicn fresh, Imary white when dry. Branches thick, leafy toward the tips: Ivs. lanceolate, the upper ones smaller, crowded and narrower: panicles much looser than the spikes of i7. fa::;tifosi(>n: fls. ses- sile, pale blue, the buds reddish purple. Madeira. B.]\I. m\S. B.R. 1:44. -The fls. are sometimes said to he streaked with wliite <>r all white.
AA. Fls . ^.ya/c blue. fastudSTiin, Ait., nnt Jacq. This has darker blue fls. in a dcnsf .spiki' and perhaps less hoary foliage than A'. c>ni<lic<(iis. This was Hooker's concei>tion in IH-SG of the relation of the two species, but De (.'and'dle formerly held the opposite opinion. Canarips. R.H. 1670:10. <-Jn. 10:50.
AAA. Fh. ivhiU'. simplex, DC. Woody but biennial and not branched: Its. ani]de, uval-lanceolate : panicle very long, cylindri- (■;d. spikedike. the spikelets 2-fld., pedicelled: stigmas simple. W. M.
EDELWEISS. See Leontopo<lium .
EDGEWORTHIA (after M. P. Edgeworth, English botanist in E. Indies, and his sister Maria). Deciduous shrub, with stout branches; lvs. alternate, entire, short - petioled,crowdi-dat the end of the branches : fls. in dense, peduncled heads, axillary, on branches of the previous year, with or before the lvs., apetalous; perianth tubular. 4-Iobed, densely pul"'scent outsidi-; stamens 8, in 2 rows; stigma elongated: tr. n dry drupi-. ( tne species from Himal. to Japan, tlie li;irk of which is used for paper- making. Ornamental shrub, with handsome foliage and yellow, fragrant fls. Hardy only South, thriving in any good, well-drained garden soil; if grown in pots a sandy compost of peat and loam, with sufllfient drainage given, will suit them. Prop, by greenwood cuttings in spring under glass; also }>y seeds, obtained from dealers in Japanese plants.
GArdneri, ^leissn. ( F. papyrtfera, Zucc. F. chrij- siiiiitha, Lindl.l. Lvs. elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, ap- presse<l puLiesceut wlion young, glabrous above at length, ;i-8 in. Jong: fls. about 1 in. long, densely clothed with yellowish silky liairs outside, in dense heads about 2 in. in diam. B.:\L Tl-^ii. B.R. '.VA-AH. F.S. 3 :289. -Cannot withstand the Ioult, dry siinnuers Snutli.
Alfred Rehdek,
EDRAIANTHTJS. See Wuhhnihrrgia.
EDWARDSIA. The leiniminous is now iuclui.led in Sffli<.-r-i .
^enus of this uanie
EEL-GRASS. VaUi.,-ii'n
spinUi,.
EGGPLANT {S"I')num .Utlonuhia. Linn.). Sohnn)- Cfie. Guinea Si^uash. Aubeegixe of the French. This ]dant is a native ot the tropics, probably from the East Indies, init its native land is n*it kn<".>wn. It is cultivn'ed ti> a greater or less extent tln'oughnur The entire tn.qpical
^Sl
EUGPLAXr
EGGPLANT
regions. The first reports of its use as a vegetable come iji-om India, hence the above assumption. In the United States it is cultivated as a vegetable as far north as New York, but it usually grows to greater jierfeoticju in the southern states. The demands for it during tho early months of the year have not been fully suj)))lieil. Its cultivation demands as much a specialist as either celery or tobacco, while the specialization must be in a different direction from that of either one of these. Nearly all of the „;_ fruit that grows to X)ro-
(-_ W,% Pt>i' ^ize is edible, and
there is no special <le- mand ftir particular fia- vors. Eggplants are forced under glass to a limited extent for home
s;^?'?^ K--^-4 ^^^^" ^'i^y require the
fvA l^^^#j^^\ temperature of a tomato
~<^-«^ ,, liouse, and great care
^(fff ^^^^ must be talven to keep off red spider and mites. In order to insure large fruits, practice artificial pollination. Non- polli- nated fruits will grow for a time, but always remain small {Fig. 750). (Cf. Bailey, Forcing- Book.)
Soil. — Eggplant will grow on almost any soil in tlie South, bitt it de- velops to greater per- 750. Non-pollinated fruit. fection on a rich, deep, loamy soil free from de- bris. In the clay districts this is not easily obtained, but there are often small flelils that are sufficiently dry and yet contain enough sand to make Eggplant' growing profitable. No matter whether clay land, loam or sandy land be employed for raising this crop, it will be neces- sary to plow deeply and thoroughly. The land should bo drier than that required by cabbage or beets. In fact, it will stand a greater drought than the ordinary vege- tables. On the other hand, we should not attempt to grow a crop on land that is composed of large particles, such lauds as are ordinarily called thirsty in the vege- table-growing sections of Florida.
Fertilizer. -liicve is considerable difference in vari- ous sections of the country as to whether manure may be applied or not. In the south Atlantic and Gulf states it is not advisable to use stable manure. If this form of fertilizer is at hand, the gardener should make it up in the form of compost, when it will be found to be a very tiseful material. There have been no experiments per- formed to indicate which foi-ms of chemical fertilizers are the best. In the absence of such work, we can only give general directions in regard to what may be vised. The following formula will be found fairly well bal- anced for Eggplant in the South. If the soil contains a great deal of humus, less nitrogen may be used. If the soil is poor in this element, nitrogen, a greater amount of nitrogen may be used. On moderately fertile land .500 to 1,000 pounds will be sufficient, while on poor lands as much as 2,-500 to ii.OfiO p.muils per acre ma\- be employed.
FErrnr.izER formcla.
Nitrogen \^
Potash '.'.'.'.'.['.'.'.'. '.K
Available phosphoric acid ..!!....!!.. 5'^!
The following table of fertilizers will suggest iiseful amounts of the different elements when we wish to em- ploy .500 pounds of the above formula to the acre (par- ticularly for the South ) :
r ri.5n lbs. cotton seed meal; or, KitroEen J -00 lbs. dried blood; or,
I b'>() lbs. nitrate of sort;u or,
1 100 ibs. sidphate of ammouia. fSOO lbs. kainit; or, Pot.-bsh ' ■"' lbs. muriate of potitsh; or,
• ■ I -im Ibs. sniphato of potash ,inil i snlpliate of uiagnesia.
Phosphoric acicl ) -c" lbs. acid phosphate; or, 1 "JOO Ills, dissolved bono.
Proparial'tufj the Secdl liuh^.—'Vhit time required to bring plants into bearing from seeds varies with the conditions of the soil and temperature. During cool weather the plants grow very slowly, Imt during hot weather they grow rapidly and mature fruit in much less time. Those who wish to have early fruit and are able to use hotbeds or propagating Imuses should sow the seed 120 to 150 days before the fruit is wanted. Pre- pare the hotbeds as for other seedlings, and sow in rows a few inches apart. When these are beginning to show their leaves, or when the seedlings are beginning to look spindly, they should be pricked out and transferred to another bed. In this eiudi plant should be given about a 2-inch sifuare; then they may be forced until the plants crowd one another in the bed, when they should be transferred again. When the plants have attained the size of li inches, and the atmosphere will permit, they may lie set out in the field,
A somewhat more laborious, but at the same time more successful plan, is to pjlant the seedlings in 2-inch flower pots, and then shift to larger ones as often as the plants iieoome pot-bound or crowd one another in the bed. Fig, 751 represents a plant, three-tenths natural size, .I'ust taken from a flowerpot and ready to be shifted to a larger one. By shifting until fi-inch pots are reached, the Eggplant may be forced along without injury to blooming size or even to a size when fruit is beginning to set, and then set out in the field without injury to the plants or crop.
Eggpl.ant growers should bear in mind cimstantly that from the time of sprouting the seeds to the harvt'sting of the crop, the plants cannot stand a severe shock in their growth without detriment to the crop. When the plant is once started it should then be forced right along, and never allowed to become stunted during its growth. The amount of damage done by neglecting plants before they are set to the field varies with the severity of the shock and the length of time during which the plant undergoes the disadvantageous condi- tions. If it becomes necessary to harden the plants off before setting them to the field, this should be dono gradually.
Culture in the Field. -Aiter the field has been thoroughly prepared in the way of plowing and fertiliz- ing, which should have been done at least two weeks be- fore the plants were set out, the rows should be laid off from 3 to i feet apart. The plants may be set from 2 to i feet apart in the row, v.arying with the varieties to be used and the soil. Tillage' should be continued, and varied according to the conditions of the weather, Dur-
751. Pot-erown plant ready for settin£ in the field.
ing a wet season it is well to cultivate the land as deeplv as possible, while during dry weather cultivatioii should be shallow, simply sufficient to keep the weeds trom growing, to keep the soil well aired, and to keep a mulching of dry soil on the land. Under ordinary cir- cumstances it does not pay to prun<' or pinch ou't the Puds, but where the season is shm-t this may be re- resorled to with some advantage. If it is desirable to
KfTfi PLANT
have the fruit, attain a cortain size l)efore frost, one mav begin to vi.i.-l, u.ir thn hlossnnis ao.l lu-w j^'rowth about three wpoks before its usual umirrrtK^e. Tliis same
E(i(.;PLAXT ;y23
longitudinally into quarters or eighths, using a dull knife to avoid cutting the seed. After a quantity of tliHse havi^ been j>are<l, tliey may be placed in a barrol The barrel should not be I Is fall. In a ilay or two fer- 1 d the meaty portion will Tlie seed may then be by means uf sieves, using t reninve the meat and then leeu out the seed from tlie lid not be allowed to stand tho macerating liarrel, as lentation and the heat ot ■ausc tltmi In germiiiale. from tlu^ pulp, it sh-aild 1m_^ appcd iu srciire packages, 1 in- oil pa]>i'r. the atmos- ept out and molding \>yt'-
U^structive of di
th.
752. Field-grown plant of New York Improved Egeplan
process will be uf advantage where the fruit is to be brought into nuirket at a certain time.
3Iarketin(/.— As a rule, it is better to cut the fruit from the plant than to break it, especially if the work is done by careless laborers. After cutting, it may l)e placed in large market baskets and hauled to the pack- ing house. For distant market, tlic fruits should be wrapped separately in heavy la-owu ]iaper. Tlie proper crate for this vegetable is tlir barrel <-rate. As this is considered one of the staple vegetables, we do not gain much by using fancy wrappers or packing it in tine crates, hence we may use such material as uuvy be left over from shipping fancy vei^-etables. It also stands shipment to distant markets. s()that, if there is no dan- ger of reduction iu i)rice. it is quite as well to ship by freight as by express,
rf/r/('^'(?.s-.— There are only a few varieties offered in the market. The New York Juiproveil .Spineless ma- tures a little earlier thau the Black Pekiu. The New York Purple {Fig. 7r,2), Hlack Pekin, and the New York Spineless are excellent for sliippiug purposes. The above varieties are the black-fruited, and the most popular in the United States, while the white-fruited sorts are said to be the luost popular in Europe. For home use, the white-fruited varieties are preferable, but as these make poor sellers in the United States, we must raise the purple sorts for market. For home gar- dens, the early and small Early Dwarf Purple (Pig. 754), is useful. It is particularly recommended for northern climates. There are three main types of Egg- plants, as follows (Bailey, Bull. 2G, ('orueli Exp. Sta. ) : The commoner garden varieties, i^oli'hutiii Melongenit , var. i\'<cuJ^iifi(>n, Bailey (Figs. T.'^, 7o3); the long- fruited or "serpent" varieties, Z^'. Mi'Imigeita, var. .s-cr- pent'nium, Bailey; the Early Dwarf Purple type, var. depr^ssum, Bailey (Fig. 754). See Soluinon. The so- called Chinese Eggplant is a ditfereut species, for which consult Solauuni.
Seed-growing. — This is by no means a difficult opera- tion, and may be done protitably in certain sections of the South. For this purpose all defective or dwarfeil plants in the field should be cut out. By a little atten- tion one will be able to know when the seeds have nui- tured sutiiciently for gathering. At this time the eggs usually turn a lighter color or even somewhat yellow. The fruit should be gathered and carried to the packing house, where it may he left in a pile for 2 or 3 days, as there is very little danger from rotting. When a suffi- cient number have been collected the laborers may be set to paring off' the extra amount of meat on the out- side of the seed. The remaining core may then be cut
gus wiiieb attacks • of the ground, caus- liiit to rot off' and the is not able to penetrate stem, consequently the s after being attacked. ■en made to cause this ting organs so that it the I'resent this has s this we have no rem- .'edy. After the plant is attacked, it is usually doomed. Much, howevei-, c.-in be done in the way of pre- venting the spread of this fungus. If all planis are destroyed as soon as found to be affected, tlie fiiULrus -■■anuot perfect its sclerotia, or re.stiug state, audtlius its propagating is prevented. The normal home of this
753. Long White Eggplant.
fungus is in decaying vegetable matter. If, therefore, we keep our held free from this sort of material we will do much to prevent this fungus from bein^c present. Some soluble form of fungicide, as Eau Celeste
52i
EUUl'LAN'T
or potassium sulphide, may be sprayed about tlie roots of the plants to good advantage. Practice rotation of crops.
A second form of blight is caused by BaeiUns xnlann- <-eariim, Smith. This disease has its origin of infection in the leaves, and is introduced by means of insects which have fed upon diseased plants and carried the infection to the well ones. The disease works rapidly down the tissues, and causes the death of the leaf and finally of the whole plant. The only remedy for this is to destroy all plants that are affected with the disease as soon as detected, and kill off all insects. When this dis- ease is known to be present in a section, it is best to set the plants as far apart as practicable. In this way the danger of infection from insects is somewhat re- duced. When the disease is known to be present in a field it should not be planted to this crop.
Insect Enemies. — A.mong the most annoyintr of tlie insect enemies we must place the cut-worm (larva? uf
*aj:^
754 Sprays of Early Dwarf Purple Eggplant
Noctudifp). These in^^ects are almost omnipresent, and when nearly full gro\vn are liable to cut off plants that are 4 or 5 inches hifi::h. It is not common for one insect to cut off more than a sintjle plant, but in ordinarily fertile soil there are enough cut-worms present to destroy the entire field. So that, on tlie whole, it be- comes very annoying. Where tliese insects are quite destructive, it is possible to kill thera with poisoned bran or poisoned cotton-seed meal, sweetened with syrup or sugar.
Another insect that does more or less damage is the f?otton-boll worm {HeHothis armigarn). This insectdoes its damage by boring a hole into the stems or tlie fruit. In the latter case it causes it to rot before it is picked, or possibly in transit. As the fruit becomes larger there is less danger of attack from this insect, so that the main trouble occurs in the earlier stages of its growth.
The Eggplant aphis (.S'^/^/^ono/^/^ora cucurbii(c) is one of the most annoying pests to this crop. It usually makes its appearance about the time the crop is fit to ship, and appears in such numbers that the phints are ruined in the course of a week or two. The insect at- tacks the lower surface of the leaves, making it difficult to reach the pest with insecticides, but persistent efforts and a good tobacco decoction, applied with a fine nozzle, will give considerable relief. Anthracnone ( G Ice a fi porittm melongenw) does not cause great damage to this crop, but is one of the agents that reduce the profits. "It may be recognized by its producing decided pits in the fruit, upon which soon appear minute blotches bordered with pink." Bordeaux mixture may beused to good advantage for preventing this disease.
PJioma ^old-ni frequently causes damping-off in thr> hotbed. It often renders a whole bed worthless. Plants
EICTIHORXIA
affected with this fungus usually fall over as if eaten off by some insect. fc>ome plants, however, continue a miserable existence and finally die. Careful examination will reveal the point of injury, which is at the ground level. The best preventive is to use well drained beds, and then avoid excessive watering. When damping-off is detected in a seedling bed, the atmosphere and surface soil should be dried as rapidly as possible, followed by one application of fungicide. p. H. Rolfs.
EGLANTINE. 7?o.s-a JiJuUnterift. Less properly ap- plied to Ii'ubiis Eglayiieriit and Jxosa ruhiijiiwsa.
EGYPTIAN BEAN. Same as Black Bean, Dolichos
La h lab.
EGYPTIAN LOTUS. See Nympluva Lotm^; also Ne- Jainbinm..
EHRllTIA (G. D. Ehret, botanical painter, born in Germany, 1708, died in England, 17(0). Borragindce(P. About 50 species of tender trees and shrubs, found in the warmer regions of the world. Two species are cult. outdoors in S. Calif, and 2 others in European green- houses. Plants with or without rough, short hairs; Ivs. alternate, saw-toothed or not: fls. small, often white, in cymes, corymbs, terminal panicles, or rarely all borne in the upper axils. The 2 species described below are evergreen trees in S. Calif., attaining a height of 30 ft. Seeds may be olitained through dealers in Japanese ;)lants.
A. Xr.s". saic-tooihed. B. Foliage hairy.
macrophylla, Wall. Lvs. ovate, acute, sharply tonthed, with long, harsh, rigid hairs above and soft puhesoence beneath: panicle terminal, pubescent: calyx ciliate: fr. globose, obscurely 4-grooved. Himalayas.
BB. Foliage not hairy.
acumin&,ta, R. Brown {E. serrdta, Roxb.). Helio- trope Tree. This belongs to a different tribe of the same family with the Heliotrope, and the white tis. have a honey-like odor. Lvs. oblougdanceolate, acuminate: panicles terminal and axillary: fls. clustered, sessile. Trop. Asia and Aust. — "Drupes red, the size of a pea; said to be edible." F. JV. Reasoner, Oneco, Fla.
AA, Lvs. itsualJy not toothed,
elllptica, DC, Tree, 15-50 ft. high: lvs. oval or ob- long, sometimes saw-toothed, nearly hairless, or with minute hairs and very rough above: fr. a yellow glo- bose drupe, the size of a small pea, with edible thin pulp. Tex,, Mex. -^^ jj
EICHHORNIA (after J. A. F. Eichhorn, a Prussian). Po)itederi(\ceai. This genus includes the Water Hya- cinth {see Fig. 755), the famous "million dollar weed" that obstructs navigation in the St. John's river, Florida, and is a source of wonder and delight in every collection of tender aquatics in the North. The curious bla<lders made by the inflation of the petioles help the plant to float freely. About flowering time the plant sends down anchoring roots which, if the water be only 3 or 4 inches deep, penetrate the soil. The true Hya- cinths belong in an allied order ; the Pickerel-weed, in the allied genus Pontederia, the ovary of which by abortion is 1-celled, and each cell 1-ovuled, while Eich- hornia is 3-celled and many-ovuled.
The plants of this order have been greatly confused by botanists, partly because the fugacious, membranous flowers are not well preserved in dried specimens, and partly because of variation in form of leaves, depending upon whether the plants grow in deep or shallow water, or in mud. The common Water Hya- cinth sends out two kinds of roots, the horizontal ones often thick and fleshy, and apparently for reproductive purposes, the vertical ones long, slender, and clothed with innumerable small, horizontal fibers. Water Hya- cinths are of easy culture and are pi'opagated by divi- sion or seed. If grown in about 3 in. of water, so that the roots may reach the soil, the petioles become elon- gated and the plant becomes weedy and unsatisfactory.
I'U(_'iiiioi;n'ia
EL.'EAGXUS
;j-'.j
A.
LfKf'SlllW,
I flair, I :
■III,
specidsa, Kuntli [K. eriissipis. Mart.). Fig. strk-ted at flio middle, many-nerved : scape 1 sheaths at and above tli
/"
■l,lli-:<i-
II I X
III
ri-il.^isiiH'x. S..I11IS. Piillti-ili'riil
T.'i."). Lvs. in tufts, all dm- Idaililer-like below, sheathed, ft. lorn.;-, witli wavy-niargine<l ■ middle.: Hs. abontS in a loose
spike, pale violet, (i-loi.ed. the upi.er lobe larger and hav- ing a large patch of blue, with an oblong or pear-sliaped spot of bright yellow in tlie middle: stamens :i long and :) short, all curved upwards ti.wards the tiii. Braz. B.M. ■2;l:i2, erroneously, as Pnnli ih rlu a-.m-m. I. PI. oi: 14. A.F. .".:.'n. Var. m4jor. Hurt., has r.isv lilac flowers. Var. aurea, Hort.,has vell.iwish tlowevs.
■ij mails
A.\. Li'iif-xliilks nrit iiinnlril: i 11 m r pr rlii iilli- lieauliliilh/ srrriili . azurea, Kunth. Lvs. on long or short n"t-intlated petioles, very variable in size anil shape: si'ape often as stout as the leaf-stalk, gradually ililated inter ;i hooded spathe: fls. scattered or cmwdei! in pairs along a stout, hairy, sessile rachis ; perianth bright pale bine, hairy outside, inner segments beautifnlly toothed, the upper a trifle larger, with a heart-shaped 'sjiot of yellow, which is margined with white. Braz. B.M. 0487. U.C. II. 2.5:17. I.H. .'84:20. R.H. IS'JO :.-)40. -One plant will be- come 5 or G ft. across in one season.
W.M. Thicker and W. M.
ELaiAGNDS (ancient Greek name, meaning a kind of willow; frerm tlains, olivej. JiJIit-aijiwceiv. .Shrubs or small trees: lvs. alternate, deciduous or persistent, en- tire or nearly so, clothed more or less with silvery or brownish scales: fls. axillary, solitary or in clusters, apctalous ; perianth companulate or tubular, 4-lobed ; stamens 4, included, on very short filaments: fr. a 1-seeded drupe. About 15 species in S. Europe, Asia and N. America. Highly ornamental shrubs with handsome foliage and mostly decorative frs. ; the fls. are incon- spicuous, but mostly fragrant. .Some of the deciduous species, as £*. arfjentea , lom/ipes. ninUiflora and um- bellata, are hardy North, while the evergreen ones are hardy only South. A distinct feature of some species, as J^, argenteit, anguslifolia and parrifoUa , is the conspicu- ous silvery hue of their foliage, while jE. longipes is the most ornamental in fruit. They grow in almost any well drained soil, also in limest(.>ne soil, and prefer sunny position. Prop, by seeds and by cuttings of mature and half-ripened wood; also sometimes increased by layers and by root-cuttings; varieties and rarer kinds can be grafted on seedlings of vigorous growing species.
Index of names (varieties and synonyms in italics):
augustifolia. 1. argentea. 6. aureo-variegata, 8. eduJis, 5. Frederici variniala,
8. Iwrte^isis, 1.
Japonica, longipes, .5. maerophylla, inacrdata, 8. ninltitlnra, 4. onentalis, 1.
A. Li:
parvifolia, 2. pungens, 8. reflexa, 8. Siinoni, 8. umbelhtta, 3. variegata, 8.
iln
i-liltr
nil nil I
ih-i-iihio B. Bra urlili'fx and Jrx. hnuatli
anij broicn snili .s.
1. angTistifblia, Linn.(£'. liortnisis. Bieb.). Oleaster. .Shrab or small tree, to 20 ft., sometimes spiny: lvs. lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, quite entire, light green above, 2-3 in. long: fls. short-pedicelled, 1-3, axillary, c.n the lower parts of the branches: perianth campanu- late, tube about as long as limb, yellow within, fragrant; style at the base included by a tubular disk: fr. oval, yellow, coated with silvery scales. .Tune. S. Europe, W. Asia. Var. orientalis, Schlecht.(/..\ orientdlin, Linn. f.). Spineless: lvs. often oblong or oval, clothed more with stellate hairs beneath than with scales, usually glabrous above at length: fr. rather large. Var. spindsa, Dipp. (E. spindsa^ hinn.). Spiny: lvs. linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, scalv above and den--.elv scah" bene-ath: fr. smaller. L. B.C. 14:1339. B.R. 14:115(3.
2. parvif61ia, Royle {E. Japinica, Hort.). Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft.', with erect stems and spiny, spread- ing branches: lvs. elliptic-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, crisped at the margin, usually with stellate hairs above, glabrous at length, silvery beneath, 1^2-3 in. long: fls. axillary, usu.ally crowded on short lateral branchlets, short pedicelled: perianth narrow, tube longer than
limb, whitish within, fragrant: fr. globose or nearly so, clensidy silvery when young, jiink when ripe, ';, in. long, 'fune. Himalayas, Jap.an. B.R. 29:51. Mn. 5 : 145. — Not .piito harily North. Sometimes cult, under the name of k. ri'flisa, winch species, however, is evergrc-en. Var. Japiiiiira tiiacropJiyUa is advertised, but ]">robably does not belong to this species.
,i
755. Eichhornia speciosa (,■ l-fl).
Ift-a )if]ilcts irith TPdiJish r>r i/rUoH-ish lir<>ir)i srales a 11(1 sniiii-tiiiin>i sllreri/ besides: Irs. si/n'rif irJiife lirtirafJi. offt:)i icilJi U-iv hvoivn scales.
I.'. Fr.juieij, scarlet -red or brownish red. umbellMa, Tlumbc;. Sprc^ading sbrub, to 12 ft.,
•■tften spiny, with yellowi.sh brown branchlets, often partially silvery; lvs. elliptic or ovate-oblong, silvery- scaly above, without brown scales beneath, crisped at the margin, 1 /o-3 in. long: fls. yellowish white, fragrant, axillary, 1-3 usually ornwded on short lateral branchlets; tube of perianth longer tlian the limb: fr. globose or roundish (>val, scarlet, !4-^:,in. long, erect, rather short- stalked, cluthed with silvery scales when young, ripen- ing late ill fall. whih_^ the similar U. parrifo/ia ripens much earlier. May, June. Japan. A. 0.12:2110. M.D.G. 1899:569.
■i. multifldra, Thunbg. Spreading shrub, to 8 ft., spineless; branchlets reddish brown: lvs. elliptic or ovate-oblong, with scales or stellate hairs above, often glabrous at length, usually with few brown scales be- neath: fls. 2-3, axillary, usually crowded on short lat- eral branchlets; tube longer than the limb: fr. acid, oval or roundish-oval, scarlet, ^4-^;^in. long, erect or nodding, with brown scales when young, ripening in July or August, rarely later: pedicel as long as or some- what longer than fr. May. June, Japan. M.D.G. 1899: .5t>9. — Very variable species, and peihaps the former and the following are only varieties of it.
0. 16iigipes, Gray {£. adults, Hort.). Goumi. Fig. 75i>. Shrub, to 6 ft., with reddish brown branchlets: lvs. elliptic, ovate or obovate-oblong, with stellate hairs above, usually glabrous at length, mosth' with scattered brown scales beneath, 1-2,^-2 in- long: Hs. 1-2, axillary, on the lower part of the branches or on short branchlets, yellowish white, fragrant; tube as long as the limb: fr. pendulous, oblong, % in. long, scarlet, on slender pe- duncles, much longer than the fr. ; fr. with brown scales when young, ripening in June or July, of agreeable, slightlv acid flavor. A]u-il. I\!av. Japan, China. B.M. 7:iil (as E. wuUifhira). G.F."l:499. G.C. 187:3:1014. Gng. 1:275, 277.
cc. Fr. rather dry, silvery white.
r.. arg6ntea, Pursh. Erect shrub, to 12 ft., spineless, stolouiferous. with reddish brown branchlets : lvs. ovate
526
EL^AGNUS
or oblong-lanceolate, silvery on both sides, often with scattered brown scales beneath, 1-3 in. long: Us. 1-3, axillary, yellow within, fragrant: fr. oval or roundish oval, densely clothed with silvery scales, short-pedi- celled, Ji-Hin. long. May, June. Canada, south to Quebec, Jlinnfsota, Utah. B.P.. 2:4fi7.
756. Elteaenus loneipes (,a /-i)-
A\. Ll'S. ereriiri'iii : nsinllli; floirrri in/ in (nil.
7. macrophylla, Thuulig. Spineless shrub, to G ft., with silvery white branchlets : Ivs. broad-ovate or broad-elliptic, on stout and rather long petioles, scaly above, usually glaljrous at length, silvery white beneath: tls. axillary, with silvery and brownish scales oiTtside; tube coinpanulate, a)>rnptly narrowed at the base, as long as limb. Japan.
8. pungens, Thunbg. Spreading shrub, to G ft., mostly spiny, with brown branchlets : Ivs. oval or oblong, undu- late and often cremilate at the margin, at length gbilirous above, silvery beneatli, more or less interspersed with lirown scales, 2-4 in. long: fls. in axillary clusters ; tut)e cylindrical, slightly narrowed at the base, longer tlum the limb : fr. short-stalked, about i!iin. long, with silvery and brown scales. Japan, Var. Frederic! varie- g^ta, Hort. Lvs. witli yellow center and green margin. Var. macuiata, Hort. With large yellow blotches. A. G. i:!:1'J2. Var. Simoni, Hort. Lvs. rather large, ob- long-elliptic, with few In-own scales beneath or nearly without. Var. Simoni tricolor, Hort. Lvs. like the former, but variegated with yellowish and pinkish white. \'ar. reil6sa, Ht.u-t. Branches spineless, elongated and Hexile: lvs. with scattered brown scales beneath. \:\r. varieg^ta, Hort. Lvs. margined yellowish white, ^':a■, aureo-variegELta, Hort., probably belongs here.
E. ferruaiiiea, A. Rich. Spineless evergreen shrub, with spreading brown liranclies : lvs. with yellowish and hrowu scales beneath ; perianth witli quadrangular, abruptly con- tracted tube : fr. long-stalked. -Tapan.— £. glabra, Thunttg. Spineless evergreen slirnli, with bi'own branches; b-s. sluniiig above, with yellow and bx-own scales beneatli : perianth with slender, tuhidar tube, gradually narrowed toward tlie base, twice as long as the limb: fr. short-st;ilked. Japan. — A', reftexa, Morr. & Deene. (E. glabra X pungens). Evergreen shrub, with brown I)ranches: lvs. glabrous above, whitish beneath, deiisely iiitersj^ersed with yellowish and liglit brown scales, giving tlic niider sncfiice alironzy golden hue: periantli with slender tube: fr. slK)rr-st;ilked. Japan.— i?. refii'xa, Hort.=E. pungens v;ir. or E. p:irvilolia. Alpked KehijEK.
EL.S1IS (Greek, nlirt'). Pt(liHticf>(f', tribe Covo'ineip. Tropical sidneless ]>:ilnis with ]>innate frdiage, of whicli the Ijest known is the tUl Palm of western AfriciL, wdiose red fruits, borne in large clusters, yield the palm oil of commerce, whj<di is used in making candles and soap. Vonng plants are grown for ornament in S. Calif., and under glass Noi-th. The other G species are fr(^ni tropical 8. America. The genus is separated from Cocos by the 1-3-seeded fruits, with 3 pores abo^'e the niitldle.
Guine^nsis, Jiir(|. Oil Palm. Stems stout. 20-:in ft., coiirsely and deeply ringed: leaves ](i-l.j ft.; petioh- spiny-serrate; leiiMets linf:ar-lau('e(date, acute, the same color above and beh>\v. F.S. \\:^VSi. — J!Jla>i!i (lahn'i'n- stH, from an early slage in growth, is one of the most ornamental palms. ITntil it rentdu'S several feet in height it is a slow grower, conseipiendy we do md, see
ELECTRO -HORTICULTURE
much of it, except in collections. It does best in a warm temperature, although it will thrive in an inter- )iu'iliate house. Seeds are always obtainable from sev- er;d of the large Eur.ipean houses. It is but little grown as a ccnnmercial palm, as young plants do not show their full character. Given same treatment as Areca httes- tt)/', will grow well. This treatment includes night tem- pel iture of G5° and ])lenty of water.
1 \KFA> G. Smith, G. W. OLrvEi; iind W. H. Taplin.
EL.ffiOCARPUS (Greek, o?/('('-/"rHi7). TlUacece, This ., 1 IS iiiidudes a tender evergreen flowering shrub of \ i\ distinct appearance. The creamy white petals, li umingly fringed, the bright red sepals and pedicels, md the mass of yellow stamens are the chief features. The racemes contain 2-5 pendulous flowers, wdiich are d out ludf an inch across, and fragrant. This plant was u e advertised by Pitcher and Manda, and may exist in I few choice c'oUecdions. The genus has about 60 species, all from tropical Asia, Australia and the Pa- I ifac isles. In the tropics they are trees, with alternate, rarely opposite lvs., which are entire or saw-toothed, and i'n some species sparingly spotted with black be- neath : Hs. axillary, in racemes ; petals glabrous or silk}': drupes oblong or globose.
grandifldrus, James .Smith. A much-branched shrub, about 7 ft. high under glass : lvs. considerably clustered at the ends of branches, 3-G in. long, broadly lanceolate; petiole a fourth to 1 in. long, with a few distant saw- teeth, or more or less round-toothed or wavy-margined: sepals .5, red outside, white inside ; petals 5. Java. B.M. iGSO.- Lvs. rather leathery, dark green above, paler lieneatli. Warmhonse. Prop, by cuttings of nearly ripened wood. Not common.
E. ci/aneas, Sims, nanie<l for its blue fruits (which are not known in cultivation), has broader and less tapering lvs., with more numerous teeth, and membranous texture, and the sepals are white outside. Australia. B.M. 17:i7. "w^, j^jr.
ELa;oc6ccA is aii
eferred to Alrnrilrs cordnta.
ELaiODEKDRON (Greek for olive tree, from the re- semblance of the fruit to that of the olive). Celaslrdcew. Perhaps 40 species of shrubs or small trees in tropical countries, chiefly in the ( )[d World tropics. Lvs. simple, entire or crenate, opposite or alternate, thickish, fre- ([uently evergreen : lis. inconspicuous, greenish or white, in axillary clusters; calyx 4-5-parted; petals 4-5, and exceeding the calyx; stamens 4-5: ovarj' single, sur- rounded by a fleshy ring: fruit a small fleshy drupe. Certain plants whiclt, before they had bloomed, were referred to Aralia, n.re now^ known to belong to this genus, representing a distinct natural family. Culture of Aralia.
orientile, Jacq. {Aralia Chahrieri, Hort.). A most graceful and handsome plant, with linear-lanceolate Lilternate, shining, drooping leaves, 10-12 in. long, and with a reddish rib. Madagascar, Mauritius. R.H. 1891, p. 224. A.F. 10: 1041. -Holds its lower foliage well, or throws out new foliage to take the place of that which <lrops. In the early descriptions, the plant was said to have pinnatel,v compound lvs., but wh:it were taken for leaflets are really lvs. Still a rare and choice plant in this country. Thrives in either an intermediate or a warmhonse. Prop, by single-eye cuttings in small pots, kept rather warm. See, also, p. 87.
austrile, Vent. Int. into S. Calif, from Australia, and prized for its holly-like foliage. In its native habitat it is a tree ;;0-40 feet high, producing nseful close-grained "•'""'■ L. H. B.
ELAPHOGLOSSUM. See Acroxlirliain.
ELDER and ELDEKBEKKY. See Samhacns.
ELECAMPANE. Iiiala Hehninm.
ELECTRO-HORTICULTTJEE is a term used by Siemens to desigiude the application of the electric light to the growing of plants. The term is an unfor- tunate one, since the usi' of electric light is not au ap- plication of electricity itsidf to plant-growing, but is meridy a device for securing illumination. Any strong
ELECTRU -HORTICULTURE
LLEUSINE
527
artificial light hastens assimilation, and thereby causes plants to grow more rapidly. The practical questions to be considered are, therefore, the expense of using the light and determining whuthtr there are injurious ele- ments in the spectrum of the givt-n light.
The spectrum of the electric arc light is the spectrum of carbon plus that of certain gases incident upon com- bustion. TIte spectrum of the arc light is rich in rays which lie beyond the luminous part, and these rays are very injurious to most plants. These rays of tht* ultra-violet part of the spectrum are eliminated by a plain glass, so that -when the electric light is surrounded by a globe, or when the light is hung above the roof of the greenhouse, the injuries are reduce<l to a minimum. Long-continued experiments at Cornell University have shown that each kind of plant behaves in its own way in the presence of electric light. It is not possible to propnesy what the results may be in a given species. A few plants, as tomatoes, English cui'umbers, and carrots, seem to be very little atl'ected either injuriously or bene- ficially. Nearly all flowers are hasteufed into bloom by the intluence uf tin* light, and tbeir colors are often brighter than under normal conditions ; but in many instances they do not last so long. The best results are secured if the light is applied to the plants when they have reached nearly or quite their full stature. If applied very early in their growth, they tend tu make tiowers before the plant has attained sufficient size. In tlorieulture, therefore, the chief practical value of the electric arc light seems to be its influence in hastening the flowering of certain pUnits in dark cli- mates, or when plants must be bad for a definite sea- son. For instance, if the light is applied to Easter lilies for a month before their normal blooming time, the period of blooiu may be hastened from four to ten days.
Lettuce has shown greater beneficial results from the application of the electric light than any other plant with which careful experiments have been made. Let- tuce which receives light from the arc lamp for half of each night may be expected to reach marketable size from cue to two weeks l>efore the normal crop.
As a rule, better results are secured when the light runs only half the night. A common two-tbousan<l candle-power light has a marked etJect on the growth of man}' plants at a distance of sixty to even one hundred feet. The incandescent light has a similar influence, but not so marked. The incandescent or Welsbach gas light is also capable of hastening the growth of plants.
As now understood, the application of the electric light to the growing of plants is a special matter to be used when the climate is abnormally cloudy or when it is desired to hasten the maturity of crops for a particu- lar date. Only in the case of lettuce has it been prove<I to be of general conmiercial importance; an<! even with lettuce, it is doubtful if it will pay for its cost in cli- mates which are abundantly sunny. For the literature of the subject, consult the publications of the Experi- ment Stations of Cornell University and of West Vir- gioia. L. H. B.
ELEOCHARIS (Greek-made word, meaning delighting in inar^ihes}. Oijper(iceiT. Rush-like native plants, mostly of low.wirv j,'rowt.h, and commonest in marshes and on muddy shores. They are mostly perennial. The culms are simple, terete or angular, bearing a spherical or oblong head of inconspicuous fls.: Ivs. usually re- duced to mere sheaths. They are interesting for the borders of ponds, and are very easy to naturalize. Three species have been offered by collectors: E. equiBetoides, Torr. A shore plant, with terete hollow culms 2-'^ ft. high, and cylindrical Iieads about the thi<-kness of tho culm; resembles horse-tail (Equisetuml. E. acicul^ris, R. Br. Hair-like. 6 in. high, making grass-like mats. E. ovita, R.Br. Culms nearly terete, 12 in. high: head glo- bose or ovate. L, H. B.
ELEPHANT'S EAR is a name for Begonias. The Elephant-Ear Caladium is a Colocasia,
ELEPHANT'S FOOT. Testudhiaria.
ELETTARIA (native name). Scitaminctce(v. Differs from Amomum in technical characters, as in the slender tube of the perianth, the presence of internal lobes in
34
the perianth, and the filaments, notprolonged beyond the anther. Perhaps only 2 species, although more have been described. E, "Cardamdmum, Maton, affords the small Cardamons of commerce, which are the dried capsules, and which are used in medicine. The large or China Canlamons are from species of Amomum. The Cardamons of Nepal and Bengal are Amomum ; those of 8. India are Elettaria. The Elettaria is native to India. but is cult, in Jamaica, and it will no doubt thrive in parts of S. Fla. Plants have been offered by Reasoner Bros. The Cardamon plant grows 5-10 ft. high, beartng an erect, jointed, closely sheathed stem, and lanceolate acuminate entire nearly sessile Ivs. often 2 ft. long: fls. purple-striped. It is said to prefer shade and a moist soil. In three or four years ]tlants give full crops, but they become more or less exhausted after bearing three or f<.>ur cro])s. Prop, by dividing the roots and by seeds. I^ndi^r glass, handled the same as Alpinia.
L. II. B. ELEUStNE (Greek, Ji:h:u.si.^. the town where Ceres, tlie goddess of harvests, was worshipped). Graminea-. Chab Grass. Yahd Grass. Coarse, tufted annuals, with the stout unilateral spikes digitate at the apex of the culm. Spikelets several-tM.; arrangeii in two rows along one side of u continuous rachis, rachiUa articulate above the empty glumes: fls. perfect or the upper one standnate: grain loosely enclosed by the fl. -glume and palet. Species o or Ti in trojiicrd regions of the Old \V<'rld. Some are valued as i-eri*als in Africa, India, and some other eastern coun- tries. For E. uEijyptlaca , see DdcfijlocteniHnt.
fndica, Ga?rtn. Don's Tail. Wire Grass. Fig. 757. Er(M-t. 2-4 ft. high ; culms f(l % 4^^ ^ M ascending, flattened : spikes
n-7. about 2-4 in. long, digi- tate, often with one or two
Eleusine coracana.
lower down : spikelets 3-0- fld. Blooms from June to October.— A very common grass iu cultivated fiebls and duoryards in the South, often troublesome as a weed on lavms. 759,
coracana, Gi^rtn. Afri- can Millet. Fig. 758. Erect, 2-4 ft high, closely related to and much resembling E. lii'li'-'i. Can be distinguished from it by its stouter habit, sh'irter, broader and larger spikes. — Cult, in India, China and Japan for the Lcrain. Beer is brewed from the c^rain in Abyssinia. In cult, in America as an ornamental grass. Coracana means "of the crows."
Barcinon6nsis, Costa. Culms tufted, 6 in. to 1 ft. higb : leaf-blades short, about one-sixteenth of an in.
528
ELEUSINE
ELSHOLTZIA
759. Winter bud of Elodea. Nat. .size.
wide, obtuse at the apex: spikes broad, 2-4, diji:itate, 1-1/2 in. lon^; spilielets closely imbricate, 5-fld.— Int. into Amer. on ballast, and in cult, as an ornaiuental plant. p. B. Kennedy.
ELETJTHEROCOCCUS (Greeli, eleiitheros, free, .and kokko^, liernel; the seeds are easily detached from the flesh). AraU(lc€(r. Ornamental hardy shrul'S, witli numerous erect, spiny stems, rather large, digitate lys., inconspicuous greenish fls., and black berries in umbels. They prefer a somewhat moist and rich soil, and are well adapted as single specimens on the lawn or in borders of shrubberies for the handsome bright green foli- age. Prop, by seeds and root-cut- tings. Three species in E. Asia, with alternate, long-petioled, di;.;i- tate Ivs. : fls. small, greenish, polyg- amous-dioecious, 5-raerous, pedi- celled, in terminal, peduncled um- bels: berry roundish oval, black, shining, 5-seeded.
senticdsus, Ma.xim. Shrub, to 15 ft., the branches densely covered with slender spines: Ifts. 5, rarely 3, oblong, usually narrowed at the base, acute, sharply and doubly ser- rate, sparingly hispid above, with bristly hairs on the veins beneath, 4-6 in. long: fr. about ^:>, in. high. July. N. China. Git. ^-•■^^•^- Alfred Rehder.
ELIOT, JABED, author of the first American book on agriculture, was born November 7, 1685, atid died April 22, 17611. He was the grandson of John Eliot, the "apos- tle of the Indians," and was pastor at Killingworth, Conn., from October 26, 1709, until his death. He was a botanist, and the leading consulting physician in New England. He introduced the mulberry tree into C'on- necticut, wrote an essay upon the silkworm, and dis- covered a process of extracting iron from ferrugineous sands. His "Essays upon Field-Husbandry," begun in 1748, formed the first American book devoted exclu- sively to agriculture. It is now extremely rare. He was a high-minded, progressive and useful citizen. IMany of bis sermons were separately reprinted. Jared Eliot and Samuel Deane were among the few agricultxirai writers of note in the period before American horticul- ture was considered distinct from agriculture, \y^ ji.
ELLI6TTIA (after Stephen Elliott, South Carolina's early and excellent botanist. For a fine portrait and sketch of him, see G.F. 7:204-206). ISririiceiv. A genus allied to Rhododendron and Ledum, witli three species, of which the most interesting is an extremely rare na- tive southern shrub, with delicate white flowers, an inch in diameter, composed of 4 slender petals, and borne in racemes 6-10 in. long. John Saul once adver- tised it, and P. J. Berokmans, of Augusta, Ga., still culti- vates it. The two Asiatic species are inferior in size and beauty of flowers. Important generic characters which distinguish this genus from Leiophyllum and Cladothamnus are : flowers terminal, racemose; petals 3-5, entire: anthers 4-10, opening by irregular cracks: ovary 3-5-celled.
racemdsa, Muhl. Shrub, 4-10 ft. high, l)rancbes slen- der: Ivs. alternate, oblong, acute at both ends, glandu- lar-mncronate, entire, thin, membranous, 3-4 in. long, 1-lK in. wide; petioles slender, grooved, hairy, about I in. long: calyx lobes 4, short, rounded: stamens 8 : fr. unknown. Wet, sandy woods of S. C. and Ga. G.F. 7: 205- W. M.
The plants formerly offered by John Saul were incor- rectly named, and he refunded whatever amount bad been charged for all plants sold by him. They proveii to be Sfyrax grandiflora. The only plants now known to exist are a few specimens collected by the writer, in company with Dr. Asa Gray in ]87:i,'in a patch in Columbia county, Ga. , which covered an area of ahout
3 acres. This was afterwards cleared, and not a vestige of Elliottia remains. A small patch is said to exist in Edgefield county, S. C, near the city of Augusta, Ga., but all my efforts to find it have failed.
The only plants which the writer has ever been able to propagate came from suckers. A few of these were sent to the Arnold Arboretum and to Kew Gardens. No seed has ever been produced upon our specimens, which are now 15 feet high. p. J. Beeckmans.
ELM. See i'lmus.
ELODfiA (Greek, marshif). Hydrocharidcicea. This genus contains perhaps 9 species of aquatic herbs, in- cluding the Ditch-moss, an interesting hardy perennial plant found in slow streams and ponds nearly through- out North America, except the extreme north. It is particularly desirable for home and school aquaria. It is a slender, wholly submerged jilant, with branching stems 4 in. to 3 ft. long, according to the depth of the water. The pistillate fls. are raised to the surface by their long calyx tubes, and float there. The minute staminate fls., which are rarely seen, commonly break off below, rise to the surface, float about, open, and shed their pollen. The fruit ripens below the surface, and the seeds rise. This plant is now found abundantly in Europe, being sometimes known in England as "Babington's Curse," from the man who introduced it. It reached England in 1841 and choked up many canals and waterways, notably the Cam. It was very abundant in 1852 and 1853, but declined in the next few years. Ducks, geese and swans are fond of it, and render great service in getting rid of it. It can be used for manure where it grows insufficient quantities. Like many other water plants, it makes heavy buds in the fall (Fig. 759), which drop to the bottom and grow in the spring.
Canadensis, ]\Iich. {Atxlcharis Canadensis, Planch. A. Alsiiidstriini, Bab.). Water-weed. Ditch-moss. Water Thyme. Water Pest. Lys. in whorls of 3 or 4, or the lower ones opposite, linear, minutely toothed or not, 2-7 lines long, ^•2-2 lines wide : fis. white ; calyx tube of the pistillate fls. 2-12 in. long; spathes 5-7 lines long. B.B, 1:93. w. M. Tricker and W. M.
ELODES. See ffypericum.
ELSHOLTZIA (John Sigismund Elsholtz, author of an unpublished Flora Marcica, the MS. of which is in the Royal Library, Berlin) Labidlw. Herbs or under- shrubs, in tempterate and tropical Asia, with fls. in spikes: calyx tubular, 5-toothed ; corolla oblique or 2- lipped, the upper lip 4-toothed in the typical species (described below), the lower longer and entire or some- what creuulate ; stamens 4, separated. One is in the .\mer. trade.
760. Elsholtzia cristata.
cristata, Willd. Fig. 760. Twelve to 18 in. high, with opposite, petioled, ovate-oblong toothed Ivs. and small, light blue fls. in crowded, more or less 1-sided spikes: calyx enlarging in fr. Asin. B.M. 2560. -Hardy annual, with very aromatic foliage and attractive, upright habit. Said to be a good bee plant. l_ jj. B.
ELYMUS
fiLYMUS (Greek, rollnl np or enveloped). Gra- mineix:. Lvmb Grass. Wild Rye. Erect perennial grasses, with flat or convolute Ivs. and closely-fltl. termi- nal spikes: spikelets 2-G-fld., often long-awned, the up- permost imperfect, sessile, in pairs (rarely in 3's or 4's) at the alternate notches of the continuous or articulat/- rachis, forming terminal spikes; empty filumcs acute or awn-pointed, persistent and suhtending the Us like an involucre. Species about 20, in the temperate regions of Eu., Asia and N. Amer. For A'. Hijstris, see Asperella.
arenirius, Linn. Sea Lyjie Grass. Stout, coarse perennial, 2-8 ft. high, with strong, creeping rootstocks: Ivs. long, rigid, smooth : spikes dense, terminal, 0-12 in. long; spikelets about 1 in. long and M^-rtd.-One of the best grasses known for Ijinding the drifting sands of "ur Atlantic and Pacific coasts, e^^pecially when com- bined with Beach Grass (see A mmoph Ha arenaria ) . The seed is also used by the Digger Indians for food. ^ Canadensis, Linn. Canada Lyme Grass. Tekrel Grass. Rather stout, smooth perennial, 3-.'J ft. high, with broad, flat Ivs. 6-12 in. long : spikes 4-9 in. long, exserted, nodding; spikelets very rigid, 3-5-fld.: fl.- glumes long-awned. Com- mon in low thickets and along streams in rich , open woods t h roHg bout the country. — Cult. as an ornamental plant. Var. glaucifoliuB, Gray (E. glaucifdlins, Plort. ), is pale and glaucous through- out, with usually more slender awns. Cult, as an ''•rnamental grass.
condensitus.Presl. Giant RvE Grass. The largest of the native Eye Gr.asses, growing to the height of .i-lO ft.: culms in dense tufts, stout : spikes 8 in. to 1% ft. long, very vari- able, compact or inter- rupted, bearing branching clusters of spikelets at each joint. Common in the Rocky mountain re- gions and the Pacific slope. — Useful for binding the loose sands on railway banks. Cult, as an orna- mental grass.
glatlcus, Regel. A glau- cous-leaved, dense, cespi- tose, hardy perennial grass .S-4 ft. high, with very short, smooth Ivs. and erect, elongated spikes : spikelets in 2's, erect, usually 5-fld., densely vil- lous - pubescent, short - awned. Turkestan. — Rare- ly in cult, as an ornamen- tal grass, p, B, Kennedy.
EMtLlA (perhaps a per- sonal name). Compdsitce. Herbs, perennial or an- nual : related to Senecio, but always without rays ; heads rather small, the in- volucre very simple and cup-shaped, with no small <-'Uter scales: akenes with .5 acute ciliate angles: florets all perfect. A dozen or more species have been de- scribed from Africa, tropical Asia and Polynesia. One species in common cult.
flimmea, Cass. (E. sagittita, DC. E. sonchifdlin, Hort. , not DC. E. sonchlfblia, Linn., var. sagittiitcf, Clarke. Cacdlia coccinen, Sims, B.M. 564. C. son- rhifdlia, Hort., not Linn. O. sagittita, Vahi. ■!??-
enc1':ph.vlart(.)s
529
761. Emilia flammea.
Separ:i,te head X .■'3.
necio sagittatus, Hottm.). Tassel Flower. Flora's Paint Brush. Fii;. Tiil. A neat annual, erect, 1-2 ft., glabrous or sparsrly hairy, the long stems terminated by clusters of small scarlet (golden yellow in the fona called Cacillia Uitt'ii, Hort.) heads: Ivs. lance-oblong or ovate-laneeolate, clasping the stem, remotely crenate- dentate: involucre scales much shorter than the florets. E. Ind., Philippines.— This much-named annual is one of the commonest garden flowers. It is of the easiest culture in any good soil. Blooms from July until frost, if sown as soon as weather is settled.
E. purpurea, Cass. (E. sonchifolia, DC, not Hort. Camliji sonchifolia, Linu. Senecio sonchifolia. Mceuch). Radical Ivs. often morf^ or less lyrate, stem Ivs. broader and clasping, the heads fewer in the cluster and the involnere scales nearly as lon^' as tlie rtorets. Apparently not in cult, iu this country,
L. H. B.
£NC£LIA (meaning obscure}. Cotnpositw. About 20 species of American herbs, chiefly western, often woody at base. The following was introduced by Franceschi, Wanta Barbara, Calif., and has fls. 2?y in. across, with yellow rays and a black disk. Has probably never been tried in the East.
Calif6rnica, Nutt. ^Yoody at base, 2-t ft. high, strong-scented, rather hoary, or becnmiug green : Ivs. 1-2 in. long, ovate to broadly lanceolate, usually entire, indistinctly 3-ribbed from the base, abruptly stalked: rays numerous, 2-4-toothed: seeds obovate, with long, silky hairs on the callous margins and a shallow notch at the tip.
EMMENANTHE (Greek, enduriny flower; the per- sistent corollas retain their shape when dry like ever- lasting flowers). Hydrophylld.cea'. Half a dozen an- nual herbs from western North America, of wliich tlie most interesting species was introduced to cultivation in 1802, under the name of California Yellow or Golden Bells. It grows 9-12 in. high, forming bushy plants, each branch loaded with broadly bell-sliaped, pendulous, unwithering flowers, about half an inch long, of creamy yellow. The general effect of a branch suggests the lily-of-the-valley, but the foliage is pinnatilld. The lasting character of the fl. distinguished the genus from its allies, the nearest of any garden value being Pha- celia. Corolla lobes 5; stamens 5; style 2-cut. The spe- cies named below belongs to a section of the genus, with calyx lobes broader downward, and coarsely pitted seeds. All the others have the calyx lobes broader up- wards and the seeds more or less wrinkled transversely.
pendulifldra, Bentb. Californi,v Yellow or Golden Bells. Somewhat sticky, with long or short, soft hairs : Ivs. pinnatifid, lobes numerous, short, somewhat toothed or sharply cut: ovules about 10: seeds 1 line long. Calif. G.C. III. \\-:S.V^. -^ jj
EMP£)TKUM (Greek, ev, in, petros, rock ; growing often on rocks), ^mpetriicece. Crowbekry. Evergreen, hardy, xjrostrate or creeping, heath-like shrubs, with small, crowded Ivs., inconspicuous purplish fls., and globose, red or black, edible berries. They grow best in moist, sandy or peaty soil, and are especially handsome for rockeries. Prop, usually by cuttings of nearly rip- ened wood in late summer under glass. One species through the northern hemisphere in mountainous and arctic regions, also in S. America. Lvs. generally lin- ear, thick, alternate : fls. dioecious, small, 1-3 axillary, nearly sessile, 3-merous: fr. a 6-10-seeded drupe.
nigrum, Linn. Lvs. linear to linear-oblong, glabrous or nearly so, entire, ,^«-Hin. long : fls. purplish: fr. black, about one-fifth in. in diam. Var. purpilreum. ])('. Fr. red. Arctic and boreal N. Am. Var. nibrum, D('. [E. ruhrum, Vahl). Y^oung branches and margins of lvs. villous, hence the plant grayish green: fr. red. Antarc- tic S. Am. B.R. 21:1763. Alfred Rehder.
ENCEPHALARTOS (Greek, en, within, kephale, head, and artos, bread; alluding to the brtad-like interior of the trunk) . Cycaddceie. Grand cycads from tropical and southern Africa, grown chiefly for their splendid ever- green foliage. Nineteen or less species. The fine-et pic- ture of an Encephalartos in any American periodical is probably that in Garden and Forest 4:209. accomi>any-
530
ENCEPHALARTOS
ing an article from William Watson, of Kew, whose re- marks are here condensed. These plants are specially suited for large conservatories, the fronds being not easily injured. They should succeed outdoors South. Some of the Kew specimens must be nearly a century old. The trunks of some kinds grow only a few inches in many years. The specimen illustrated had a stem 5 ft. in circumference, nearly 3 ft. high, and crowned by 107 leaves, each 3 ft. long, and rigid. A whorl of new leaves is produced each year, the latest one having 34 full sized leaves. The whole head was about 7% feet in diameter. Most kinds prefer a sunny, tropical house, but S. hracltijphijUus and perhaps others may be grown in a cool greenhouse if kept a little dry in winter. The cones are always interesting and often very decorative. Those of M. rillosus are twice as large as a pineapple, orange-yellow, half-revealing the scarlet fruits.
Cycads are propagated by seeds; also by offsets or suckers. They are slow-growing, except in very warm houses. They like a strong, loamy soil. While making new growth they need plenty of water. See Ci/cas. The woolliness of the stem and leaf-segments varies with the age of the plants and of the leaves.
The pith and central portion of the cones of some species form an article of food among the Kaffirs, hence the common name of Kaffir Bread. The mo.st widely known species in cultivation are U. viUo^us, E. Alien- steinii a.mlE. punrieiis. Though very handsome Cycads, they are Vjy no means popular.
Some other Cycads frequently produce seed in con- servatories, but Encephalartos seldom does, and plants are, therefore, usually imported. Dry trunks, weighing frequently from 50-75 pounds, have been received from South Africa. They often remain dormant for a year or more, and do not make ornamental specimens for two or more years.
In the following descriptions "rachis" refers to the midrib of the leaf on which the leaflets or segments are borne, and "petiole " means the portion of the leaf be- low where the leaflets begin.
A. Leaflets toothed {sometimes entire in No. 1).
E. Petiole 4-angled : foliage glaucous, i. e., covered with plum-like ^^blootn."
1. hdrridus, Lehni. Trunk woolly or not: leaflets op- posite or alternate, lanceolate, mostly entire, sometimes toothed. Var. glaiica is presumably more glaucous than the type. B.M. 5371.
BB. Petiole sub-cylindrical : foliage nol glaucous.
c. Leaves darl; green: trunk not icoolhj.
2. Altensteinii, Lehm. Leaflets mostly opposite, lan- ceolate. B.M. 71«2-3. G.C. 11. 6:392, .393, 397; III. 2:281; 12:489-93.
oc. Leaves light green: trunk woolly.
3. yilldsus, Lehm. Leaflets opposite or alternate, linear-lanceolate. B.M. 6654. E.H. 1897:.36. G.C. II. 1:513; 3:400; 7:21; 13:181.
AA. Leaflets not toothed (except in young Ivs. of JYos. S and 9, and also in No. 1).
B. Foliage glaucous.
4. L^hjn&nni, hehm. {Cffcas LShmanni,'Hort. ). Trunk not woolly: rachis and petiole obtusely 4-angled; leaf- lets nearly opposite, narrowly or broadly lanceolate, rarely 1-toothed. Gt. 1865:477."
BB. Foliage not glaucous. 0. Apex of leaflets mostly obtuse, pointless.
5. longiJdlius, Lehm. Trunk not woolly, at length tall: rachis and petiole 4-cornered but flatfish aVjove: lowest leaflets often 1-3-toothed, margin somewhat revo- lute: wool soon vanishing from the rachis and leaflets. Var. revoliltns, IMii]., has the margins more distinctly revolute. Var. angustilolius has narrower, flat leaflets. Var. Ho6keri, DC, has narrowly lanceolate leaflets, not glaucous but intense green, and rachis not woolly. B.M. 4903, erroneou.sly named F. Caffer, is referred to this place by a recent specialist, though the h'afl(t.s itrc dis- tinctly pointed in the picture.
KNDIVE
re. Apex of leaflets always strong-pointed. D. Form of leaflets linear. E. Margin of leaflets revolute. G. cycadifdlius.Lehm. {F.Friderici-GuilWmi,hphm. E. cycadifdliuSyVSir. Friderici-Guiliilmi, Rod.). Trunk woolly at first: rachis and petiole ashy-pubescent: leaf- lets opposite and alternate, linear. I.H. 29:459. G.F. 4:209.
EE. Margin of leaflets not revolute.
7. pilngens, Lehm. {Zdmia pungens, Ait.). Rachis and petiole glabrous: leaflets long-linear, dark green, rigid, flat, striated beneath. Var. glaiica is also sold.
DD. Form of leaflets lanceolate. E. Bachis glabrous.
8. CAfJer, Miq. {E. Cdffra, Hort.). Petiole 3-angIed: leaflets alteruate, narrower at the base, twisted, the younger ones with 1 or 2 teeth. R.H. 1869, p. 233. Not B.M. 4903, which is E. longifolius, var. Eookeri.
EE. Rachis spidery-pubescent.
9. Ciffer, var. brachyphylluB, DC. (E. brachyphyllus, Lehm. ) . Rachis and blades of the lower leaflets spidery- pubescent : male cones sessile instead of peduncled. The pinna? are erect, and longer and narrower than in E. Caffer.
W. M., P. J. Berckmans and W. H. Taplin.
ENCHOLtEIUM. Consult Tillandsia.
ENDIVE (Ciehdrium Endivia). Compdsitw. See Cichoriiim. During summer and fall, well-blanched heads of Endive may be found in all our large city markets, and are appreciated to some extent, especially among the foreign part of our population. We seldom see Endive in American home gardens, or in small local markets. In the absence of lettuce during the lat- ter part of the season. Endive serves as an acceptable
762. Green Curled Endive tied up tor blanching.
salad, and is well worthy of greater attention than it re- ceives, especially as it is of easy culture. Select any ordinary good garden soil. Sow seed thinly in drills, which need not be more than a foot apart, but thin the plants promi)t]y to about the same distance in the rows, and keep free from weeds, and also well cultivated and hoed. When the plants have attained nearly their full growth, gather up the leaves and tie them lightly at their tips (Fig. 762). In from two to three weeks' time, according to weather conditions, tlie heart will blanch beautifully, and tlie plant shotihl then be promptly used or marketed, as decay sets in soon after this stage of (levelo])m(^nt. The blanching may also be done by sliiipirtg a large-sized but short tile or piece of tile over eacli jdaut, after the leaves :ire gathered up and held closely together. Thi^ varietal differences are slight, and consist mostly
ENDIVE
EPACRIS
531
In variations of formof leaves. The standard variety thrown in America is called Green Curled. In Eurdpean catalogues we tind a number of varieties listed and de- scribed. Among tliem Moss Curled, Rouen, and Broad- leaved are the most popuLar. rp Gkeinek
ENEMIES. This word is found increasingly useful to include the work of Insects and Diseases, which see. Also consult ^Spraying and Tools.
ENKIANTHUS (Greek words, referring to shape of the Andromeda-like tiowers). Also written bJnkijan- thus. ±Jricdceie. A genus of 5 species of shrubs, allied to our familiar Andromeda, Zenobia and Pieris (the last of which it most resembles in habit), and dis- tinguished from these genera by the obtuse anthers, 2- horned at the top on the back, and long pores: seeds ^ 3-5-wiDged. China, Japan and Himalayas. A\ Japonicus is very showy in autumn, with its brilliant yellow foli- age more or less marked with red, and its strongly con- trasting black berries. In early spring it iiears numer- ous umbels of Andromeda-like Us. Pot-grown plants are obtained through dealers in Japanese plants. The species is hardy as far north as Washingtoji, I). C., and perhaps farther. Enkianthus is a genus of glabrdus shrubs: branchlets somewhat whorled: buds furnished with deciduous bracts: Ivs. stalked, leathery and ever- green or membranous and deciduous, entire or minutely toothed: fls. in terminal umbels, white, rosy or scarlet, drooping or merely nodding; calj^x small, 5-cut; crolla urceolate or broadly bell-shaped, w^ith 5 spreading or reflexed lobes; stamens 10: ovary 5-celled. Four kinds are grown abroad under glass. Equal parts of loam and peat, and careful potting, are advised. Prop, by cuttings of ripe wood, inserted under glass in spring without heat; also, by layering out of doors.
Jap6iiicU8, Hook. Lvs. crowded at the ends of l.iranch- lets, l^i-2 in. long, short-stalked, obovate when young, ovate when older, acute, serrulate, deciduous: tls. droop- ing, pure white; pedicels 8 lines long, glabrous; corolla globose, with 5 sacs at the base, a contracted mouth, and 5 small, revolute lobes: capsule narrow, erect. Japan. B.M. 5822. R.H. 1877, p. 467. G.C. III. 21:357.
E. campanuldtus , Nicholson. Fls. axillary, droopine, in short racemes, dark red throughout, without sacs at the base; pedicels sometimes minutely haii-y,*J-9 Hues long ; corolla 4 lines across, with 5 erect lobes. In the forests of Japan some- times 30 ft. high. Has brilliant foliage. Northern Jap. B.M. 7059.— £. Himalaicus, Hook. L%'s. L'-3 in. long, niirrower above the middle and more tapering tliim in E. Japonicus, and acuter at the base, pubescent beneath when young: fls. drooping, 6-1-t in an umbel; pedicels hairy: corolla dull yellowish red, streaked I'rigliterned, without sacs at the base, and erect lobes. B.M. 0400. R. H. 1888, p. 512. The bright red petioles and leaf-mar- gins are possessed to a lesser degree in the next species, but tills has yellowish pedicels and the next species red ones.— hj. quinqueflbrus, Lowe. Lvs. longer petioled than in the rest, MVftl. and more abruptly pointed; ealj^x colored like the corolla instead of green, as in the other kinds: fls. drooping, scarlet, -iometimes white at tips, with 5 sacs, wliich are shorter than in E. Japonicus. R.H. 1819:-221. B.M. 1049. G.C. HI. 21:357. BR. 11:884-5. The buds are particularly interesting. -^y -^i
ENTADA (a Malabar name). Leguminbsce. A genus of 13 species of tropical, woody, spineless climbers, with bipinnate lvs. White tls., in spike-like racemes. One kind has lately been introduced from the West Indies to the southern states. It makes a quick growth. Petals free or slightly cohering, valvate : stamens 10, free, ex- serted: anthers crowned with a deciduous small gland: ovary many-ovuled. The lvs. often beartendrils. Some of the species yield "Sea Beans" (G. F. 7:503).
polystichya, DC. At length tendril-bearing: pinnae in 4-6 pairs: Ifts. in 6-8 pairs, oblong, rounded at apex; racemes in terminal panicles: pod oblong, straightish. Trop. Amer.
ENTELfiA (Greek, complete; the stamens all fertile, a distinguishing feature). Tllictcece. Perhaps 3 species of trees from New Zealand and Tahiti. The following is said to be an extremely fa.st grower in S. Calif., and is cult, abroad under glass, but, from the picture cited, it seems not worth the space in northern greenhouses. Lvs. 5-nerved, stellate-pubescent: lis. white, in terminal
cymes; sepals 4-5; petals 4-5; stamens numerous, free: ovary 4-b-celled; cells many-ovuled: style simple.
arbor^scens, R.Br. Attaining 30 ft.: the heart-shaped outline of the leaf broken on each side, about two-thirds of the way toward the tip, by a projection /yiu. longer nearly as long as the tip of the leaf: lvs. 6 in. long, 4 in. wide, doubly serrate. New Zeal. B.M. 2480. — Int. by Franceschi.
ENTEROLOBIUM (meaning not obvious). Legii- minds<x. Six species of tropical trees, of which 2 have been introduced into S. Calif. Unarmed: lvs. bipinnate: tls. green-ish, in large heads or clusters; corolla 5- toothed; stamens any number up to 10, purple or white.
A. Pod hent hack in a comphfe circle. cyclocdrpum, Griseb. Pinnae in 4-9 pairs: Ifts. in 20-30 pairs, unequal-sided, oblong, pointed. Cuba, Jamaica, Venezuela.
AA. Pod forming half or tivo-thirds of a circle. Timboiiva, Mart. "A truly magnificent tree, with shining bark and spreading head, sure to become popu- lar in the South. Hardy at Naples, Itixly."— Franceschi.
EOMfiCON (Greek, eastern poppy). Papaverctcece. A rare, hardy herbaceous perennial jdant with white fls., destined to no great popularity, but interesting to lovers of hardy borders. Hooker writes: "A beautiful monotypic genus, intermediate between Stylophorum and Sanguinaria, differing from both in the scapose habit, racemose fls. and sepals confluent in a mem- branous, boat-shaped spathe, and further from Stylo- phorum in the form of the lvs. and color of the fls., and from Sanijuinaria in the'four petals and elongate style." The plant is hardy with Woolson at Passaic, N. J.
chion^ntha, Hance. Rootstock creeping, ascending, fall of yellow sap: lvs. all from the root ; stalks twice as long as the blades; blades 3-Gin. long, heart-shaped, concave, broadly sinuate, rounded at the apex, bright pale green above, almost glaucous beneath: scape 1 ft. high, reddish: fls. 2 in. across, white; petals 4. Spring. China, not Japan. B.M. 6871, "w. ji.
EOPfiPON. See Trichosanthes.
fiPACRIS (Greek-made name, upon the summit ; referring to their habitat). MJpacHdt(ce/F. Al»out 25-30 heath-like shrubs of Australia, New Zealand, etc., of which half a dozen or less are gro\\'n as cool green- house pot-plants. Lvs. small and entire, usually sharp- pointed, sessile or short-.stalked, scattered or sub-oppo- site: fls. small and axillary, short-stalked, the flowering stems being elongated leafy spikes. The fls. are regu- lar and perfect ; calyx bracteate ; corolla tubular, 5- toothed, white or shades of purple and red ; stamens 5: ovary 5-loculed, ripening into either a fleshy or cap- sular fruit. Distinguished from Ericas by the bracteate or scaly calyx, and the anthers opening by slits rather than pores. In the Old World, Epacrises are prized by those who grow heaths, and many good varieties are known. They bloom in early spring or late winter. The varieties of -£-'. impressamaj he flowered for Christmas; perhaps others may be so treated. A carnation house, 50°-55°, suits them well. There are double-fld. forms. The most important to the horticulturist are:
inipr6S3a, Labill. Three ft., erect, twiggy, downy:' lvs. horizontal or deflexed, narrow-lanceolate and sharp: fls. rather large (often % in. long), tubular, pendent, on very short stalks, red or white. B.M. 3407. There are many forms: var. parvillbra, Lindl., B.R. 25:19; U. canipannldta, Lodd., with broader fls., L. B.C. 20:1925; £. renvflora, Grab., B.M. 3243; A'- i;(i'd//,9, Lodd., snow white, L.B.C. 19:1821, B.R. 18:1531; £. varidb- ilis, Lodd., blush, L.B.C. 19:181G; longiiI6ra, Cav. {U. minidta, Lindl. -£7. grandiflora , Willd.). Stems woolly, straggling : lvs. ovate-pointed or cordate- pointed, sessile or nearly so, raany-xsrved: fls. long (nearly 1 in.), red at base and whitb at the limb, cylin- drical.' B.M. 982. B.R. 31 :5. -Handsome. Var. spl6n- dens, Hort., has brighter colors.
acuminata, Benth. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, clasping, ascending: fls. small, red, the corolla tube not much exceeding the calyx.
532
EPACRIS
EPIDENDRUM
purpur^scens, R. F-r. Lvs. ovate-acuminate, trough- shaped, tipped witli a lout^ curved point or spine : ds. short, the calyx nearly equaling the corolla, white or pinliish. There is a double-Hd. form. L.B.C. 3:237. (i.e. II. 5:340. — Prohahlv identical with E. pulcheUa, Cav.
obtusifblia, Smith. Lvs. small, elliptic or linear, thick and obtuse : fls. small, white, the spikes more or less one-sided. L.B.C. 3:292.
Other trade names are £. ardentissima. Fis. crimson. — E. hyacinthiflhra, var. candidissima, white, early, and var. ful- gens, pink.— .E. hyhrida superha is merely a eatalogiie name for mbced kinds of Epaci-is.—-F. rubella. Fls. liriglit red. — E.sal- rnhnea. L. H. B.
The genus Epacris (though perhaps not as well known as the Ericas, with which they are usually grown, re- quiring the same culture) furnishes the cool greenhouse with some of the most beautiful hard-wooded llowering plants known, the tls. embracing a good range of color. Where a good variety of these plants is grown, the flowering period extends from the end of Januarj^to the end of April. After flowering, the upright or bushy species should receive whatever ptruuing may be neces- sary to secure a well-shaped plant, while the pendulous varieties will require the shortening of only the strong- est branches to induce a more even growth. If ueces- sary, potting should be done at this time, and those which do not need repotting should have the drainage of their pots made perfect, as a water-logged condition of the soil is fatal to these plants. The soil best suited to them is two parts good flbrous peat, one part leaf- mold, and one part silver sand. In potting, small shifts should be given and the soil pressed as firmly as possible in the pots. After potting and pruning, the plants should be placed in a temperature of G0-65°, and syringed on all fine days to encourage fresh growth. During the summer they should be placed outside, in a position w^here they would receive some shade during the hottest part of the day, and the pots should be plunged in ashes or other non-conducting material. Careful watering is necessary at all times with these plants. If allowed to become dry, they will lose their lower lvs., which spoils their appearance; at the same time a saturated condition of the soil is fatal to them. Though they may he propagated by seeds, the use of cut tings of the young growth is more expeditious. These should be about 1 inch in length and the tip ends of the young growths. They may be inserted thickly in pans of sharp silver sand, with a glass bell-jar placed over them to keep them close. The pans should be plunged in the propagating bed and the cuttings care- fully watered and shaded till rooted. The moisture which collects in the bell-jars should be wiped out two or three times a day, and a little ventilation from the bottom admitted after about the third day, removing the bell-jars altogether as the cuttings become rooted, which usually takes two or three weeks. When nicely rooted, they should be potted singly into thumb-pots and grown along, pinching when necessary to induce a bushy habit. Edward J. Canning.
It is a good plan to plunge pots of Epacris in an open position and cover the plants during June and July with lath racks. About August, begin to remove the racks a few hours each day until the middle of September. Then remove the racks altogether. This practice hardens the wood and insures the setting of buds. A top dressing is a great help to Epacris and all hard- wooded plants. Hay or straw, run through a hay cutter, makes the best dressing. It can be put on quickly and evenly; it protects from the sun; it is light; it'dries quickly, and has no bad effects, as manure' does in the case of some hard-wooded plants. The writer has found the following sorts do well : Diadem, Eclipse, Her Majesty, Model, Rose Perfection, hyacinthiflora and vars. candidissima and fulgens, inipressa alba, miniata 'ars. superba and splendens, rubra superba.
H. D. Darlington.
EFHEDBA (ancient Greek name, used by Pliny for the Horse-tail). Gnet&cae. Generally low, nuich- branched shrubs, often procumbent and sometimes climbing, the green branches resembling much those of
Equisetum, bearing minute, scale-like, sheathing lvs. in distant pairs or whorls : fls. inconspicuous, but fr. in some species decorative, berry-like and scarlet. They are but rarely grown, and most of them are tender; half hardy North are E. distachyn, foliatii, Nevadensis, trifuren. They can be used for covering dry, sandy banks or rocky slopes, and are prop, by seeds or by suckers and layers. About 30 species from S. Europe, N. Africa, Asia and in extra trop- Amer. Fls. dio?- clous, in small aments, forming usually peduncled axil lary clusters ; staminate fl. with a 2-4-lobed perianth and with the 2-8 stamens united into a column ; pistil- late fl.with an urceolate perianth, including a naked ovule, developing into a nutlet; in some species the bracts of the ament become fleshy, and form a berry-like syncarp. Latest monogr.'iph by O. Stapf, in Denkschr. Akad. Wissensch., Wien, Vol. 50 (1889), (in German and Latin ) .
E. distachya, Linn. {E. \'u]garis, Linn.). Low, of ten procum bent, 1-U ft., pale or bluish green : lvs. ono-twelftli in. long: aments u.sually clust^'red, staminate oblong : fls. with about 8 stamens, pistillate 2-fld. : fr. berry-like. S. Europe. W. Asia. Var. monostachya, Stapf. Aments usually solitary.— J?, folidta. Boiss. (E. Kokanica, Rgl.). Procumbent or erect, to 1.5 ft., bright or bluish green: lvs. ?s-l-10in. long; aments usually clustered, ovate; staminate-ovate fls. with 3-4 stamens: pistil- liite 2-fld.; fr. berry-like. W. Asia. — E. Nebrodhisis, Tineo. Erect, with rigid, pale green branches; lvs. J^ in. long; aments solitary or few; staminate globular ; pistillate 2-fid.: fr. berry- like. Mediterr. region to Himal. — E. Nevadensis, Wats. Erect, 2-3 ft., with pale or bluish green branches; lvs. /i in.; aments usually solitary ; staminate ovate 6-8-fld. ; pistillate 2-fld.; fr. dry, with ovate bracts. Calif., New Mex. — E. trifurca, Torr. Erect, with rigid, yellowish or pale green branches: lvs. in 3's, connate, about ^4 in. long; aments solitary' ; pistillate 1-fld.; fr. dry, the roundish bracts with transparent margins. Ari- zona to Colorado. ALFRED RehdER.
EPIDfiNDEUM (npoH trees, alluding to their epiphy- tal habit). O rch Idhcea', tvihe Epid^ndrew. Epiphytes: inflorescence simple or branched, nearly always terminal: claw of the labellum more or less adnate to footless column, the blade spreading and usually deeply lobed: X>ollinia 4, 2 in each anther cell, separated. Nearly 500 species discovered and described from central America.
Epidendrums are noted as the rankest weeds amongst the orchid tribes. The remarkable success in the rais- ing of hybrids, be it in the genus itself, or with the related Cattleya and L.Tjlia, has opened a wide field for the hybridist. Epidendrum seedlings grow freely; the time required to bring them to the flowering stage is little compared with other orchids, and it is but a ques- tion of a short time till the blood of the Epidendrums will be infused into the weaker but more gorgeous flowers of genera more difficult to grow. It is also the long stem and the grace of the racemes of the Epidendra, as well as the odor of some of their species, w^hivh the hybridist will try to blend with the largeness of short- stemmed flowers, of Cattleyas for instance. We therefore give below a list of the species but rarely found under cultivation, but the value of which will call for and justify large importations of their kind before long.
George Hansen.
It is scarcely possible to apply any one rule for the cultivation of this widely divergent and large genus, which includes many hundreds of variable individuals geographically distributed all over tropical America. For convenience they are treated under their several separate sections.
Sec/iOH, J. — Barkeria embraces several deciduous, small-growing species which generally deteriorate sooner or later under cultivation. They succeed best in small baskets, suspended from the roof in rough, loose material, such as coarse i>eat fiber, with a small quantity of live chopped sphagnum moss added to retain mois ture, this compost freely interspersed with pieces of charcoiil or broken crocks or potsherds. They are all subjects for the coolhouse, require a free, moist atmos- phere, shade from the suu while growing, and must be syringed frequently overhead in bright weather. After the plants have matured growth they should be removed to a rather sunny location and he syringed overhead often enough to keep them in sound condition until they start new action. While resting during winter the tern-
EPIDENDKL'M
EPIDEXDKUM
533
peratare may ranpe from 50° to 55'^ Fahr. at night, and a few degrees higher durioK the day. They are increased by division. This should take place as the plants start growth action in early spring, allowing at h-ast tlirec pseudobulbs to each piece.
Section //.—Eucyclium, of which A\ 'ifropnrpin-einti , E. nemorale and A\ prismatocarpn m are good examples, may be grown either in pots or baskets in ecjual parts clean peat fiber and live chopped sphagnum, with a liberal amount of drainage, and excepting i7. vifrlUnuni , which must be grown cool, they require a moist, sunny location with a winter temperature of 58° to 05'^ Fahr. by night and several degrees advance during the day. In February and March, many species will start root or growth action; such as need it should then l»e repotted or top-dressed, as occasion requires. The temperature should be increased several degrees, and a greater amount of water be allowed with frequent overhea<l syringing on bright days. Ventilatiim should be given whenever the weather will permit, to keep the young growths from damping-off and the atmosphere active; at this time the plants will need light shading to pre- vent sun-burning. The stock is increased by cutting nearly through the rhizome 3 or 4 bulbs behind'the lead, when starting action ; this will generally cause the latent eyes to grow, but the pieces should not be re- moved until the new growth is well advanced.
Section /i/. — Aulizeum includes such species as E. ciliare, E. cochledfum, etc., the several requirements being identical with the preceding.
Section JT^ — Euepidendrum. These are mostly tall growing reed-like species, of which E. evfcfnm- and E. radicans afford good illustrations. They are best adapted for pot culture. The pots should be two-thirds filled with drainage and the compost — consisting of about equal parts jieat fiber and live sphagnum, w^ell mixed — pressed in firmly about the routs, leaving the surface raised a little above the rim in the center when finished, to shed off surplus water. While the plants are growing they require a shaded, moist lo(;ation, a <lay temperature of about 75° Fahr., with 5 or 10 degrees less at night. They should not be kept too wet at the roots, but overhead syringing in bright weather is very beneficial. While at rest, in winter the temperature should be modified 10 degrees and a nmre sunny loca- tion be given, with less frequent syringing, enough only to keep the canes or pseudobulbs in sound condition. Young plants often form in the axils of the upper leaves, and on the old flower stems it is best to let these young plants remain until they start their second growth, as they can be more safely removed at that time.
Section T'. — Psilanthemum contains but one species, E. Stamfordianittn , which requires the same general treatment as those in Section II, Robekt M (tRE\
and green fis., crimson spotted, fragrant. Mexico to New Granada. B.M. 475it. G.O. III. 17:055.
AA. Inflorescence tet-^nlnal.
B. Stems without biiJhs- : leaves disticho2(s, alternnfe :
only top of column free from lip. (Euepidendritm.)
2. Catillus, Keiclib. f. (E. iwperdlor, Hort.). Fls. cin- nabar red. New Granada. l.H. 21:102.
3. cinnabarinum, Salzmann. Stems 3-4 ft. : fls. orange- red, 2 in. in diam., lolies of lip deeply fringed. Beauti- ful species. Braz. B.K. 28:25.
4. eburneum, Reicbb. f. Stems terete, 2-.T ft. : fls. 3-4 in. in diam., yellowish green; lip iv<)ry w^hite, with yel- low calli. Paiuuna, in swamps. B.M. 5043.
5. ellipticum, Graham {E. C7-assi folium, Hook,). Fls. on long sca])es. clustered, rose or purple, l-i in. in diam. Braz. B.M. :;543.
0. findresii, Reichb. f. Stems 0-9 in.: racemes 0-12- flowered: fls. 1 in. in diam., pure white; lip and column spotted purple. Costa Rica. G.C II. 23:504.
7. ev6ctum. Hook. Stems 3-5 ft.: peduncles nodding, 2 ft. : ds. rich purple, lip deeply fringed. New Granada. B.M. 51HI2.
8. leucochilum.Klotzsch (/i/. imyjerd^or, Hort.). Stems 2 ft. : fls. .5-0. on long pedicels, greenish vellow, lii>pure white. New (irauada, 0,000-9,000 ft.
9. panicul^tum, Ruiz & Pav. Stems 3-4 ft. : fls. ?4 in. across, lilac-])urple, lip whitisii yellow. Venezuela to Fern, high altitudes. Most freo-fiowering and best of paniculate species. B.I\I. 5731. l.H. 22:211.
10. radicans, Pavon (E. rJtisnpho)-um, Batem.). Stems senii-scandent, up to 5 ft. long, long white roots from opposite the leaves: fls. np to 2 in. in diam., numerous; most briiliaut of the red-fiowering species. Guatemala, amongst heavy grass. Gn. 24:412.
BB. Stems tUichened in/-) pseitdnhnlhs.
c. Pseiidnhnlbs 3-4-leaved : lohellum adnritc les.<i than
hn If : coliDiin broad-winged. {Barker ia. )
11. ^legans, Reichb. f. [Barlci'rla Hcgans, 'Knovjlcs <t Westc). Stems terete, 12 in.: pedicels 24 in.: fls. 5-7, nodding, 1/2 in. in diam., lilac-purple; lip whitish, with purple blotch. Pacific coast of Mexico. B.M. 4784.
12. Skinneri, Bateman {BarlcPria Slcinneri, Past.). Lvs. ovate-oldong, slienthing the slender stem: peduncle terminal, bearing rose-lilac flowers about 1 in. across; petals and sepals nearly equal, petals so twisted at the base as to present dorsal surface to the observer: la- bellum ovate, with 3 raised lines, (luatemala. B.R. 22:1881. P.I\I. 15:1 (var. major).
atropurpurenm, l'^. a,urantiacum, 27. bieornutum ami I'i-
dentatum are Di-
acriums. Brassavolte, 16. Capardaniun, '20. Catillus, 2. cilLire, 23. cinnabarinum, 3. c<:ic'hleatiim, 24. crassifoliu/n, 5. diehromum, 17. elegans, 11. eveetum, 7. eburneum. 4. elliptieum, 5. Endresii,6. falcatum, 25. fragrans, 26. Qodseffianum, 20. imperator, 2, 8. leucochilum, 8.
A. Tnflorcseevcc radical.
{ Psila nihem urn. )
1. Stamfordianum, Batem.
Stems fusiform. 12 in. long: lvs.
7-9 in.: large panicles of yellow
vi. 1 im IS CattJ n L id I 8 I
viteUin in 1
INDEX.
LiTidleyaiium, 13. ■niaculatuin. 21. inacrochitum, 16. nemorale, 18. otloratuui is uii
..Erides. osmanthuiu, 19. paniculatum, 9. Parkinsonianvin^
prismatoearpuni,
20. radicans, li). rhizophorunt, 10, roseum, 15. sanguiueum is a
Brouglitonia. Skinneri, 12.
spectabile, 14. .
Stamfordianum, 1 ^•'^^ ^<^>^ tibicinus is a —i-.-..*-'?
Schomburgkia venosum, 22.
763. Trailine Arbutus or Mayflower. (See Eplga^t, prico 535.)
534
EPIDENDKUM
13. Lindleyinum, Keiohb. f. (Barheria LindletjAna, Batem.). Stems slender: fls. uumeroiis, about 2 in. across, roae-purple; labellum with a white disk; petals broader than the sepals. Central America, 1839.
1-1. spectibile, Reichb. f. {Barkeria spectdbilix, Batem.). Floe de Isabal. Stems tufted, cylindrical, 1-5 in. high: Ivs. 2: raceme about G-fld.: tls. 3-4 in. across, bright lilac ; sepals linear-lanceolate ; petals ovate-lanceolate; labellura white at base, red-spotted. Guatemala.
CO. Pseudohulbs I--'-, rarehj J-U-iwed, Inbi'Uiiin (uhiiitt at ha^ic, or wt up i" the middle, column not win'jed. [J^neficlium. )
15. atropurptireuin, Willd. (E. ■maerocli'i'linn, Hook.). Paeudobulbs ovoid, .i^ in. high: Its. lanceolate, 12-15 in. long, dull purple colored : peduncle (j-lO-fld. : fls. 2}'i'm. in diam., purplish brown upon greenish ground; lip yellowish white, with crimson stripes. Mex. to Vene- zuela. B.M. 3534. A. P. 6:001).
var. rdseum, Reichb. f. Sepals and petals purplish, lip bright rosy. Guatemala. P.M. 11: 24;i.
16. Brassivolse, Reichb. f . Pseudohulbs pear-shaped : Ivs. 6-9 in.: racemes ia-24 in., 6-9-rtd. : fls. 4 in. across, sepals and petals narrow, yellowish brown; lip trowel- shaped, purple, white and green. Mex. to Guatemala, 8,000 ft. B.M. 5664.
17. dichrdmum, Lindl. Fls. white, lip rose-colored, yellow and downy at base. Brazil.
18. nemorile, Lindl. Pseudohulbs sub-globose, .3-4 in. high: Ivs. 9-12 in.: peduncles 2 ft. long, covered with warts : fls. 3-4 in. in diam., rose-colored ; lip rosy mauve, streaked with purple. IMex. B.M. 4606. G.O. 11. 24:332. A.F. 6:G33.
19. oamAntlium, Rodrigues {K. Godseffiiinum, Rolfe. E. Caparti(inuyn,'L\n(i\.). Fls. P2 in. across, in large panicles, light green, suffused with brown; lip white, lined with rose-purple, fragrant. Braz. — One of the handsomest species.
20. prismatooirpum, Reichb. f. (E. macuUViim, Hort. ) . Pseudohulbs ovoid, tapering, 4-5 in. ; Ivs. 12-15 in.; fls. 13-2 in. across, pale yellow-green, with purplish black spots ; lip pale purple, with yellow tip and white border. Cent. Amer., 5,000 ft. B.lil. 5336.
21. vitellinum, Lindl. Pseudohulbs ovoid, 2 in. long: Ivs. 6-9 in.: peduncles 15-18 in., 10-15-tlowered : fls. I'innabar-red; Up and column orange. Mex., 6,000-9,000 ft. B.M. 4107. G.C. III. 10:141.
Var. m^jus, Veitch. Pseudohulbs shorter : racemes denser: fls. larger and more brilliant. (jA!. III. 12:159. — Very superior to the species; type no longer imported.
00c. Pseudohult)S 1-2-, rareh^ ^-leaved : lip adnatc vp to apex of eolnnm. {Aiillsenni .)
22. venbsum, Lindl. BnTTERFLY Orchid. .Scape 1ft., with white sheaths : Ivs. 3, 4-6 in. long, linear-lanceo- late: scape tumid at base, 5-7-fld. : fls. pink, chocolate and green, about 1 in. long, lasting a long time. On oaks, etc., Mex. — Of easy culture. The Florida repre- sentative of this species is JS. Tampense, Lindl. See 9th Rept, Mo. Bot. Gard. 137, plates 38, 39.
23. ciliire, Linn. Pseudohulbs clavate, 4-6 in.: Ivs. 4-6 in., springing from sheathing br.act: jieduncles 5-7- flowered : fls. yellowish green ; lip white. Tropical America, between 5tli and 20th parallel of north latitude. B.R. 10:784. -Plant resembles a Cattleva. Introduced to cult, in 1790.
24. cochleitum, Linn. Pseudohulbs .3-4 in. : Ivs. 6 in.: racemes 4-7-flowere(l : fls. 3-4 in, across, greenish white; lip deep purj.le beneath, light green above, with maroon blotch on eacli side, column white. Trop. AnuT. from Fla. to New Granada. B.M. 572. — Introduced 1787, first epiphytical orchid to flower in England.
25. falcitum, Lindl. (E. I'drkinsoniAniim , Hook.). Pseudohulbs thin, raising from running rhizomes, mouophyllous : Ivs. 6-12 in., fleshy, channeled on one side : peduncles 2-5, sheathed, 1-flowered : fls. 5 in. across, greenish yellow ; lip white, greenish at apex. Mex. to Guatemala. B.M. 3778. — Plants grow inverted.
EPIG^A
26. frigrrans, Swartz. Pseudohulbs fusiform, mo- nophyllous, 3^ in.: Ivs. 8-12 in.: fls. inverted, 2 in. in diam., very fragrant, pale greenish or whitish; lip crim- son streaked. Guatemala, through the West Indies to northern Brazil. B.M. 1669.
27. aurantiacum, Batem. Once classed in the sepa- rate group of Epicladium, now often accepted as a spe- cies of Cattleva, where it was Hrst referred by Don. The plant grows with, and much resembles Cattleya Skinneri. Fls. IK in. across, orange-red. Guatemala.
Garden hybrids; E. BerkeUyi 'Stamfordianum X O'Brien- iiuium).- £. Jldrtoni (O'Brienianum X Ibaguense).— £. Del- tense (xanthinum X radicaiis).— i\ elegdntulinn (Wallisii X Endrcsio-Wallisii). G.C. III. 19:X6l.—i;. JEndresio-Wallisii.— E. O'lirienidnnm (evectum X radicans). G.C. HI. 3:771.— £, I'liiebtis (O'Brienianum X vitellinum) .—E. radicdnti-Stamfor- didnHin.—E. rddico-viteltinum.—E. Wdllisio-ciUdre. — E. xdn- tho-ratflcans.
EaepidendruTU ; E. arachnoglvssum, Andr6. Sts. 4-5 ft.: fls. rich purple lilac; lip fringed, with orange calli. New Gra- nada. R.H. lyy:i:554. — jE. cnemiddphorutn, Lindl. Sts. 4-6 ft.: racemes ample, drooping ; fls. purple, brown and yellow, fragrant, Guatemala, 7,UU0 ft, B.M, 5G56.— J?. conej>seum. R. Br. Scape few- to many.fld.: Ivs. l-:j, thick ; tls. green, tinged witti purple, the sepals spatxilate and revolute, the petals nar- rower and obtuse, S. Fla, and S, Once offered by Reasoner,— E. Cooperidmcm, Batem, Sts, 2-3 ft,; fls, yellow-green ; lip bright purple, Braz, B,M, 5654,— J?, EllisU, Rolfe. Fls. car- mine-rose, very handsome. Columbia. — E. fxilgens, Brongn, Fls, orange-se.'trlet, in crowded racemes, Guiana to Braz,- £, grdeilis, Lindl,, was once offered by John Saul, — E. Ibaguhise, H,B,K, Sts, 2-3 ft,; fls. orange-scarlet ; lip yellow. New Granada to Peru, 4,f>00 ft, — jE, ■myridnthum, Lindl, Sts, 3-5 ft,; enormous panicles of rich puriile fls,; lip with 2 yellow calli, Guatemala, B,]M, 5550, Once offered by Saul,— 15^, noc- tdrnuin, Linn, Sts. 2-3 ft,; peduncles 8-10-flowered ; fls, white and yellowish, 5 in, across, very fragrant, S, Fla, and Mexico to Peru and West Indies, B.M. 3298. Once offered by Reasoner. — E. palpigerum, Reichb, f, Fls, beautiful lilac, Mexii'o.—,E, P^di'/i, Rolfe, Sts, 4-6 ft, high; fls,lightpurple: lip with white disk, in numeroiis racemes, Costa Rica, — E. Pseud- epldendruni, Reichb, f, Sts, 2-3 ft,: fls, 3 in, in diam,, green; lip orange-red and yellow. Cent. Amer., 4,000 ft. B.M. 592!). —J?, raniferum, Lindl. Sts. 2-3 ft.: fls. yellow-green, thi<;kly spotted with punde. Mex. to Guiana. B.R. 28:42, — E. rlgiduni, Jacq,, was once catalogued by Reasoner, — E. Seh6m- burgkii, Lindl, ,Sts, 2-3 ft,; fls. vermilion, Guhana, Brazil, Quito, B,R, 24:53,— i;, si/rjdffottj/rsis, Reichb, f, Sts, 4-5 ft,; fls, deep purple ; lip and column with orange and yellow, crowded in long racemes, Bolivia, 8,000-9,000 ft, B.M, 6145,— E. WdUisii, Reichb, f, Sts. 4-6 ft,; fls, yellow, some purple spots; lip orange and pun^le, upon white ground. New Gra- niida, 4,000-7,000 ft. Has lateral as well as terminal racemes. Once offered by Saul,
Encycliunl; E. ddvena, Heiehh. f, Fls, yellow, veined brown; lip yellowish white, purple-streaked, Brazil, —£, aldtutn, Batem, Fls, 2 in, across, jmrple and green ; lip yeUowish, streaked with purple, fragrant. Cent, Amer, B.M, 3898,— J?, bifidnui, Aublet, Fls. p;de green, dotted with p\ii-ple ; lip rose, orange and white, W, Indies, Gliiana, B.R, 22;1879, — E.Fri- derlei-G-uilielmi, Warsc, &. Reichb, f. Bulbs 4-5 ft,; fls, dark purple ; base of lip white and yellow, Peru, 6,000-8,000 ft, I,H, 1R;48, Once offered by S,aul,— £, gallopavhmm. Reichb, f. Fls, brown ; lip yellow, in large racemes, Brazil.— J?, oncidi- oides, Lindl, Panicles up to 6 ft, long ; fls, yellow and brown, sweet-scented. Stately species, Guiana. B.R. 19:1623. Once offered by Saul.— .E. J>fta7)ifce7(m, Lindl. Panicles 2-3 ft.; fls. deep pui-ple, mottled green ; lip rich violet, stained crimson. Handsome. Cuh;i.— f, rir.(;n(i«(i, Lindl, Scape up to 7 ft, high; fls, small, up to 20, greenish, stained brown. Mexico.
Geohc.e Hansen.
EFIG31A {Greek, cpi, upon, f/afV/, earth; in reference to its trailing growth), i^ricdeew. This genus includes our charming Trailing Arbutus, which in New England at le:ist is the most popular of all our wild flowers. Creeping, branching, slightly woody, more or less rough hairy shrubs: Ivs. alternate "and entire, petiolate, leath- ery and evergreen : fls. monopetalous, perfect, large, dimorphous or dicecious, sessile in axillary or terminal clusters; sepals 5; corolla salver-shaped, "with 5-parted spreading border ; stamens 10, attached to the base of the corolla ; style columnar ; stigma 5-lobcd : ovary ovoid, 5-eelled, many-ovuled ; capsule depressed-glo- bose, encircled by the persistent calyx. Two species, N. E. America and Japan. The JC. cordifoUa quoted in Index Kewensis as South American is ]>robubly not of this genus. It seems to be known only from the old description of Swartz (1792).
The cultivation of the Trailing Arbutus, especially in localities where it has been exterminated by ruthless "Slayflower parties," always attracts interest. Only
EPIG^A
a brief epitome is here given. p\ir fuller details consult G.F. 5:202 and 8:1"); also "The Nursery Book," which gives the experience of a specialist. Occurs in sandy and rocky woods, especially under evergreen trees in earliest spring. Thrives only in a humid soil and shady situations. Transplanted with difficulty. "When a too great shock is received from difference of ex- posure, change of temperature, etc., it dies within 2 or 3 years, if established at all. Small plants nmst be pro- cured, removed without harming the roots, and planted under the same conditions of soil and exposure with the greatest eare. They may also be taken up in late Sep- tember or October, new roots formed in the greenliouse or coldtrame, wintered in a coldpit, but not planted until the second spring. Best on the north side of a hill, in light, sandy soil, mixed with leaf -mold. Once established it spreads rapidly. Prop, by division of old plants, layers or cuttings. Seeds are rarely found, but when found may be used, though slow to 'develop. ripens, Linn. Tr^vilino Arbutus. Ground Laurel. Mayflower. (The Maytlower of English history and literature is the Hawthorn. ) Fig. TKS. Spreading on tlie ground in large patches, with hirsute branches 0-15 in. long just beneath the Ivs., sending out roots and leaf- and flower-bearing stalks every 2-3 in. : Ivs. oval or nearly orbicular, thick, acute "or obtuse, cordate or rounded at the base, glabrous above, hirsute below, green on both sides, 1-3 in. long, petioles hairy : fls. spicy- fragrant, few or several crowded in clusters, practically dicecious, either stamens or pistils being abortive, the female fls. larger and whiter, the male smaller and rosy. Em. 431. G.W.P. 37. Mn. 3:17. Gn. 45, p. 193. New- foundland to N. W. Terr., south to Fla., Ky. and Mich., chiefly east. The vernacular name is pronounced Ar' bu-tus, not Ar-bu'-tus. ^ Phelps Wtman.
EPILffiLIA and EPICATTLEYA are bigeneric hybrids. See G.C. III. 10:629; 21:233; 22:83; 23:391.
EFILOBIITM {Greek, upon the pod: the flower and pod appearing together). Onagnlcnv. This genus includes hardy herbaceous perennial plants, thriving in any soil, with willow-like foliage, and large, showy spikes of deep pinker rosy crimson tls. borne from June to August. They are particularly suited for naturalizing in meadows for mass effects. A genus of about 05 species, widely scat- tered in temperate and frigid regions : herbs, or sub- shrubs, erect, sprawling or creeping: Ivs. alternate and opposite, toothed or not: fls. axillary or terminal, soli- tary or in spikes or racemes, rosy purple or flesh-colored, very rarely yellow; calyx tube scarcely, if at all, pro- duced beyond the ovary; petals 4, obovate or obcordate, erect or spreading; stamens 8: ovary 4-celled ; seeds comose.
The taller species, like £. angustifoliitiii and hir- .siitum, make very rank growth in moist places, and are therefore especially adapted for the wild garden or for naturalizing along the water's edge and in low meadows. The underground runners travel great distances, and the plants spread fast when not kept in bounds. Prop, by division or seeds.
angrustifdlium, Linn. {E. spicdtiim, Lam.). Great Willow Herb. Fire Weed. In cult, mostly branched and 3-5 ft. high; in the wild simple or branched, 2-8 ft. high : Ivs. alternate, very short-petioled, lanceolate, entire or minutely toothed, 2-0 in. long, 4-12 lines wide, pale beneath, acute, narrowed at bases: fls. spreading, in long, terminal spike-like racemes, petals rounded at tip; stigma 4-lobed: capsules 2-3 in. long. Eu., Asia, N. Amer. B.B. 2:481. Var. 41ba, Horf., has pure white flowers suitable for cutting; also occurs wild. This va- riety was perfected in England. It forms a compact bush.
hirsutrum, Linn. Stout, 2—4 ft. high, with short but conspicuous soft hairs: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, usually opposite, sessile and often clasping, witli many small, sharp teeth, 1-3 in. long, pubescent on both sides: fls. erect, axillary, about 1 in. across; petals notched. Bal- last Weed from Europe. English names are Oodlins an<i Cream, Fiddle Grass.
EPIMfiDItTM (Greek, like Median, a plant said to grow in Media ; a name from Dioscorides, retained by
EPIJIEDIUM
535
Liiinseiis). Berberidticecp. This p'enus contains some of the daintiest and most interesting plants that can be grown in the hardy border, and £. macranthum, particu- larl}*, is as distinct, complicated and fascinating as many of the rare, tender and costly orchids. The whole trilie to which it belong.s is exceptionally interesting, and is one of tlie most striking of those rare cases in which the cultural, botanical and artistic points of view have much in common. A well grown collection of these plants in pots would almost certainly win high praises and prizes. Of the 12 genera of this tribe, only Ber- beris and Nandina are shrubs, all the rest being herbs, with creeping, underground stems, and all small, choice, curious, and cultivated to a slight extent, except Bon- gardia and Leuntice. Podophyllum contains our man- drake; Cauluphyllum the quaint blue cohosh ; and the others are Aceranthus, Achlys, Diphylleia, Jeffersonia and Vancouveria. A collection of all these plants should make a charming study. What appear to be petals in U. macranthum are really the inner row of sepals, col- ored like petals, and performing their fimctions, while the long spurs or nectaries are supposed to be highly
764. Epimedium macranthum,
(7. E. alpinum, var. rubrum;